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Oceanography > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

List some characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata

A

1) Radial Symmetry
2) mesodermal Endoskeleton
3) Water vascular system
4) Deuterostomes
5) Oral and aboral axis
- no head region
- external fertilatization
- incredible regeneration

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1
Q

List Chordate affinities

A

1) indeterminate cleavage
2) deuterostomes
3) enterocoelous coelom
4) mesodermal endoskeleton
5) larvae indicate ancestors were bilateral symmetrical

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2
Q

List characteristics of Class Asteroidea

A

1) arms not divided
2) ambulacral groove
3) pedicellariae
- pentamorus
- rocky coasts

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3
Q

List characteristics of Ophiuroidea

A

1) Arms divided
2) Ambulacral grooves are covered
3) mouth with 5 teeth
- pentamorus

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4
Q

List characteristics of Class Echinoidea

A

1) without arms
2) spines
3) Aristotle’s lantern
- globular in shape
- compact skeleton
- tube feet

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5
Q

List characteristics of Class Holothuroidea

A

1) Veriform - worm like
2) without arms
3) without spines
4) anus present
5) Leathery
- tube feet

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6
Q

List characteristics of Class Crinoidea

A

1) body on aboral stalk
2) mouth and anus directed up
3) tentacle-like tube feet
- water vascular system

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7
Q

Define Evisceration

A

Expulsion of internal organs in sea cucumbers

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8
Q

What is Luidia alternata?

A

Banded sea star

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9
Q

List characteristics of Phylum Chaetognatha

A

1) Unsegmented - bilateral symmetry
2) paired fins
3) Planktonic predator
- head - trunk - tail

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10
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

a food collecting organ that encircles the mouth with numerous ciliated tentacles

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11
Q

What are the 2 Lophophorate Phyla?

A

Phylum Branchiopoda - lamp shells

Phylum Bryozoa - moss animals

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12
Q

What are protochordates and what are the 2 Phyla?

A

Chordates without a backbone

1) Phylum Urochordata
2) Phylum Cephalochordata

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13
Q

What are 2 Classes in Phylum Hemichordata?

A

Class Enteropneusta
- ability to take water into the mouth without swallowing
Class Pterobranchia
- food is collected by cilia on tentacles

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14
Q

List the characteristics of Phylum Chordata

A

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3) Gill slits
4) Post-anal tail
- ventral heart

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15
Q

List characteristics of Subphylum Urochordata

A

1) notochord only in larvae
2) dorsal nerve cord only in larvae
3) planktonic larval stage
4) sessile adult
5) marine filter feeders

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16
Q

List characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

1) notochord and nerve cord
2) pharyngeal gill slits
3) small fish-like in appearance
lancelets

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17
Q

List Characteristics of Class Agnatha.

A

1) mouth ventral - without jaw
2) without scales
3) without paired fins
4) cartilaginous skeleton
- body slender
- lampreys and hagfish

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18
Q

List characteristics of Class Placodermi

A

1) armored plates
2) mouth anterior with jaws
3) bony skeleton
4) paired fins
- extinct by close of Paleozoic

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19
Q

What is the importance of Class Placodermii?

A

without them no limbs

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20
Q

What 2 classes did Placodermii split into?

A

Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

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21
Q

List characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes.

A

1) skeleton of cartilage
2) paired pelvic and pectoral fins
3) placoid scales
- without a swim bladder
- gill slits
- mouth ventral

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22
Q

List characteristics of Class Osteichthyes.

A

1) Skeleton of bone
2) mouth anterior
3) operculum
4) swim bladder
- cycloid scales
- paired pelvic & pectoral fins
- dermal scales for protection and osmoregulation
- most common fish

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23
Q

Define Demersal

A

fishes that live on the bottom

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24
Q

Define Homocercal

A

upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin of equal size - ex bony fish

25
Q

Define Chromatophores

A

colored pigments in bony fishes

26
Q

Define Iridiophores

A

chromatophores that contain crystals giving bony fish structural colors

27
Q

Define Myomeres

A

Muscles that produce rhythmic contractions

28
Q

Define Anadromous fish

A

living at sea but migrate to FW to reproduce - salmon

29
Q

Define Catadromous fish

A

breed at sea but live in FW - FW eels

30
Q

Define Ovoviviparous

A

eggs develop inside the mom, then she gives birth to live young

31
Q

Define Viviparous

A

live young, nourished from the reproductive tract

32
Q

Define Gill rakers

A

water filters of basking sharks

33
Q

List characteristics of Order Squamata.

