final

Question 1

Convivium

Answer 1

1. con meaning “together” and vivium meaning “living”
2. was an event for the elite only
3. located in the triclinium
4. the proper attire was a toga

Question 2

Deipnon

Answer 2

1. the Greek dinner occurring in the evening
2. was the main meal of the day
3. was split into two sections, one for food and one for wine (symposium)
4. saw the separation of sexes (men to the andron)

Question 3

Epicureanism

Answer 3

1. originated with ancient philosopher Epicurus
2. believes in happiness in moderation
3. Epicureans met their basic food/drink needs but did not exceed them
4. the philosophy revolves around freedom from pain, like hunger or thirst

Question 4

Epulum

Answer 4

1. a ritual public banquet in Rome
2. was held for state religious ceremonies, such as funerals, dedications, etc
3. was used by politicians like Caesar to win political favor
4. some happened in Nero’s Domus Aurea

Question 5

Andron

Answer 5

1. secluded space separated by its own entryway
2. usually featured around 7 to 9 couches or klines
3. there were elaborately decorated mosaics in center of room only
4. women of the family were not allowed in the andron

Question 6

Aristotle

Answer 6

1. lived around 384-322 BCE
2. was a student of Plato’s at the Academy
3. was one of the first biologists, classifying animals and plants
4. he believed in harmony between food as a source of pleasure/sustenance

Question 7

Cena

Answer 7

1. Roman meal in the late afternoon/early. evening
2. is the main meal of the day (like the Greek Deipnon)
3. generally no more than 12 people came
4. men were always there, but women and children could sometimes come

Question 8

Colonization

Answer 8

1. happened in Greece mainly from 750-500 BCE
2. citizens of a “mother city” were sent out on an expedition to find a new polis
3. one reason had to deal with the scarcity of land for building homes, farming, etc
4. another reason had to do with the limited amount of natural resources, like food or metal

Question 9

Euergetism

Answer 9

1. elite benefaction to towns and communities through voluntary gifts
2. examples of gifts include public buildings or endowments
3. feasts after a victory was a type of euergetism
4. the elite could provide food or other resources in exchange for prestige/power

Question 10

Hippocrates

Answer 10

1. believed that sicknesses were natural, not god-given
2. believed in the four humors of the body (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood)
3. thought food could be a medicine (treating the sick or the healthy with barley water)
4. he believed changes in diet and exercise could help manage and treat disease

Question 11

Famine foods

Answer 11

1.weather or warfare could lead to famine, which lead to consumption of unusual foods
2. some humans had to eat leather/ animal fodder
3. evidence for malnutrition from famine foods in skeletons
4. often featured breads made with filler ingredients like nut or bean flour

Question 12

Kapeleion

Answer 12

1. a Greek public bar
2. was a source for food/wine for the lower classes
3. the architectural form was not formalized
4. was a place for more individual and personal drinking, unlike the “sociable” symposia

Question 13

Monte Testaccio

Answer 13

1. was an artificial hill in Rome
2. contained sherds from millions of amphorae (used to ship olive oil through maritime routes)
3. the hill was located near the Roman government’s storage of olive oil imports
4. contained 300+ years of deposits from all over the Mediterranean

Question 14

Panathenaic Festival

Answer 14

1. was the largest festival in Athens
2. was featured on Parthenon Friezes
3. every four years, the Greater Panathenaea where 100 cows (hecatomb) were sacrificed
4. all other years, the Lesser Panathenaea where 50 cows were sacrificed

Question 15

Penates

Answer 15

1. in Rome they were the gods of household provisions
2. guardians of the storehouse/household
3. worshipped both in the home privately and for the state
4. represented with cornucopia or fruit

Question 16

Pre-Socratics

Answer 16

1. Philosophy from 7th-4th century BCE
2. saw no distinction between science and philosophy
3. focused on the biological food needs of the human body
4. one Pre-Socratic, Pythagoras, argued against meat consumption (he thought human souls after death could go into animals)

Question 17

Solon

Answer 17

1. was an Athenian politician and poet
2. came from an aristocratic family
3. designed laws to help the poor, such as emphasized export of olive oil
4. also forbade the export of grain

Question 18

Sitesis

Answer 18

1. was a type of food consumption in Athens
2. involved dining for free while serving as prytanes or members of boule
3. could earn lifelong dining privileges for special achievements like winning at the Olympics
4. there were DE marks on the bottoms of communal vessels

Question 19

Stoicism

Answer 19

1. was a type of Greek philosophy, practiced by Seneca the Younger
2. believe all things that happen have an ultimate good and are inevitable
3. believed in eating inexpensive foods easy to access and prepare
4. believed in eating slowly and orderly, unlike gluttons who don’t mind their character

Question 20

Suovetaurilia

Answer 20

1. was the Roman version of the sacrificium
2. involved pig, sheep, and bull sacrifice
3. happened at the end of lustration (land purification ritual) to Mars
4. most important part was the condition of the animal and its “willing” participation

Question 21

Symposium

Answer 21

1. sym means “together” and posium “to drink”
2. origins in the Archaic period (750-480 BCE)
3. involves showing off, debating, and practicing skills of intellect
4. mediates the space between the oikos and polis

Question 22

Thermopolium

Answer 22

1. a Roman tavern
2. featured food, drinks, and possibly lodging
3. was a “hot item place,” kind of like street vendors today
4. only mentioned by Plautus

Question 23

Thesmophoria

Answer 23

1. was a major Greek festival celebrated in all city-states
2. was the principle form of a cult for Demeter
3. only married women were allowed
4. 3-day festival, a day of piglet sacrifice, a day of fasting, a day of feasting
5. purpose was for the fertility of land and community

Question 24

Thusia/ sacrificium

Answer 24

1. the slaughter, dismemberment, cooking, and consumption of an animal around an altar in a religious context
2. often featured a basket with barley grains that would be sprinkled around/on the animal
3. also often featured a bowl for collecting the sacrificed animal’s blood
4. most common victims were sheep, goat, and pig, while the most prized was cattle

Question 25

Zeus Ktesios

Answer 25

1. was the guardian of the storehouse against thieves
2. food/animals were sacrificed to him in secluded spots of the property
3. prayers included health of family and good possessions
4. often represented as either a jar or a snake (popular offering was a honey cake to snakes)

Question 26

cena recta

Answer 26

1. formal dinner held by the emperor or a wealthy private citizen
2. happened on a large scale, with 12-100+ guests
3. One location they were held is in Nero’s Domus Aurea
4. Martial remarks on Caesar’s cena recta in “Epigrams”

Question 27

agora

Answer 27

1. was the civic center of every Greek polis
2. was a gathering and performance space
3. featured both permanent and temporary stalls selling metal, trinkets, food, ceramics, clothing, etc
4. Athens’ agora had a mint stall