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AP3 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is an AP stress projection for an ankle?

A

a. To demonstrate ligament tears or ruptures.
b. Apply stress for true AP with no rotation and then turned Inversion and Eversion positions.
c. CR perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoli.

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2
Q

Should an AP Stress test be performed on an ankle with possible Fx?

A

Negatron

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3
Q

Appendicular

A

upper and lower extremities and the scapula and clavicle of shoulder girdle and pelvis girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)

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4
Q

Axial

A

medial axis of body: skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs (thorax)

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5
Q

Benefit to larger to SID

A

a. Reduce patient dose and decrease magnification (size distortion)

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6
Q

Where does the Trachea bifurcate?

A

At the carina (T4)

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7
Q

Carina

A

Division of the trachea into the right and left bronchi. (T4)

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8
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

A blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung.

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9
Q

Emphysema

A

Lungs lose elasticity, become radiolucent, lung dimensions become longer.

Requires less mAs

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10
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura.

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11
Q

LPO =

A

RAO

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12
Q

LAO =

A

RPO

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13
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

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14
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lungs.

Decrease technique because it is air.

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15
Q

Xiphoid Tip level

A

T9-T10

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16
Q

Where is the jugular notch located?

A

T2-T3

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17
Q

Where is the sternal angle located?

A

T4-T5

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18
Q

What is the CR for PA and AP chest?

A

PA Chest: T7
7-8” from vertebral prominens

AP Chest: 3-4” below jugular notch

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19
Q

Where is the vertebral prominence located?

A

C7

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20
Q

Name the facial landmark lines!

A

GML (Glabellomeatal Line)
Roughly above eyebrow ridge to EAM.
Most superior.

IPL (Interpupillary Line): Eyes lined up horizontally

OML (Orbitomeatal Line)
Outer canthus to EAM.

IOML (Infraorbitomeatal Line)
7° inferior to OML. Roughly cheek bone.

AML (Acanthiomeatal Line)
Below the nostrils to EAM

LML (Lips-meatal Line)
Lips to EAM

MML (Mentomeatal Line)
Chin to EAM

GAL (Glabelloalvealor Line)
Connects glabella to a point at the anterior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla.

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21
Q

What is a decubitus position?

A

Horizontal beam from the image receptor and helps us look at air and fluid levels.

Left Decub: Fluid in the left, air in the right

Right Decub: Air in the left, fluid in the right
Mark side up.

Dorsal Decub: lie on back, used to identify free intraperitoneal gas. Air up and fluid sits posteriorly.

Ventral Decub: lie on stomach, also for air/fluid levels

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22
Q

What views would best display air/fluid in the lungs?

A

Left lung: left lat decub (marked right)

Right lung: right lat decub (marked left)

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23
Q

What views would best display air/fluid in the colon?

A

Right lateral: (marked side up, so left) air in descending colon/ contrast in ascending

Left lateral: (marked right) contrast in descending and air in ascending

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24
Q

What articulates with the clavicles?

A

AC Joint (Acromioclavicular) Lateral end of clavicles articulates with acromion of scapula

SC Joint (Sternoclavicular) Medial end of clavicles articulate with sternum

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25
Q

Radial notch

A

A depression on the ulna bone that articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm; essentially, the head of the radius fits into the radial notch like a pivot joint.

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26
Q

What does external elbow oblique show?

A

Radial head, neck and tuberosity, free of superimposition by ulna

Arm extended with palm up, rotate a little more laterally

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27
Q

Where is the Coracoid?

A

A process on the scapula that sits anteriorly and slightly inferior to clavicles and acromion.

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28
Q

Trochlear notch where and what is going on

A

Large concave depression (notch) on the proximal ulna that articulates with distal humerus.

Olecranon Process on posterior end

Coronoid Process on anterior end

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29
Q

Coronoid inserts into?

A

Coronoid Fossa of distal humerus

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30
Q

What does internal elbow oblique show?

A

Coronoid process of the ulna in profile, Radial head and neck superimposed and centered over proximal ulna, olecranon process should appear seated in olecranon fossa and trochlear notch partially open and visualized.

Arm extended with palm resting medially

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31
Q

When is the olecranon free of superimposition?

A

a. Lateral elbow

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32
Q

What view would you see fat pads on?

A

Lateral projection would display anterior fat pad along the distal humerus and supinator fat strip along the radial head

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33
Q

The femur articulates with what proximally?

A

Acetabulum

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34
Q

When would you best see a lateral or anterior/posterior break?

A

Lateral breaks on AP views

Anterior or Posterior breaks on Lateral views

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35
Q

What would best demonstrate the greater trochanter?

A

Internal rotation

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36
Q

What would best demonstrate the lesser trochanter?

A

External rotation

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37
Q

Criteria for oblique foot vs lateral foot

A

Medial Oblique Foot:
i. Correct obliquity (30-40 medially) is demonstrated when 3rd-5th are free of superimposition.
ii. 1st and 2nd metatarsals should also be free of superimposition except for base area. Tuberosity at base of 5th metatarsal is seen in profile and is well visualized.
iii. Joint spaces around cuboid and the sinus tarsi are open.