A

1) skin of epidermal scales
2) jaws with teeth
3) with or without legs
4) terrestiral - freshwater - marine
snakes and lizards

34
Q

List characteristics of Order Chelonia

A

1) body in a case of dermal plates (modified scales)
2) jaws without teeth - probably not predators - herbivorous
3) terrestrial - freshwater - marine
turtles and tortoises

35
Q

Define Arribada

A

mass nesting of sea turtles on beaches

36
Q

What are the 3 different life styles of reptiles pertaining to reproduction and where they live or eat.

A

1) sea lizards - live on land, eat in water, lay eggs on land
2) sea turtles - live on water, come on land to lay eggs
3) sea snakes - truly marine - ovoviviparous

37
Q

Whats a Turtle Excluder Device?

A

net to capture fish that allows turtles to escape

38
Q

What’s Ascension Island?

A

an island in the middle of the South Atlantic that sea turtles sometimes lay eggs at.

39
Q

List the Order and characteristics of Sea Snakes.

A

Order Squamata

  • no fouling organisms (probably because of shedding)
  • often seen in massive numbers
  • can stay underwater for 2 hours (maybe cutaneous respiration)
40
Q

List characteristics of birds.

A

1) feather
2) air breathers
3) homeothermic - aka endothermic
4) oviparous
5) Volant (can fly)

41
Q

Why do tropical areas have higher diversity?

A

they don’t freeze

42
Q

Why is bird diversity low in the ocean?

A

1) the ocean is flat
2) wet
3) salty
4) usually very windy
5) only marine foods available

43
Q

Name 3 groups of reptiles and how excess salt is released.

A

Sea Lizard - Nasal Gland (same as marine birds)
Sea Turtles - Lachrymal Gland ( in orbit of eye)
Sea Snakes - Sublingual Gland

44
Q

What’s counter shading?

A

ventral light & dorsal dark

45
Q

List the 4 types of flight in marine birds.

A

1) Flightless - penguins
2) Dynamic Soaring - albatross
3) Static Soaring (thermals) - pelicans
4) Wing Loading - Auks

46
Q

What are the 3 marine mammal orders?

A

Order Sirenia - sea cows
Order Pinnipedia - seals
Order Cetacea - whales

47
Q

Define Breaching.

A

whales leaping into the air

48
Q

Define beaching.

A

whales and dolphins stranding themselves on beaches

49
Q

Define fluke

A

horizontal, fin-like muscular tail of cetaceans

50
Q

Define ambergris.

A

an ingredient in perfumes from un-digested sperm whale food

51
Q

Define baleen

A

filtering plates that hang from the upper jaws of baleen whales

52
Q

Define rorquals

A

blue whale and fin whales

53
Q

Define great whales.

A

sperm and baleen whales

54
Q

Define melon.

A

fatty structure on toothed whales that focus and direct sound waves

55
Q

Define spermaceti

A

waxy oil in sperm whales used for candles and lube

56
Q

Define delayed implantation

A

prolonging embryo development until the mother reaches the shore

57
Q

Define nitrogen narcosis (bends)

A

decompression sickness - nitrogen bubbles in joints or blocking blood flow

58
Q

How do dolphins echolocate?

A

by sending sound waves from the melon to the target and hearing the echo bounce off with the inner ear

59
Q

What is a fouling organism and what are examples w/ and w/o damage?

A

= organisms that live attached to submerged surfaces

  • with damage - ex. Shipworms
  • without damage - ex. algae
60
Q

List examples of each trophic level.

A 
TL 1 - diatoms
TL 2 - copepods
TL 3 - krill
TL 4 - fish, seals, penguins
TL 5 - sharks, killer whales

Oceanography (3 decks)

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