FINAL 3

Question 1

A technique used in qualitative research in which the subjects are selected bc they possess certain characteristics that will enhance the credibility of the study and bc they can reliably inform the research question.

Answer 1

Purposeful sampling

Question 2

A nonprobability sampling method that relies on referrals from the initial subjects to recruit additional subjects. This method is best used for studies involving subjects who possess sensitive characteristics or how are difficult to find.

Answer 2

Snowball sampling

Question 3

Sampling of individuals who meet certain inclusion criteria, who are then stratified according to other criteria (age, gender, and ethnicity).

Answer 3

Stratified purposive sampling

Question 4

The point at which no new information is being generated and the sample size is determined to be adequate.

Answer 4

Saturation

Question 5

A method of analysis in qualitative research that involves a review of data as they are gathered and comparison to data that have been interpreted to support or reject earlier conclusions.

Answer 5

Constant comparison

Question 6

The ability of an instrument to consistently measure what it is supposed to measure.

Answer 6

Validity

Question 7

The ability to consistently measure a given trait with precision. Reproducible.

Answer 7

Reliability

Question 8

Characteristics of Trustworthiness:

Answer 8

• credibility
• confirmability
• dependability
• transferability

Question 9

The results of the study represent the realities of the participant as much as possible.

Answer 9

Credibility

Question 10

The researcher attempts to enhance objectivity by reducing bias in methods and procedures.

Answer 10

Confirmability

Question 11

Repetition of the study w/similar subjects in similar circumstances results in consistent findings.

Answer 11

Dependability

Question 12

Results can be transferred to situations w/similar subjects and settings.

Answer 12

Transferability

Question 13

A method of limiting the effects of researcher bias and setting them aside by demonstrating awareness of potential suppositions of the researcher.

Answer 13

Bracketing

Question 14

Investment of sufficient time in the data collection process so that the researcher gains an in-depth understanding of the culture, language, or views of the group under study.

Answer 14

Prolonged engagement

Question 15

Enhancing credibility by cross-checking information and conclusions, using multiple data sources, using multiple research methods or researchers to study the phenomenon, or using multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret the data.

Answer 15

Triangulation

Question 16

Data collected for other purposes and used in the research study. Examples: pt medical records, employee/pt satisfaction surveys, organizational business reports, or governmental databases

Answer 16

Secondary data

Question 17

A method of ensuring validity by having participants review and comment on the accuracy of transcripts, interpretations, or conclusions.

Answer 17

Member checking

Question 18

A thorough and conscientious reflection and recording of the decisions that were made, procedures that were designed, and questions that were raised during analysis of data.

Answer 18

Audit trail

Question 19

The investigation of the distribution and determinant of disease within populations or cohorts.

Answer 19

Epidemiology

Question 20

A data analysis method; describes designs that rely on data collected via interviews or document analysis and that use interpretive coding to arrive at themes and patterns.

Answer 20

Content analysis

Question 21

Strengths of content analysis

Answer 21

• relatively uncomplicated to carry out
• extended time periods of observation generally not needed
• results in identification of general themes that allow the researcher to report and answer the question in a straightforward, concise way

Question 22

Limitations of content analysis

Answer 22

• relies on the informant’s recall, ability to report, and willingness to talk
• selection effects may come into play bc those who agree to participate may not be representative of all those who are affected
• researcher’s bias may affect the interpretation and coding of themes in the data

Question 23

Investigation of the meaning of an experience among a group whose members have lived through it.

Answer 23

Phenomenology

Question 24

A study of the features and interactions of a given culture.

Answer 24

Ethnography

Question 25

Research aimed at discovering and developing a theory based on systematically collected data about a phenomenon. The intent is to discover a pattern of reactions, interactions, and relationships among people and their concerns.

Answer 25

Grounded theory

Question 26

Labels, descriptions, or definitions assigned to data to allow them to be categorized and analyzed in qualitative research.

Answer 26

Codes

Question 27

A guide for the qualitative analysis that outlines individual codes with definitions, criteria for inclusion, and examples.

Answer 27

Codebook