final

Question 1

differentiate between radial and bilateral symmetry

Answer 1

Radial: similar parts regularly arranged around a central axis. No front and back, or left and right
can be designated.

Bilateral: similar anatomical parts are arranged on opposite sides of a median axis. Only one plane can divide the individual into essentially identical halves (Two-sided symmetry).

Question 2

what are the 3 major tissue types important during embryonic development

Answer 2

Ectoderm= outermost germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer
covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system.

Endoderm= innermost germ layer, lines the pouch that forms during gastrulation (the
archenteron) and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract/cavity and organs such as the liver
and lungs of vertebrates.

Mesoderm= fills much of the space between the ectoderm and endoderm; forms coelom in
coelomates and pseudocoelomates.

Question 3

what is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic germ layer composition

Answer 3

Diploblastic = Ectoderm & Endoderm (Cnidarians and a few other animal groups that have only
these two germ layers.)

Triploblastic = Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm (All bilaterally symmetrical animals have a third
germ layer, called mesoderm. All bilaterians are triploblastic**

Question 4

how do body cavities develop in coelomates, acoelomates and pseudocoelmoates

Answer 4

Most triploblastic animals have a body cavity, a fluid- or air-filled space located between the
digestive tract and the outer body wall. This body cavity is also called a coelom and is derived
from mesoderm. The inner and outer layers of tissue that surround the coelom cavity connect
and form structures that suspend the internal organs.

Coelomates: body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm. “true coelom”
Pseudocoelomates: body cavity is partially lined with mesoderm “false coelom”
Acoelomates: body cavity is absent. “no coelom”

Question 5

what are the primary differences between protostome and deuterostome modes of development

Answer 5

Protostomes:
- Cleavage: spiral & determinate,
- Coelom Formation: Masses of mesoderm split to form coelom
- Blastopore Fate: Forms mouth
Deuterostomes:
- Cleavage: radial & indeterminate
- Coelom Formation: mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron.
- Blastopore Fate: Forms Anus

Question 6

distinguish between alimentary canal and a gastrovascular cavity

Answer 6

alimentary canal (complete gut): Organisms that have a mouth on one end with an anus on the other end have a one-way
digestive tract

gastrovascular cavity (blind gut, coelenteron): One opening that serves as a mouth & anus

Question 7

describe the phases of growth and processes from fertilization to the formation of a gastrula

Answer 7

Sperm fertilizes egg > Zygote (2n) + (3 mitotic divisions) > Eight-celled stage + (Cleavage) > blastula + (gastrulation) > embryo folds inward (gastrulation), expands and fills the blastocoel, producing ectoderm and endoderm, a central cavity called the archenteron, and an opening called the blastopore. This structure is a gastrula.

Gastrula = Blastocoel, Endoderm, Ectoderm, Archenteron, & Blastopore.

Question 8

an animal embryo that shows spiral observe an animal embryo that shows spiral cleavage at the eight-cell stage. This embryo could develop into a(n)? earthworm, turtle, sea urchin, fish

Answer 8

earthworm

Question 9

which characteristics would animals as diverse as corals and a whale have in common?

body cavity between body wall and digestive system, number of embryonic tissue layers, presence of hox genes

Answer 9

presence of hox genes

Question 10

which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a germ layer with the tissue or organ it gives rise to?
ectoderm and outer covering; endoderm and internal digestive tract lining; mesoderm and nervous system; mesoderm and muscle

Answer 10

mesoderm and nervous system

Question 11

the blastopore is a structure evident in the? zygote, blastula, gastrula

Answer 11

gastrula

Question 12

what do fungi and arthropods have in common? both are commonly coenocytic, haploid state is dominant, protective coats are made of chitin, have cell walls

Answer 12

protective coats are made of chitin

Question 13

put the following in order (from most ancient to most recent) of milestones in the evolution of animals?

diverged from common ancestor of fungi, cambrian exploision, ediacaran biota, successful invasion of land, cenozoic era

Answer 13

cambrian exploision, diverged from common ancestor of fungi, ediacaran biota, successful invasion of land, cenozoic era

Question 14

chart of porifera vs cnidaria

Question 15

what is cephalization

Answer 15

associated with motile animals with concentrated sensory organs, head and brain

Question 16

a true coelom is: found in deuterostomes, is an air or fluid-filled cavity completely lined with mesoderm, may be used as a hydrostatic skeleton by soft-bodied coelomates, all of the above

Answer 16

all of the above

Question 17

are the following associated with protostome or deuterostomes? radial and indeterminate cleavage, spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore forms the anus/mouth, coelom forms from masses of mesoderm, coelom forms from archenteron mesodermal pockets