Lateral Foot:
i. Tibiotalar joint is open
ii. Distal fibula is superimposed by the posterior tibia and distal metatarsal are superimposed

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38
Q

Best View for arthritis of the hand?

A

Ballcatchers

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39
Q

ICER

A

a. Refers to internal and external oblique elbows.
b. Internal Oblique Elbow would demonstrate coronoid process.
c. External Oblique Elbow would demonstrate radial head.

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40
Q

Criteria for lateral forearm

A

-Elbow should be flexed at 90-degree
-no rotation as evident by head of ulna being superimposed over the radius
-humeral epicondyles should be superimposed
-should visualize sharp cortical margins and clear sharp bony trabecular markings and fat pads.

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41
Q

What does external oblique of elbow show?

A

a. Radial head, neck and tuberosity, free of superimposition by ulna

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42
Q

What does internal oblique elbow show?

A

Coronoid process of the ulna in profile, Radial head and neck superimposed and centered over proximal ulna, olecranon process should appear seated in olecranon fossa and trochlear notch partially open and visualized.

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43
Q

What view do you see the olecranon process free of imposition?

A

Lateral

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44
Q

What view do you see the coronoid process free of imposition?

A

internal oblique

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45
Q

What view do you see the capitulum free of imposition?

A

External oblique

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46
Q

Capitulum sits on what side?

A

Lateral side

Radial. On Radial head

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47
Q

What oblique would best display the radial head?

A

External

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48
Q

What oblique would best display the capitulum?

A

External

49
Q

Lateral elbow how much should you flex the elbow?

A

90°

50
Q

How many ribs need to be seen on chest x-ray?

A

10 Ribs

51
Q

What plane is perpendicular on a lateral chest?

A

Coronal

52
Q

What happens when you increase OID?

A

Increase magnification

53
Q

CR for transthoracic?

A

Humeral surgical neck

54
Q

How to position for a Grashey method?

A

a. LPO/RPO 45° oblique
b. Visualize glenoid cavity

55
Q

Tarsal bones and their locations

A

“Come To Colarado the Next 3 Christmases”

Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform

56
Q

What does the medial cuneiform articulate with distally?

A

first metatarsal

57
Q

What does the heads of the metatarsals articulate with distally?

A

Proximal phalanx

58
Q

Calcaneus articulates anteriorly with:

A

Cuboid and Talus

59
Q

What does the navicular tarsal articulate with?

A

Talus, Cuboid, and three cuneiforms

60
Q

What does the talus articulate with?

A

Superiorly: Tibia and Fibula (2)
Inferiorly: Calcaneus (1)
Distally (anteriorly): Navicular (1)

61
Q

What does the cuboid articulate with?

A

Calcaneus, Lateral cuneiform, navicular, 4th and 5th metatarsals

62
Q

What does the lateral cuneiform articulate with?

A

Navicular (1)
2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals (3)
Intermediate cuneiform (1)
Cuboid (1)

63
Q

What does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?

A

Proximally: Navicular (1)
Distally: 2nd metatarsal (1)
Laterally: Lateral cuneiform (1)
Medially: Medial cuneiform (1)

64
Q

Where do the first 10 thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

A

Costotransverse joints
and
costovertebral joints

65
Q

What angles are done for AP Knees (tabletop)?

A

Average booty: 19-24 cm : No Angle

Smaller than 19 cm: 5° caudad (flat booty)

Greater than 24 cm: 5” cephalad (big booty Judy)

66
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter Disease?

A

a. Inflammation or partial separation of the tibial tuberosity caused by overuse of quadricep muscles. Most common in boys 10-15 yrs old.

67
Q

What is Gout?

A

a. A form of arthritis that may be hereditary. Uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and

68
Q

What view best demonstrates the esophagus?

A

RAO/LPO

69
Q

CR should always be _________

A

Perpendicular

70
Q

What makes up the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus

71
Q

What is the bicipital groove?

A

aka intertubercular groove

Between lesser and greater tubercle of proximal humerus

72
Q

CR for Calcaneus projections?

A

Plantodorsal (Axial) Projection:
CR to base of the 3rd metatarsal, Angle CR 40° cephalad from long axis of foot as long as foot is perpendicular.

Mediolateral:
CR perpendicular to IR, directed 1” inferior to medial malleolus

73
Q

For ankle view, what is the difference between oblique and mortise?

A

a. Mortise: 15°-20°
b. Oblique: 45°

74
Q

What projection must you ensure the plantar surface is perpendicular to the IR and CR is directed to medial malleolus?

A

Lateral Ankle

75
Q

What projection shows the distal tibiofibular joint open with no or only minimal overlap.

A

Medial Ankle Oblique (45)

76
Q

Which malleolus is superior?

A

Medial Malleolus

77
Q

Why do you put an angle on knees?

