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Final Flashcards

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0
Q

Lithification involves _______ & _______

A

Compaction & cementation

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1
Q

Sandstone and shale are what type of sedimentary rock?

A

Clastic

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2
Q

As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, all fine-grained igneous rocks _____________

A

Cool and solidify more quickly

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3
Q

The magnetic field of Earth in the geologic past is _____________

A

Known to have experienced numerous polarity reversals, due to remnant magnetization of iron-rich minerals in rocks.

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4
Q

In silicate minerals, tetrahedra may be linked to form _____________

A

long one- dimensional chains, extensive two-dimensional chains, massive three-dimensional frameworks

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5
Q

Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity _____________

A

along mid-oven ridges

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6
Q

Slab pull occurs because sub ducting slabs are _____________

A

cooler, and therefore more dense, than surrounding asthenosphere.

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7
Q

Viscosity depends on _____________

A

Volatile content,
temperature,
silica content.

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8
Q

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will _____________

A

increase

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9
Q

In agreement with the Big Bang theory, our Universe is _____________

A

expanding

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10
Q

If you determine the composition of an igneous rock, you can deduce a number of things about the rocks origin. Which is NOT one of those things?

A

the exact age

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11
Q

If you determine the composition of an igneous rock, you can deduce a number of things about the rocks origin. What are those things?

A

the rate at which it cooled, t
he original source of the magma,
the environment in which it was found.

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12
Q

Hot-spot volcanoes _____________

A

May arise in the interior of lithosphere plates,
can arise on continents,
can arise from the ocean floor.

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13
Q

An example of a continental volcanic arc

A

the Andes Mountains

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14
Q

The best estimate of the Universe is _____________ old

A

14 billion years.

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15
Q

The most common minerals within Earth are _____________

A

Silicates

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16
Q

When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

A

Calcite

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17
Q

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by the _____________

A

Proportion of volatiles within the lava,
composition of the lava,
viscosity of the lava

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18
Q

Is petroleum a mineral?

A

No because a liquid

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19
Q

Is cubic zirconia mineral?

A

No because it’s a synthetic diamond substitute that is not found in nature

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20
Q

Basaltic laves _____________

A

Contains more iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lavas.

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21
Q

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content ?

A

Felsic

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22
Q

Under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are _____________

A

Discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid Earth that move with respect to one another.

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23
Q

Deep-oceanic trenches are feature of _____________-plate boundaries

A

Convergent

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24
Q

Pillow lavas are associated with _____________

A

submarine basaltic eruptions.

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25
Q

The greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is _____________

A

pyroclastic flows

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26
Q

As compared to aphanitic igneous rocks, phaneritic rocks are _____________

A

Made of crystals big enough to see

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27
Q

Marine magnetic anomalies result from sea0floor spreading in conjunction with _____________

A

Magnetic polarity reversals

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28
Q

Currently, most geologist agree that continental drift occurs;

A

the mechanisms that drive drift are at work in the ocean basins and upper mantle and were unknown in Wegener’s time.

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29
Q

In Wegener’s evidence for continental drift, continents were proposed to fit together, such as the east coast of South America with the _____________ and the upper west coast of Africa with the _____________

A

lower west coast of Africa; east coast of North America

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30
Q

The lithosphere is composed of the _____________

A

crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

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31
Q

Aside from Earth, terrestrial planets are _____________

A

Mars, Mercury, and Venus

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32
Q

In our current understanding of the Big Bang _____________

A

the Universe is considerably older than Earth

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33
Q

At a subduction zone, the overriding plate _____________

A

may be composed of either oceanic or continental lithosphere.

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34
Q

The difference between magma and lava is _____________

A

that magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface.

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35
Q

Atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by _____________

A

explosions of supernovas.

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36
Q

Earth’s magnetic field is generated by _____________

A

flow of the liquid outer core

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37
Q

Iceland is formed where it is today because of the presence of _____________

A

the mid-Atlantic ridge and a hot spot

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38
Q

Bombs, ash, and cinders are all examples of _____________

A

pyroclastic debris

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39
Q

Every plate boundary can be recognized by _____________

A

the presence of an earthquake belt

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40
Q

At transform-plate boundaries _____________

A

earthquakes are common but volcanos are not.