Answer 17

protostome: blastopore forms the mouth, coelom forms from masses of mesoderm, spiral and determinate cleavage

deuterostome: blastopore forms the anus, coelom forms from archenteron mesodermal pockets, radial and indeterminate cleavage

Question 18

a gastrovascular cavity a) functions in digestion and circulation b) has only one opening that serves as a mouth and anus c) is found in cnidaria and rotifera d) a and b are correct e) all of the above

Answer 18

a and b

Question 19

which of the following is incorrect
1. annelida: alimentary canal, pseudocoelomate, circular muscles
2. platyhelminthes: acoelomate, gastrovascular cavity, protenephridia
3. mollusca: triploblastic, alimentary canal, coelomates, nephridia
4. cnidaria: radially symmetric, gastrovascular cavity

Answer 19

1. annelida: alimentary canal, pseudocoelomate, circular muscles

Question 20

which of the following about mollusa is incorrect? excretion via nephridia and or excurrent syphon, blastopore forms mouth, all molluscs have a similar body plan with four main parts, a muscular foot, visceral mass, calcium carbonate shell and a mantle

Answer 20

all molluscs have a similar body plan with four main parts, a muscular foot, visceral mass, calcium carbonate shell and a mantle

Question 21

which of the following is correct?
1. platyhelminthes: diploblastic, acoelomate, protostome, cephalization present
2. rotifera: segmented, parthenogenesis, includes catenulia and rhabditophora
3. porifera: asymmetric, suspension feeders, collar cells, no nervous system

Answer 21

3. porifera: asymmetric, suspension feeders, collar cells, no nervous system

Question 22

match the following to their correct phylum (annelida, mollsuca, platyhelminthes, cnidaria):
planarian, trematode, tube worm, squid, box jelly, chiton, leech, snail, sea anemone

Answer 22

planarian: platyhelminthes
trematode: platyhelminthes
tube worm: annelida
squid: mollusca
box jelly: cnidaria
chiton: mollusca
leech: annelida
snail: mollusca
sea anemone: cnidaria

Question 23

which of the following is false?
1. sponges lack true tissues and organs
2. sponges are suspension feeders
3. large species are likely to be found in areas of heavy wave action where food is most abundant

Answer 23

3. large species are likely to be found in areas of heavy wave action where food is most abundant

Question 24

or organism that does not contain a muscle tissue and is not diploblastic is likely a: flatworm, jellyfish, comb jelly, sponge

Answer 24

sponge

Question 25

radula aren't present in? gastropoda, bivalvia, polyplacophora

Answer 25

bivalvia

Question 26

which of the following is not a characteristic of most members of annelida? hydrostatic skeleton, segmentation, metanephridia, pseudocoelom, closed circulatory system

Answer 26

pseudocoelom

Question 27

a land snail, clam and octopus all share: mantle, radula, gills, embryonic tissue

Answer 27

mantle

Question 28

the osmoregulatory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on? ananephridia, malphigian tubules, protonephridia

Answer 28

protonephridia

Question 29

a terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class?

Answer 29

gastropods

Question 30

which molluscan class includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? polyplacophora, bivalvia, cephalopoda, gastropoda, all of the above

Answer 30

gastropoda

Question 31

chart between platyhelminthes, rotifera, mollusca and annelda

Question 32

chart between nematoda and arthropoda

Question 33

an arthropod has all the following characteristics except: protostome, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom, three embryonic germ layers, true tissues

Answer 33

pseudocoelom

Question 34

what likely explains why insects are so successful?

Answer 34

wings

Question 35

chordate pharengeal slits appear to have functioned first as: components of the jaw, digestive system's opening, suspension-feeding devices, gill slits for respiration

Answer 35

suspension-feeding devices

Question 36

which chordate group is most like the earliest chordates?

Answer 36

cephalochordata

Question 37

which of the following have a mouth directed upwards? class crinodea, erinoidea, holothuroidea, asteroidea, ophiuroidea

Answer 37

crinodea

Question 38

order the following from greatest to least species diversity: hexapods, orthopterans, insects, arthropods

Answer 38

arthropods, insects, hexapods, orthopterans

Question 39

which is not a crustacean? crab, shrimp, barnacle, coral, lobster

Answer 39

coral

Question 40

which is incorrect? rotifera: lophophore larvae, protostome annelida: metanephridia, coelomates, protostomes, paired appendages arthropoda: triploblastic, deuterostomes chordata: notochord, alimentary canal

