final

Question 1

1. public display of power/wealth through acquisition of luxury goods or services
2. example is Trimalchio’s Dinner (lots of exotic food)
3. often features consuming of haute cuisine
4. is about converting material wealth into social power, prestige, and status

Answer 1

conspicuous consumption

Question 2

1. con meaning “together” and vivium meaning “living”
2. was an event for the elite only
3. located in the triclinium
4. the proper attire was a toga

Answer 2

Convivium

Question 3

1. the Greek dinner occurring in the evening
2. was the main meal of the day
3. was split into two sections, one for food and one for wine (symposium)
4. saw the separation of sexes (men to the andron)

Answer 3

Deipnon

Question 4

1. originated with ancient philosopher Epicurus
2. believes in happiness in moderation
3. Epicureans met their basic food/drink needs but did not exceed them
4. the philosophy revolves around freedom from pain, like hunger or thirst

Answer 4

Epicureanism

Question 5

1. a ritual public banquet in Rome
2. was held for state religious ceremonies, such as funerals, dedications, etc
3. was used by politicians like Caesar to win political favor
4. some happened in Nero’s Domus Aurea

Answer 5

Epulum

Question 6

1. secluded space separated by its own entryway
2. usually featured around 7 to 9 couches or klines
3. there were elaborately decorated mosaics in center of room only
4. women of the family were not allowed in the andron

Answer 6

Andron

Question 7

1. lived around 384-322 BCE
2. was a student of Plato’s at the Academy
3. was one of the first biologists, classifying animals and plants
4. he believed in harmony between food as a source of pleasure/sustenance

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

1. Roman meal in the late afternoon/early. evening
2. is the main meal of the day (like the Greek Deipnon)
3. generally no more than 12 people came
4. men were always there, but women and children could sometimes come

Answer 8

Cena

Question 9

1. happened in Greece mainly from 750-500 BCE
2. citizens of a “mother city” were sent out on an expedition to find a new polis
3. one reason had to deal with the scarcity of land for building homes, farming, etc
4. another reason had to do with the limited amount of natural resources, like food or metal

Answer 9

Colonization

Question 10

1. elite benefaction to towns and communities through voluntary gifts
2. examples of gifts include public buildings or endowments
3. feasts after a victory was a type of euergetism
4. the elite could provide food or other resources in exchange for prestige/power

Answer 10

Euergetism

Question 11

1. believed that sicknesses were natural, not god-given
2. believed in the four humors of the body (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood)
3. thought food could be a medicine (treating the sick or the healthy with barley water)
4. he believed changes in diet and exercise could help manage and treat disease

Answer 11

Hippocrates

Question 12

1.weather or warfare could lead to famine, which lead to consumption of unusual foods
2. some humans had to eat leather/ animal fodder
3. evidence for malnutrition from famine foods in skeletons
4. often featured breads made with filler ingredients like nut or bean flour

Answer 12

Famine foods

Question 13

1. a Greek public bar
2. was a source for food/wine for the lower classes
3. the architectural form was not formalized
4. was a place for more individual and personal drinking, unlike the “sociable” symposia

Answer 13

Kapeleion

Question 14

1. was an artificial hill in Rome
2. contained sherds from millions of amphorae (used to ship olive oil through maritime routes)
3. the hill was located near the Roman government’s storage of olive oil imports
4. contained 300+ years of deposits from all over the Mediterranean

Answer 14

Monte Testaccio

Question 15

1. was the largest festival in Athens
2. was featured on Parthenon Friezes
3. every four years, the Greater Panathenaea where 100 cows (hecatomb) were sacrificed
4. all other years, the Lesser Panathenaea where 50 cows were sacrificed

Answer 15

Panathenaic Festival

Question 16

1. in Rome they were the gods of household provisions
2. guardians of the storehouse/household
3. worshipped both in the home privately and for the state
4. represented with cornucopia or fruit

Answer 16

Penates

Question 17

1. Philosophy from 7th-4th century BCE
2. saw no distinction between science and philosophy
3. focused on the biological food needs of the human body
4. one Pre-Socratic, Pythagoras, argued against meat consumption (he thought human souls after death could go into animals)

Answer 17

Pre-Socratics

Question 18

1. was an Athenian politician and poet
2. came from an aristocratic family
3. designed laws to help the poor, such as emphasized export of olive oil
4. also forbade the export of grain

Answer 18

Solon

Question 19

1. was a type of food consumption in Athens
2. involved dining for free while serving as prytanes or members of boule
3. could earn lifelong dining privileges for special achievements like winning at the Olympics
4. there were DE marks on the bottoms of communal vessels

Answer 19

Sitesis

Question 20

1. was a type of Greek philosophy, practiced by Seneca the Younger
2. believe all things that happen have an ultimate good and are inevitable
3. believed in eating inexpensive foods easy to access and prepare
4. believed in eating slowly and orderly, unlike gluttons who don’t mind their character

Answer 20

Stoicism

Question 21

1. was the Roman version of the sacrificium
2. involved pig, sheep, and bull sacrifice
3. happened at the end of lustration (land purification ritual) to Mars
4. most important part was the condition of the animal and its “willing” participation

Answer 21

Suovetaurilia

Question 22

1. sym means “together” and posium “to drink”
2. origins in the Archaic period (750-480 BCE)
3. involves showing off, debating, and practicing skills of intellect
4. mediates the space between the oikos and polis

Answer 22

Symposium

Question 23

1. a Roman tavern
2. featured food, drinks, and possibly lodging
3. was a “hot item place,” kind of like street vendors today
4. only mentioned by Plautus

Answer 23

Thermopolium

Question 24

1. was a major Greek festival celebrated in all city-states
2. was the principle form of a cult for Demeter
3. only married women were allowed
4. 3-day festival, a day of piglet sacrifice, a day of fasting, a day of feasting
5. purpose was for the fertility of land and community

Answer 24

Thesmophoria

Question 25

1. the slaughter, dismemberment, cooking, and consumption of an animal around an altar in a religious context
2. often featured a basket with barley grains that would be sprinkled around/on the animal
3. also often featured a bowl for collecting the sacrificed animal’s blood
4. most common victims were sheep, goat, and pig, while the most prized was cattle

Answer 25

Thusia/ sacrificium

Question 26

1. was the guardian of the storehouse against thieves
2. food/animals were sacrificed to him in secluded spots of the property
3. prayers included health of family and good possessions
4. often represented as either a jar or a snake (popular offering was a honey cake to snakes)

Answer 26

Zeus Ktesios

Question 27

1. formal dinner held by the emperor or a wealthy private citizen
2. happened on a large scale, with 12-100+ guests
3. One location they were held is in Nero’s Domus Aurea
4. Martial remarks on Caesar’s cena recta in “Epigrams”

Answer 27

cena recta

Question 28

1. was the civic center of every Greek polis
2. was a gathering and performance space
3. featured both permanent and temporary stalls selling metal, trinkets, food, ceramics, clothing, etc
4. Athens’ agora had a mint stall

Answer 28

agora