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41
Q

Due to fractional crystallization and assimilation of surrounding host rock, most magmas that rise slowly through the crust chemically evolve to become _____________

A

more felsic

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42
Q

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed

A

effusive

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43
Q

A sill is a _____________

A

Sheet-like intrusion that lies parallel to the surrounding layers of sedimentary rock.

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44
Q

In the whole Earth, the four most common elements are oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and _____________

A

iron

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45
Q

Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Basin and Range Province are the results of _____________

A

rifting

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46
Q

In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of _____________

A

Mt. Vesuvius

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47
Q

True or false: Multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral.

A

True

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48
Q

Within the terminology of plate tectonics, an active margin is _____________

A

a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary.

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49
Q

Strong evidence that the Universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emitted from distant galaxies appears to be _____________

A

red shifted

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50
Q

A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is called a _____________

A

lahar

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51
Q

The cleavage in minerals refers to _____________

A

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

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52
Q

Important volatiles in magmas include _____________

A

water and carbon dioxide

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53
Q

A famous example of hot-spot volcanism occurs at _____________

A

the island of Hawaii

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54
Q

The east coast of the North American continent is a _____________ margin

A

passive

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55
Q

Parts of the process that leads to the exhumation of metamorphic rocks

A

Continents squeezing together,
mountain belt collapsing,
erosion

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56
Q

A body of gneiss is subjected to head and forms a melt. Later the melt cools and crystallizes to form a _____________

A

igneous rock

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57
Q

Braided stream _____________

A

consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment.

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58
Q

The protolith subjected to metamorphism _____________

A

may belong to any of the three primary rock types.

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59
Q

Thermal (contact) metamorphism occurs _____________

A

in areas surrounding igneous intrusions

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60
Q

Grains become rounded primarily during _____________

A

transportation

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61
Q

Pumping vast quantities of water locally _____________

A

lowers the local water table, forming a cone-snapped depression.

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62
Q

A buried body of shale is subjected ti differential stress, causing clay minerals to realign and produce slate; this is an example of _____________

A

Metamorphism

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63
Q

The removal of detritus from weathered rock aran outcrop is termed _____________

A

Erosion

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64
Q

Which type of metamorphism affects the greatest volume of rock?

A

Dynamothermal metamorphism

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65
Q

When limestone becomes chemically altered so that half of the calcium atoms are replaced by magnesium, the resultant rock is termed _____________

A

dolostone

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66
Q

Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary rock?

A

Clastic

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67
Q

Chemical and biological rocks are classified primarily on the basis of _____________

A

mineral composition

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68
Q

What processes can occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?

A
  • Realignment of minerals so that they can develop a preferred orientation
  • Segregation of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation.
  • Solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals.
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69
Q

Where would Gneiss be found?

A

continental collision

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70
Q

Exhumation

A

Bringing things to the surface. trust faults, erosion.??

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71
Q

Where is crust thinnest ?

A

Mid-ocean ridges

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72
Q

Slab pull

A

Sinking slab is cold and subduct in a subduction zone

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73
Q

The mantle is _____________

A

Solid: it’s just so hot that it actually flows

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74
Q

Hawaii is on the _____________

A

Pacific plate.

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75
Q

San Andres is a _____________ plate boundary

A

Transformative

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76
Q

What processes can NOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?

A

complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock.

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77
Q

Metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest grain

A

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

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78
Q

Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by poorly to moderately sorted, angular to sub angular grains that consist of feldspar, quartz, and lithics (rock fragments)?

A

Alluvial fan

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79
Q

True or False: Meteorite impacts have been known to induce metamorphism of sediments and rocks

A

true

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80
Q

_____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate

A

Shale

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81
Q

Perched water tables occur _____________

A

above the regional water table, with in permeable rock or sediment.

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82
Q

If water the transport mechanism of sediment, the grain size of sedimentary deposits most closely indicates the _____________

A

velocity of the water at the moment the sediment settled to the bottom.