Answer 40

arthropoda: triploblastic, deuterostomes, paired appendages

Question 41

echinodermata vs chordata chart

Question 42

an organism has a relatively large number of hox genes in its genome. which of the following is true? 1. its hox genes cooperate to bring about sexual maturity at the proper stage of development 2. the organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy

Answer 42

2. the organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy

Question 43

which of the following organisms do not have a gastrovascular cavity for digestion? flatworm, hydra, sea anemone, fluke, polychaete worm

Answer 43

polychaete worm

Question 44

a coelomate must be all of the following except: eumetazoan, diploblastic, metazoan, bilaterally symmetric

Answer 44

diploblastic

Question 45

indicate if the following are protostomes, deuterostomes, or both: triploblastic, starfish, earthworm, lancelet, radial indeterminate cleavage, blastopore forms mouth, spiral determinate cleavage, masses of mesoderm split to form coelom, haikouella, blastopore forms anus, mesoderm buds form wall of archenteron, bilaterally symmetric

Answer 45

triploblastic B starfish D earthworm P lancelet D radial indeterminate cleavage D blastopore forms mouth P spiral determinate cleavage P masses of mesoderm split to form coelom P haikouella D blastopore forms anus D mesoderm buds form wall of archenteron D bilaterally symmetric B

Question 46

match the phylum to the correct structure: protonephridia, choanocytes, paired appendages, collagen cuticle, water vascular system, nematocyts, notochord, parthogenesis, mantle, circular muscles

Answer 46

protonephridia: platyhelminthes choanocytes: porifera paired appendages: arthropoda collagen cuticle: nematoda water vascular system: echindodermata nematocyts: cnidaria notochord: chordata parthogenesis: rotifera mantle: mollusca circular muscles: annelida

Question 47

match the clade to the phylum: cyclostomes, holothruoidea, chelicerates, sedentarians, anthozoans, polyplacophora, catenulida

Answer 47

cyclostomes: chordata holothruoidea: echindodermata chelicerates: arthropoda sedentarians: annelida anthozoans: cnidaria polyplacophora: mollusca catenulida: platyhelminthes

Question 48

which stage should you be able to distinguish diploblastic embryo from triploblastic embryo? fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, coelom formation, metamorphosis

Answer 48

gastrulation

Question 49

which stage should you be able to distinguish protostome embryo from deurterostome embryo? fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, coelom formation, metamorphosis

Answer 49

cleavage

Question 50

organisms that are acoelomate should have bodies that: are solid with tissue, lack ability to metabolize food, lack mesodermally derived tissues

Answer 50

are solid with tissue

Question 51

which of the following are characteristics of cnidaria? gastrovascular cavity, polyp stage, medusa stage, cnidocytes, pseudocoelom, everything, everything but pseudocoelom

Answer 51

everything but pseudocoelom

Question 52

what eggs are protostome developed, embryo develops into trocophore larva, has true coelom? chordate, mollusca, nematode, cnidarian

Answer 52

mollusca

Question 53

which can be used to distinguish nematode worm from annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of muscle layers in body wall 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers 5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view

Answer 53

1, 2, 3, 5

Question 54

which of the following is entirely aquatic: mollusca, crustacea, echinodermata, arthropoda, annelida

Answer 54

echinodermata

Question 55

which is not considered an amniote? amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Answer 55

amphibians

Question 56

which is incorrect: bilateria consists of 3 clades, hemichordates are basal bilaterians, current evidence suggests that animals are sister to choanoflagellates

Answer 56

hemichordates are basal bilaterians

Question 57

which is only found among annelids? hydrostatic skeleton, segmentation, clitellum, closed circulatory system, chitin cuticle

Answer 57

clitellum

Question 58

planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because: none of their cells are far removed from the gv cavity or external environment, their flame bulbs carry it out

Answer 58

none of their cells are far removed from the gv cavity or external environment

Question 59

how do earthworms solve the problem of excretion: ciliated metanephridia, thin epidermis, clitellum, protonephridia

Answer 59

ciliated metanephridia

Question 60

what is true about conodonts: suspension feeders, herbivores, jaws, mineralized dental elements

Answer 60

mineralized dental elements

Question 61

the history of animal life begins with ____. followed by neo-proterozoic era and ____. 525 million years ago ____ occured, a period of time which the fossil record shows unprecedented diversification of animals. during the mesozoic era coevolution led to ____. the ____ brought an end to this era, after which the global climate cooled and shifted animal lineages to what we have today: the ___ era. increased diversity of plants and animals, divergence of plants and animals, cenozoic, edicaran period, cambrian explosion, cretaceous mass extinction

Answer 61

the history of animal life begins with divergence of plants and animals. followed by neo-proterozoic era and edicaran period. 525 million years ago cambrian explosion occured, a period of time which the fossil record shows unprecedented diversification of animals. during the mesozoic era coevolution led to increased diversity of plants and animals. the cretaceous mass extinction brought an end to this era, after which the global climate cooled and shifted animal lineages to what we have today: the cenozoic era.

