+ Vitamins A, C, E, low glutathione - Heavy metals (mercury)

+ Amino acids as well as picolinic acid - Phytic acid, alkaline conditions (olation)

Final Flashcards by Tommes Saatvedt

Selenium absorption

+ Vitamins A, C, E, low glutathione

Heavy metals (mercury)

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Chromium Absorption

+ Amino acids as well as picolinic acid

Phytic acid, alkaline conditions (olation)

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Iodine stuff

THS 531

goitrogens 533

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Energy Releasing vitamins

B1 Thiamin
B2 Riboflavin
B3 Niacin
B5 Pantothenic acid
B6
B7 Biotin

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Hematopoietic vitamins

Folate
B5 Pantothenic Acid
B6
B12 Cobalamin

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Beriberi
Muscle weakness
anorexia
tachycardia
enlarged heart
edema

Thiamin B1 deficiency

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Cheilosis
glossitis
angular stomatitis
photophobia
hyperemia and edema of pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes

Riboflavin B2 deficiency

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Pellagra
diarrhea
dermatitis
mental confusion
dementia

Niacin B3 deficiency

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Numbness and tingling in hands and feet
vomiting
fatigue

Pantothenic acid deficiency

rare

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dry scaly dermatitis
anorexia
nausea
glossitis
depression

Biotin deficiency

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Dermatitis
Glossitis
convulsions

B6 deficiency

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Megaloblastic anemia
diarrhea
fatigue
depression
confusion

Folate deficiency

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Megaloblastic anemia

degeneration of peripheral nerves

B12 deficiency

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Scurvy
hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
psychological manifestations
slowed wound healing
bleeding gums
spontaneous rupture of capillaries

C deficiency

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Which minerals are considered ultra-trace

Boron
Silicon
Lithium
Vanadium
Tin
Nickel
Bromine
Cadmium
Fluorine
Lead

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Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoperosis
tetany

Calcium deficiency

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Neuromuscular hyperexcitability
muscle weakness
tetany

Magnesium deficiency

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Rickets
Osteomalacia
Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematologic, and cardiac manifestations

Phosphorus deficiency

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Macromineral with no known deficiency

Sulfur deficiency

Anorexia
nausea
muscle atrophy
poor growth
weight loss

Sodium deficiency

Muscular Weakness
mental apathy
cardiac arrhythmias
paralysis
bone fragility

Potassium deficiency

In infants: loss of appetite, failure to thrive, weakness, lethargy, severe hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis

Chloride deficiency

Glucose intolerance

glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities

Chromium deficiency

Anemia
Neurotropia
bone and blood vessel abnormalities
impaired immune function

Copper deficiency

Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

Iodine deficiency

Anemia fatigue impaired work performance decreased resistance to infection

Iron deficiency

Impaired growth skeletal abnormalities impaired CNS

Manganese deficiency | Affects animals as well

Hypermethionemia More urinary xanthine sulfite excretion Less urinary sulfate and urate excretion

Molybdenum deficiency

Myalgia Cardiac myopathy poor growth abnormal sulfur metabolism

Selenium deficiency

``` Poor wound healing subnormal growth anorexia impaired taste/smell impaired reproductive development ```

Zinc deficiency

Metallic taste | Copper deficiency

Zinc toxicity

Wilson's disease hematuri, oilguria, anuria liver and kidney damage

Copper Toxicity

Hair and nail brittleness or loss | parasthesia

Selenium toxicity

Burning of mouth, throat, and stomach | Thyroid issues

Iodine toxicity

xerosis Bitot's spots night blindness

A deficiency

Rickets | Osteomalacia

D deficiency

Myopathy anemia Neuropathy

E deficiency

defective blood clotting

K deficiency

Without this mineral, Iron cannot beoxidized to the ferrix state and transported out of the liver

Copper

Vitamin C and Iron

C releases ferric iron from ferritin and reduces iron to the ferrous form

Zinc and Iron

Zinc inhibits iron absorption and v/v *minerals ingested together at a 2:1 ratio favoring non-heme iron*

Vitamin A and Iron

low A causes increased Fe accumulation in the spleen and liver; also altered RBC morphology

Vitamin A and Zinc

zinc is important in making RBC's which are needed to transport retinol. Without retinol, night blindness can occur.

Copper and Zinc

Zinc toxicity can induce Cu deficiency

Calcium and Zinc

compete for common absorption sites

Cadmium and Zinc

if Cadmium is high it prevents Zinc from binding to regular sites

High phosphorous stimulates (___) to suppress (___). doing so decreases the serum concentration of (___)

FGF23 Calcitriol Calcium