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83
Q

Metamorphism may be induced by _____________

A
  • contact with a hot pluton
  • contact with hot groundwater
  • heat and pressure associated with deep burial
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84
Q

If a material is porous, it _____________

A

may be permeable or impermeable

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85
Q

An impermeable layer of rock or sediment is termed a(n) _____________ in hydrogeologic contexts

A

aquitard

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86
Q

Foliated metamorphic rocks posses _____________

A

a planar fabric consisting of mineral grains in preferred orientations or preferred patterns of association (banding)

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87
Q

Slaty cleavage, schistosity, and compositional banding are all examples of _____________

A

foliation

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88
Q

Glacial tilt is composed of _____________ sized particles

A

clay-to boulder-

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89
Q

Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during _____________

A

lithification

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90
Q

Extensive pumping of fresh groundwater from wells near a seacoast is most likely to induce _____________

A

saline intrusion; with time the well will start to deliver saline water

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91
Q

The primary stream fed by tributaries within a drainage basin is termed a _____________

A

Trunk stream

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92
Q

Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition) is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments, fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to _____________

A

be well sorted

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93
Q

Graded beds tell a geologist that a _____________

A

turbidity current deposited these beds, depositing coarser material first.

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94
Q

Ephemeral streams_____________

A

have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year.

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95
Q

A well-sorted sediment will have _____________ porosity than a poorly sorted sediment.

A

greater

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96
Q

The preexisting rock that is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a _____________

A

protolith

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97
Q

A periodic explosive eruption of steam and water from within the ground up through the surface is termed a _____________

A

geyser

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98
Q

Two major sources of energy, coal and oil shale, are considered _____________ sedimentary rocks

A

Organic

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99
Q

Land subsidence is likely when _____________

A

discharge lowers the water table

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100
Q

Dissolution of rock produces _____________

A

secondary porosity

101
Q

Metamorphism, in broadest terms, involves _____________

A

Changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress

102
Q

_____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.

A

Limestone

103
Q

A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel, but that retains water, is a(n) _____________

A

Oxbow lake

104
Q

Within a meander, where is sediment most likely to be deposited?

A

On the inner bank (point bar) of the meander

105
Q

An artesian well is one that _____________

A

discharges groundwater at ground surface without pumping.

106
Q

Physical precipitation of gypsum due ti evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock?

A

Chemical

107
Q

Compared to low-grade metamorphic rocks, high grade-rocks _____________

A

are produced at greater temperatures and pressures

108
Q

The blueschist facies is a metamorphic realm of _____________

A

high pressure but relatively low temperature.

109
Q

In the region immediately surrounding an isolated volcano, a _____________ drainage network is expected.

A

radial

110
Q

The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed _____________

A

weathering

111
Q

_____________ commonly serves as a protolith for quartzite.

A

sandstone

112
Q

What does the lack of foliation mean in a metamorphic rock?

A

That the rock formed in an environment free of compression or shear.

113
Q

The development of a preferred orientation of large, flaky mica crystals within metamorphic rock is termed _____________

A

Schistosity

114
Q

Which transport medium carries the largest particles?

A

ice

115
Q

The elevation of the water table _____________

A

may rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts.

116
Q

Ripples, dunes, and cross bedding are sedimentary structures that can be used to help determine _____________

A
  • wind direction
  • past events
  • current direction
117
Q

An aquifer that is isolated from the Earth’s surface by an aquitard is _____________

A

confined aquifer.

118
Q

Chemical weathering takes place most rapidly in environments that are _____________ and _____________

A

Warm; wet

119
Q

The inner edge of a meander, where sediment is deposited, is a(n) _____________

A

Point bar

120
Q

Stratification refers to _____________.

A

The development of layering within sedimentary rocks

121
Q

The majority of liquid freshwater within Earth exists in _____________

A

Pores within rock and sediment

122
Q

Meandering streams _____________

A

Have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy)

123
Q

True or False: A dry well will always result whenever the base of the well is above the water table.

A

true

124
Q

Differential stress will cause crystals to align in preferred orientation unless the crystals are _____________

A

equant

125
Q

The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the _____________

A

floodplain

126
Q

Primary porosity may be reduced by _____________

A

The compaction and cementation of grains

127
Q

The outer edge of a meander, where mineral is being eroded, is a(n) _____________

A

Cut bank

128
Q

Cemented shells or marine organisms form which kind of sedimentary rock?

A

biochemical

129
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of _____________

A

grain size

130
Q

Two common metamorphic rocks that typically lack foliation are _____________ and _____________

A

quarzite; marble

131
Q

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism occurs when _____________

A

Rock becomes buried deeply during continental collision and mountain building.

132
Q

What principle allows geologists to deduce the folds in beds occurred after deposition?

A

Principle of original horizontally

133
Q

A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo _____________

A

stretching

134
Q

Orogenesis (Mountain building) leads to the production of _____________

A

Any of the rock types

135
Q

According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw)- a magnitude 8 earthquake results in 1,000 times greater amplitude than a magnitude _____________ earthquake

A

5

136
Q

What geologic setting(s) would you expect to produce seismic activity?

A
  • rift valley
  • basin
  • collisional mountain belt
137
Q

Right lateral and left lateral are both examples of _____________ faults

A

strike-slip

138
Q

In an unweathered sample of igneous rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock?

A

200 million years

139
Q

Regions of continents that have not been subjected to orogeny during the past one billion years are termed _____________

A

cratons

140
Q

True or false: If the numerical ages of two formations are known, then the relative age of each with respect to one another can be inferred.

A

true

141
Q

Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of _____________ faults

A

dip-slip

142
Q

Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed _____________

A

shields

143
Q

Which portion of a radioactive isotope is expected to remain in an unaltered (unreacted) state after the passage of three half-lives?

A

one-eigth

144
Q

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) _____________

A

orogeny

145
Q

The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold _____________

A

hinge

146
Q

A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a _____________

A

fault

147
Q

Buried erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed _____________

A

Disconformities

148
Q

Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault as a result of the release of stress during episodes of displacement, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated, is termed _____________

A

Stick-slip behavior

149
Q

The point within Earth where an earthquake take place is termed the _____________

A

hypocenter (focus0

150
Q

In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion, a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble. The limestone must be _____________

A

older than the marble.

151
Q

Why were geologists able to switch from determining relative age of geologic events to determining the numerical age?

A

Radioactivity was discovered.

152
Q

A tsunami is _____________

A

An earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source.

153
Q

Medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur along _____________

A

convergent-plate boundaries only

154
Q

Earthquakes the occur in a band called a _____________ cane used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere.

A

Wadati-Benioof zone

155
Q

The sides of a fold, where curvature is at a minimum, are termed?

A

limbs

156
Q

Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain above sea level, is located on the continent of _____________

A

Asia

157
Q

A fold shaped like an elongated arch is a(n) _____________

A

Anticline

158
Q

As a seismologist examining a seismogram, you would know that the third set of waves displayed _____________

A

would cause the most damage

159
Q

Summary of the geologic time scale development

A

Relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided.

160
Q

In a _____________ fault, the fault plane is less that 30* from horizontal and the the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block.

A

Thrust

161
Q

Movement along faults often produces sharply angular rock fragments termed _____________

A

Fault Breccia

162
Q

_____________ may help a geologist recognize a fault.

A
  • Displacement
  • Fault scraps
  • Breccia
163
Q

What must occur for the elevation of a mountain range to increase overtime?

A

The rate of erosion must be less than the rate of uplift.

164
Q

Which earthquake intensity scale assess the effects of an earthquake on humans and human -made structures?

A

Mercalli scale

165
Q

The distinction between joints and faults is that _____________

A

Faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along joints

166
Q

It is possible for offset along an oblique-slip fault to have both _____________ and _____________ components

A

right-lateral; left-lateral

167
Q

If during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative ti a footwall, the fault is termed _____________ if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal)

A

Strike-slip

168
Q

Surface waves _____________

A

Produce the most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes.

169
Q

Faulting and earthquakes are examples of _____________

A

brittle behavior

170
Q

Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by the phrase _____________

A

The present is the key to the past

171
Q

At any point along the fault plane surface of an oblique (non vertical) fault, the _____________

A

hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

172
Q

Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct _____________ of that element

A

isotopes

173
Q

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed _____________

A

displacement

174
Q

Which eon of geologic time is represented by rocks containing abundant shelly fossils?

A

Phanerozoic

175
Q

In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers, according to the principle of _____________

A

Superposition

176
Q

How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake?

A

3

177
Q

Earthquakes are likely to occur

A

on all plate boundaries

178
Q

The key to finding the location of an earthquake’s epicenter is measuring the _____________

A

difference between the time that the P-wave arrives and the time that the S-wave arrives at the seismometer station.

179
Q

A hot brittle of rock is more likely to exhibit _____________ than is a cold body of rock.

A

Ductile behavior

180
Q

Which type of seismic waves has the highest velocity?

A

P-wave

181
Q

The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a(n) _____________

A

Nonconformity

182
Q

Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior _____________

A

have been largely unreliable

183
Q

Force per unit is termed

A

Stress

184
Q

Day after tomorrow

A
  • Plunging the northern hemisphere into a ice age.
  • Ocean conveyor
  • Thermohaline circulation –ANSWER
185
Q

Is the mantle solid or liquid?

A

Solid

186
Q

Which 2 tectonic plates are located near Hawaii

A

NONE OF THE ABOVE

187
Q

2012 - What would be the premise

A

Neutrinos make the mantle boil, leading to plate tectonics on steroids, out run yellow stone eruption in a Winnebago.

188
Q

2012- What kind of waves did LA have

A

R-waves

189
Q

10.5 movie - How are they going to stop the giant earthquakes?

A

More nukes

190
Q

The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the _____________

A

increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750

191
Q

_____________ are the biggest influence on global warming

A

Humans

192
Q

Sea level has risen _____________ centimeters in the 20th century

A

17

193
Q

Sea level is predicted to rise _____________ centimeters in the next 25-50 years.

A

31

194
Q

Dating and studying annual tree rings is termed _____________

A

Dendrochronology

195
Q

Causes fo cimate change

A
  • Variations in Insolation
  • Changes in the atmosphere
  • Changes in the ocean
  • Changes in landmasses
196
Q

Eras are divided into _____________

A

periods

197
Q

The Principle of Uniformitarianism was articulated by _____________

A

James Hutton

198
Q

Creator of Plate tectonics

A

Wegener

199
Q

True or False: Earthquakes are randomly distributed over Earth’s surface

A

False

200
Q

Idea that Earth and the solar system formed from a condensing cloud of gas and dust is the

A

Nebular hypothesis

201
Q

Limestone is a _____________ sedimentary rock

A

biochemical

202
Q

Common cement in clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Calcite

203
Q

Biogeochemical cycles involve

A

chemical fluxes between living and nonliving matter.

204
Q

What is not a sedimentary depositional environment ?

A

Batholith

205
Q

The hydrologic cycle consists

A

of water in motion between biological (organisms) and physical (oceans, atmosphere, surface water, groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, soils, etc.) reservoirs.

206
Q

In the carbon cycle,

A

carbon transfers between several near-surface reservoirs, including the ocean, the atmosphere, organisms (living and dead), and rocks.

207
Q

Paleoclimates: ice-cores

A

Bubbles trapped in ice cores preserve the chemical composition of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed. Ice cores contain annual layers that can be readily dated.

208
Q

Three conditions are necessary to form a glacier.

A
  1. A cold local climate (which requires polar latitudes or a high-elevation).
  2. Snow must accumulate; more snow must fall than melts.
  3. Snow must not be removed by avalanches or wind.
209
Q

Snow compacts and melts to form _____________ , which recrystallizes into ice. Crystal size increases with depth.

A

firn

210
Q

Under a microscope, glacial ice has _____________ grains and contains air bubbles. Air content decreases with age and degree of metamorphism.

A

coarse

211
Q

Cirque glaciers

A

fill mountain top bowls.

212
Q

Valley glaciers

A

flow like rivers down valleys.

213
Q

Mountain ice caps

A

cover peaks and ridges.

214
Q

Piedmont glaciers

A

spread out at the end of a valley.

215
Q

_____________ often takes place where the glacier bends while flowing over steps or ridges in its substrate.

A

Cracking

216
Q

The equilibrium line

A

separates the zone of accumulation from the zone of ablation.

217
Q

In reference to glaciers, the position of the ______ represents a balance between addition by accumulation and loss by ablation.

A

toe

218
Q

If accumulation exceeds ablation, the glacier ________, the toe moves farther downvalley, and the ice thickens.

A

advances

219
Q

Glacial retreat

A

If ablation exceeds accumulation, the glacier retreats and thins. The toe moves upvalley, even though ice continues to flow toward the toe.

220
Q

Tidewater glaciers are

A

glaciers that terminate in the ocean.

221
Q

Continental glaciers entering the sea form broad, flat sheets called _________.

A

ice shelves.

222
Q

________ form when the leading edge of a tidewater glacier or ice shelf breaks away (calves).

A

Icebergs

223
Q

If a floating mass of ice is at least 6 m above the water and > 15 m long, it is formally called an ________

A

iceberg

224
Q

Glacial erosion produces

A

deep, steep-sided valleys and jagged, knife-edged ridges and pointed spires.

225
Q

During glaciation,

A

the valleys fill with ice and are aggressively eroded and oversteepened.

226
Q

After glaciation,

A

the landscape is transformed, containing U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, cirques, arêtes, horns, and other evidence of the erosive power of glaciers.

227
Q

A horn is a pointed mountain peak formed by __________

A

three or more cirques that coalesce.

228
Q

An arête is a

A

knife-edge ridge formed by two cirques that have eroded toward one another.

229
Q

A cirque is a

A

bowl-shaped basin formed at the uppermost portion of a glacial valley. Aggressive freeze-thaw chews into the cirque headwall.

230
Q

After the ice melts, a cirque is often filled with a _____ lake.

A

tarn

231
Q

A hanging valley results

A

from the intersection of a tributary glacier with a trunk glacier.

232
Q

The larger trunk glacier incises much deeper into the bedrock than the smaller tributary glacier. When the ice melts, the troughs have different elevations and a waterfall results.

A

A hanging valley

233
Q

Medial moraines occur in the

A

middle of a valley glacier and result from merging of two lateral moraines.

234
Q

Lateral moraines form

A

along either side of a valley glacier.

235
Q

glacial drift

A

Sediment derived from glaciation. Drift may be stratified, indicating transport by water, or unstratified when deposited directly by the ice.

236
Q

Glacial drift includes:

A

glacial till, erratics, glacial marine sediments, glacial outwash, loess, and glacial lake-bed sediment.

237
Q

Glacial till is

A
  • unsorted, unstratified sediment dropped by glacial ice. Till is made up of all grain sizes, from boulders to clay.
  • Till accumulates beneath glacial ice, at the toe of a glacier, and along glacial flanks.
238
Q

Glacial outwash is

A

sediment transported by meltwater.

239
Q

Outwash is dominated by

A

sand and gravel that have had the muds removed. Grains are graded and stratified, abraded, and rounded.

240
Q

Loess (pronounced “luss”)

A

is wind-transported silt. Glaciers produce abundant amounts of fine sediment, which is picked up and carried downwind.

241
Q

Glacial lakes accumulate

A

fine rock flour that settles out of suspension in deep lakes.

242
Q

Glacial lake sediments often display seasonal ______ layers that reflect the finest silt and clay from frozen winter months interlayered with coarser silt and sand from summer months.

A

varve

243
Q

Ice sheets depress the lithosphere into the mantle. This process of ice loading and crustal lowering is called
______________

A

subsidence.

244
Q

_____________ returns water to the oceans and sea level rises

A

Deglaciation

245
Q

Glacial rebound occurs

A

after ice melts, the depressed lithosphere rebounds, and the land rises.

246
Q

In polar latitudes with mean annual temperature less than -5 ºC, soil moisture and groundwater freeze, forming ____

A

permafrost.

247
Q

The upper few meters of permafrost may thaw in summers, then re-freeze in winters, creating a distinctive landscape called ____________

A

patterned ground.

248
Q

Milankovitch hypothesized

A

that climate variation over 100 to 300 Ka is predicted by cyclic changes in orbital geometry.

  • axis wobble
  • angle of rotation
  • shape of Earth’s orbit
249
Q

Minerals have a specialized geologic definition:

A 
naturally occurring
(mostly) inorganic 
crystalline
solid 
formed by geologic processes
definite chemical composition

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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