Question 62

is this true? tetrapods are part of the osteichthyes clade

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

adult lampreys differ from hagfishes in: lacking jaws, having cranium, their means of obtaining nutrition

Answer 63

their means of obtaining nutrition

Question 64

arrange from most inclusive to least: lobe-fins, amphibians, gnathostomes, osteichthyans, tetrapods

Answer 64

gnathostomes, osteichtyhans, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amphibians

Question 65

T/F chondrichthyes lack true bone and possess a cartilaginous skeleton, while osteichthyes have endoskeletons made of true bone

Answer 65

true

Question 66

why are lancelets significant to the evolution of chordata

Answer 66

retains characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults and basal chordate

Question 67

which of the following are unique to animals? cells that have mitochondria, chitin, nervous conduction and muscular movement, heterotrophy

Answer 67

nervous conduction and muscular movement

Question 68

T/F most animals contain hox genes which are important in regulating development

Answer 68

true

Question 69

the blastophore is a structure that first becomes evident during

Answer 69

gastrulation

Question 70

which characteristics are shared by cnidarians and flatworms? true muscle, radial symmetry, digestive system with a single opening

Answer 70

digestive system with a single opening

Question 71

which posses bilateral symmetry as adults? sponges, rotifers, hydras, tapeworms, braciopods

Answer 71

rotifers, tapeworms, braciopods

Question 72

terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?

Answer 72

gastropods

Question 73

how do earthworms excrete?

Answer 73

ciliated metanephridia

Question 74

which can be used to distinguish nematode and annelid worms? type of circulatory system, number of muscle layers in body wall, presence of segmentation, number of embyronic tissue layers

Answer 74

type of circulatory system, number of muscle layers in body wall, presence of segmentation

Question 75

what is the shared derived characteristic for the subgroup that includes spiders

Answer 75

chelicerae

Question 76

internal anatomy of insects includes all but what: segmentation of thorax and abdomen, small lungs, heart that pumps hemolymph, nerve chord, malphighian tubules

Answer 76

small lungs

Question 77

what does the water vascular system of echinoderms function in?

Answer 77

locomotion and feeding

Question 78

which correctly matches the phylum to its hox gene and body plan description 1. cnidaria: 2 hox gene ckusters, 2 hox gene groups, less complex body plan 2. urochordata: 1 hox gene cluster, 9 hox gene groups, larval stages, less complex body plan

Answer 78

2. urochordata: 1 hox gene cluster, 9 hox gene groups, larval stages, less complex body plan

Question 79

READ HOX GENES AND EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

Question 80

describe changes to hox gene family in relation to complexity and life forms within animal clades, describe evolution of jaws within vertebrates, describe evolution of limbs within vertebrates, recognize and describe traits of tetrapods

Answer 80

describe changes to hox gene family in relation to complexity and life forms within animal clades: more complex = more hox genes - tunicates (chordates): less hox genes, larval stage and less complex organism - arthropods: 2 Hox genes linked to segmentation likely underwent extensive rearrangement and sophistication. - planarians: govern the pattern of cephalization in planarians, indicating a role in the development of a more complex head region. describe evolution of jaws within vertebrates: earliest vertebrates lacked jaws (only cyclostomes today). Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates today) outnumber cyclostomes. Jaws likely evolved from the skeletal supports of the pharyngeal (gill) slits. Initially, these skeletal rods functioned in respiration, but they were later co-opted for feeding. evolution of jaws accompanied by a genome duplication (leading to the duplication of Hox genes), and an enlarged forebrain that smell and vision, lateral line vision in aquatic describe evolution of limbs within vertebrates: - evolution of limbs from the fins of some lobe-finned fishes. - tiktaalik, intermediate between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods - hox genes rearrangement and duplication provided the genetic basis for the development of complex limbs recognize and describe traits of tetrapods: presence of four limbs and feet with digits. - A neck, which allows for independent movement of the head. - Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone, providing stronger support for the hind limbs. - The absence of gills in most adult forms (though some aquatic species retain them), with gas exchange primarily occurring through lungs. - Ears adapted for detecting airborne sounds.

Question 81

unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials: lack nipples, have some embryonic development outside the uterus, lay eggs, lack a placenta

Answer 81

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

Question 82

what are hox genes' role

Answer 82

regulating the development of body form and the relationship between body plan complexity and the necessity for specialized exchange systems