Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPH-N432 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

(___) iron is primarily from (___) sources while (___) iron is from mostly (___) sources

A

Heme, Animal, non-heme, plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is heme iron derived from?

A

Hemoglobin and myoglobin. It must first be removed from the porphyrin ring structure via hydrolysis (proteases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is heme absorbed across the brush border?

A

With the help of heme carrier protein (HCP1) and PCFT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the (___) the heme porphyrin ring is hydrolyzed by (___) into (___) iron and protoporphyrin

A

enterocyte
heme oxygenase
ferrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-heme iron in the stomach is released with the help of (___) and (___) into its (___) form

A

HCl
proteases
Fe3+ (with some Fe2+)**
**3+ = ferric iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Three enzymes to reduce ferric iron at the brush border

A

cytochrome b reductase 1
Ferric cupric reductase
STEAP 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DMT1 can transport which minerals?

A

Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Pb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to DMT1 when iron stores are high

A

more is synthesized, and less when iron stores are low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

go back for inhibitors and enhancers

A

xxx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Without this mineral, Iron cannot beoxidized to the ferrix state and transported out of the liver.

A

Copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary regulator of iron

A

hepcidin, released when stores of iron are adequate or high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iron sensor of the body

A

HFe-TfR2 complex (transferrin receptor 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cornerstone of internal iron circuit

A

ferroportin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ferroportin function

A

export iron into the plasma from the duodenum (absorption control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

These two cells control the release of iron recovered from red blood cell catabolism and from stores.

A

Macrophages and hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iron overload storage form

A

hemosiderin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three main sites for iron storage

A

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cofactor for monooxygenases, dioxygenases, peroxidases, and oxireductases

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin C and Iron

A

C releases ferric iron from ferritin and reduces iron to the ferrous form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Copper and Iron

A

Cu deficiency causes Fe deficiency. Cu is needed for the ferroxidase activity of hephaestin and ceruloplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Zinc and Iron

A

Zinc inhibits iron absorption and v/v minerals ingested together at a 2:1 ratio favoring non-heme iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin A and Iron

A

low A causes increased Fe accumulation in the spleen and liver; also altered RBC morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lead and iron

A

Lead reduces heme synthesis, associated with iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stages of iron deficiency

A

1) iron stores being to srop (plasma ferritin as index of depletion)
2) Iron stores depleted
3) plasma iron declines and iron available to bone marrow for hemoglobing drops
4) Anemia, rbc synth drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ZIP 4

A

Zinc carrier to cross brush border membrane into cytosol. Degraded by high Zinc intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

A

caused by a ZIP 4 mutation

characterized by poor absorption and skin lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Minerals that can absorb by diffusion

A

Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

transport of zinc in the blood is mostly handled by…

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stored zinc is bound to…

A

thionein as metallothionein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Stored zinc from these locations is poorly organized, even when intake is low

A

liver, kidneys, muscle, skin, and bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When zinc is low what happens to plasma zinc?

A

when intake is low, the less crucial plasma zinc enzymes and mettalothionein can be catabolized for ionic zinc

32
Q

Vitamin A and Zinc

A

zinc is important in making RBC’s which are needed to transport retinol. Without retinol, night blindness can occur.

33
Q

Copper and Zinc

A

Zinc toxicity can induce Cu deficiency

34
Q

Calcium and Zinc

A

compete for common absorption sites

35
Q

Cadmium and Zinc

A

if Cadmium is high it prevents Zinc from binding to regular sites

36
Q

Cu1+

A

cuprous

37
Q

Fe2+

A

ferric

38
Q

Cu2+

A

cupric

39
Q

Fe3+

A

ferrous

40
Q

Most food Cu is the (___) form

A

cupric 2+

41
Q

Primary supplemental form of Cu

A

copper sulfate

42
Q

Most Cu absorption happens in the (___) form

A

cuprous 1+

43
Q

Copper transporters

A

Ctr 1 and DMT (which co-transports with H+)

44
Q

ATP7B

A

moves Cu 1+ to the golgi network where it is incorporated into the ceruloplasmin

45
Q

Cu is stored in (___) in the (___)

A

Mettalothionein, liver

46
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

mutation of ATP7B where it is either absent or dysfunctional. This disrupts Cu excretion into the bile and then into the ceruloplasmin. Copper builds up in the liver

47
Q

D2

A

ergocalciferol

48
Q

D3

A

cholecalciferol; typical supplemented form, also synthesized by skin.

49
Q

D synthesized in the skin goes to…

A

the blood bound to DBP

50
Q

D from the diet is…

A

incorporated into the chylomicrons, enters the lymphatic system, and then enters the blood

51
Q

D in the blood goes to

A

the liver

52
Q

D in the liver

A

Converted to calcidiol (much of which is released into the blood).

53
Q

What picks up most of the calcidiol from the blood and why

A

the kidneys when triggered by PTH

54
Q

Calcidiol is hydroxylated to the active form (___) which is regulated by (___) and (___)

A

calcitriol
FGF
PTH

55
Q

Rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

56
Q

Regulation of calcium is handled by three hormones

A

calcitriol
PTH
calcitonin

57
Q

In response to low plasma Ca, (___) is excreted

A

PTH

58
Q

In the intestine, (___) reacts with vitamin d receptors to induce transcription to code for (___)

A

Calcitriol

calbindin

59
Q

Role of calcitonin in Ca regulation

A

lower serum Ca when the levels are high

60
Q

Sodium levels

A
  • Low: 140 mg or less per serving
  • Very Low: 35mg or less
  • Sodium Free: Less than 5mg per serving
61
Q

Serum sodium maintained by

A 
ADH
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic hormone
renin
angiotensin
62
Q

membrane potential

A

concentration differences between K+ and Na+ across cell membranes to create an electrochemical gradient

63
Q

Magnesium absorption is enhanced by

A

vitamin D and carbohydrates, D is not essential

64
Q

Phosphorous absorption is increased by

A

PTH

65
Q

High phosphorous stimulates (___) to suppress (___). doing so decreases the serum concentration of (___)

A

FGF23
Calcitriol
Calcium

66
Q

Three parts responsible for ECF volume and osmolarity maintenance

A

Hypothalamus
Renin-angtiotensis-aldosterone system
kidneys

67
Q

Angiotensis II triggers the adrenal cortex to release (___) which tells the kidneys to excrete (___) and retain (___).

A

aldosterone
K
Na

68
Q

Vasopressin is released by (___) in response to (___) and tells the (___) to retain more water

A

the hypothalamus
angiotensin II
kidneys

69
Q

Responsible for tissue growth, cell-mediated immunity, assistance in insulin function and conversion of retinol to reinaldehyde

A

Zinc

70
Q

Ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase and others, tyrosine metabolism, nerve and immune function

A

Copper

71
Q

Calcium metabolism and enhanced absorption, cell differentiation, bone development

A

Vitamin D

72
Q

Enhance Ca absorption from guts and retention from kidneys, cause Ca bone mobilization

A

Calcitriol

73
Q

Skeleton and blood clot formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

A

Calcium

74
Q

Glucose co-transport, fluid balance maintenance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

A

Sodium

75
Q

Maintain electrolyte and pH balance, decrease Ca excretion, nerve tissue

A

Potassium

76
Q

Bone structure, glycolysis, kreb cycle

A

Magnesium

77
Q

Bone mineralization, DNA / RNA component, energy storage and transfer

A

Phosphorous

SPH-N432 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions