Final

Question 1

Tone Chroma

Answer 1

C’s in different octaves will have the same tone chroma, and fundamental frequencies will be multiples of each other.

Question 2

Decibels vs loudness

Answer 2

decibels are a physical measure, where as loudness is a perception

Question 3

Audibility curve

Answer 3

we hear between 20 and 20,000 hz with best perception around 2000-4000.

Question 4

outer hair cells

Answer 4

increase vibration of the basilar membrane

Question 5

inner hair cells

Answer 5

transductions from mechanical to electrical signal

Question 6

tonotopic map

Answer 6

is found on the cochlea

Question 7

presbycusis

Answer 7

loss of hearing for higher frequencies, more common in men than women, just because of the workplaces they are more prone to be in.

Question 8

bird hair cellls

Answer 8

regenerate if damaged. so no presbycusis

Question 9

sound is

Answer 9

change in air pressure

Question 10

spectrogram

Answer 10

visual representation of sound by frequency and time

Question 11

infrasound

Answer 11

we can hear

Question 12

ultrasound

Answer 12

we can’t hear

Question 13

lower frequencies travel…

Answer 13

further because they do not get broken up by trees etc.

Question 14

sound travels better in water or air?

Answer 14

water because they are densely packed particles that will bounce off each other better

Question 15

malleus incyus and stapes are meant to

Answer 15

amplify the sound so it transmits better into the liquid medium of the inner ear.

Question 16

stapes is last step…

Answer 16

into oval window.

Question 17

types of hair cells

Answer 17

inner and outer , inner

Question 18

basilar membrane

Answer 18

supports the organ of corti

Question 19

which fibres respond

Answer 19

place code theory

Question 20

how fibres respond

Answer 20

rate code theory

Question 21

base of basilar membrane is

Answer 21

3-4x narrower and 100x stiffer

Question 22

low frequencies are picked up

Answer 22

closer to apex where it is less stiff

Question 23

hearing loss

Answer 23

conductive hearing loss (receptor cells) and sensorineural hearing loss (damaged hair cells, or damaged auditory nerve)

Question 24

presbycusis

Answer 24

hearing loss at high frequencies - males affected - injured hair cells from

Question 25

what stream vs where stream

Answer 25

what is ventral | where is dorsal

Question 26

tonotopic map of hearing is found in

Answer 26

A1

Question 27

cochlear implant

Answer 27

microphone behind ear. sound processor. stimulates cochlea at different places

Question 28

what are the vibrations carried into the cochlea on?

Answer 28

the perilymph - like a wave

Question 29

closinga nd opening of ionc channels from cilia

Answer 29

opens when moved in one direction and close if moved in the other direction

Question 30

hair cell components

Answer 30

microvilli vs stereovilli (bigger)

Question 31

stereovilli

Answer 31

least and long stereovilli respond best to low frequencies | short and lots respond best to higher frequencies

Question 32

basilar membrane

Answer 32

translates mechanical energy into nervous energy

Question 33

azmuth vs elevation

Answer 33

azmuth is side to side, elevation is up down, 0 for both is always right in front of you

Question 34

owls are accurate to

Answer 34

1 degree azimuth and 2 degrees of elevation

Question 35

Interaural level difference (ILD)

Answer 35

happens for high not low frequencies - low can wrap around objects, so it is harder to specifically determine where the sound is coming from - between ears difference - determined by elevation (ears are offset)

Question 36

Inter-aural time difference

Answer 36

determined not by olives but by lateral. determined by azimuth

Question 37

barn owls ear preferences

Answer 37

right ear - hears up left ear - hears down this is because right ear is slightly higher than the left ear

Question 38

ITD pathwayt

Answer 38

Nucleus Magnocellularis (projects bilaterally) then to Nucleus Laminaris then to LCX/MLD

Question 39

ILD

Answer 39

Nucleus Angularis then to ICX/MLD

Question 40

Jefferson circuit

Answer 40

neurons where things line up fire

Question 41

map of auditory space vs tonotopic map

Answer 41

auditory space based on inter aural time and intensity difference. tonotopic map based on frequency

Question 42

Rate coding vs specificity coding

Answer 42

rate coding - rate of one vs the other. Owl's have specificity coding -

Question 43

pinna adaptations

Answer 43

if we injure or lose our ears, we will adjust to how sound enters them. we have pinnae to determine elevation

Question 44

Wylie can determine

Answer 44

elevation over azmuth

Question 45

Precedence effect

Answer 45

direct vs indirect sound - for within 5ms - from first location, after that - later sounds have an effect on quality

Question 46

optimal time for a sound - 1.5 to 2 seconds.

Answer 46

known as reverberation time

Question 47

Intimacy time

Answer 47

when first sound leaves and first relocation (echo) arrives - ideal is 20 ms.

Question 48

bass ratio

Answer 48

higher bass ratio is best for concert halls

Question 49

spaciousness factor

Answer 49

high spaciousness factors are better

Question 50

auditory stream segregation

Answer 50

chet atkins - guitarists playing 2 melodies at once

Question 51

Occlusion in vision is like ___in hearing

Answer 51

phonemic restoration effect - see most of line so assume it goes through it - noise fills gaps in sound so perceive sound going through it