A

a. Because the medial condyle is more inferior than the lateral side by about 5°-7° cephalad

78
Q

Which projection is performed when the tube face is angled and parallel to the flexed tibia?

A

Axial Intercondylar Fossa (BeClere)

79
Q

Which views would we use to see the patellofemoral joint space?

A

The Merchant Hughston likes to see the sunrise in Settegast.

Merchant, Hughston, Settegast all for patellofemoral joint space.

Intercondylar sulcus and patella visualized.

80
Q

What is Ascites?

A

a. Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

81
Q

CR and positioning for Neer view (y view)?

A

Mid scapula 10°–15° caudad

Oblique patient: 45°-60°

Scapula should be perpendicular to the IR

82
Q

Carpal Bones

A

a. Scaphoid
b. Lunate
c. Triquetrum
d. Pisiform
e. Trapezium
f. Trapezoid
g. Capitate
h. Hamate

83
Q

Name the 7 synovial joint movements from least to greatest permitted movement

A

i. Plane (gliding) joints: least movement, only sliding or gliding

ii. Ginglymus (hinge) joints: flexion and extension movements only

iii. Pivot (trochoid) joints: allowing rotational movement because its formed by a bony, pivot like process that is surround by a ring of ligaments or bony structure.

iv. Ellipsoid (condylar) joints: cone like, slight degree of rotation, flex/ext, abduction/adduction, circumduction

v. Saddle (sellar) joints: like a saddle, concave and convex bones are positioned opposite of each other. Movements include: flex/ext, abduction/adduction, circumduction

vi. Ball & Socket (spheroidal) joints: Allows greatest freedom of motion.

Honorary mention:

Bicondylar: movement primarily along one axis with some limited rotation, flex/ext. Two convex condyles in a fibrous capsule. (knee and TMJ)

84
Q

Where does barium go when patient is PA (prone)?

A

RAO prone: Barium in pylorus (and body)

85
Q

Where does the barium go when patient is AP (supine)?

A

a. Barium in fundus. Because fundus sits posteriorly

86
Q

Where does air go when patient is PA (prone)?

A

Air in fundus

87
Q

Where does air go when patient is AP (supine)?

A

Air in pylorus

88
Q

What to do if the odontoid is clipped?

A

a. Align mastoid tip and upper incisors (teeth)

89
Q

What do we premedicate some patients for a contrast study?

A

Combination of Benadryl and prednisone over >12 hrs for patients with contrast allergies.

90
Q

Function of kidneys?

A

production of urination and elimination. Removed nitrogenous waste, regulates bodies water levels, regulates acid-base and electrolyte levels

91
Q

Functional study of bladder and urethra?

A

VCU: voiding cystourethrography

92
Q

When to do an HSG?

A

To demonstrate uterine position, lesions, and obstructions

93
Q

Yo, what’s a myelogram?

A

Myelograms: radiographic study of the spinal cord and its nerve root branches that uses a contrast medium.

94
Q

What radiologic procedures requires that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis via a catheter placed within the ureter?

A

Retrograde Urography

95
Q

Injection sites for myelograms?

A

Subarachnoid space usually L3-L4

and sometimes C1-C2

96
Q

What do Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar obliques show?

A

Oblique Views:
i. Cervical (45°): Intervertebral Foramen (upside)

ii. Thoracic (70°): Zygapophyseal Joint (upside)

iii. Lumbar (45°): Zygapophyseal Joint (downside)

**Assuming these are all done AP.

97
Q

What do Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar lateral views show?

A

Lateral Views:
i. Cervical: Zygapophyseal Joints (2nd-7th vertebrae)

ii. Thoracic: Intervertebral Foramina

iii. Lumbar: Intervertebral Foramina

98
Q

At what position do you see the Zygapophyseal (facet) joints on a Lumbar?

A

Obliques baby. (30-50)

Upper/Proximal: 50 degrees

Lower/Distal: 30 degrees

99
Q

What kind of curvature is the cervical spine? Is it compensatory or primary?

A

Concave (lordotic)
First Compensatory curve

100
Q

What are the 1st and 2nd Primary curves?

A

1st Primary Curve: Thoracic
-Convex

2nd Primary Curve: Sacral
-Convex

101
Q

What parts of the spine are considered lordotic?

A

cervical and lumbar

102
Q

What are compensatory curve?

A

1st is cervical
-compensate and help balance raising head

2nd is lumbar
-compensate body weight and help balance as you walk derrrr.

103
Q

Townes
CR
Position
Criteria

A

(AP Axial) (30° caudad to OML -or- 37° to IOML)

CR: 2.5” above glabella to pass through foramen magnum at level of occipital base.

Depress chin so that OML is perpendicular to IR
*37°and IOML perpendicular to IR if patient cannot flex neck.

Criteria: Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum. Entire skull, No rotation/tilt. Petrous Ridges symmetric.

104
Q

Caldwell
CR
Position
Criteria

A

(PA Axial) (15° caudad, portrait)

CR: central to back of head and exit through the nasion.

Head and nose on the IR, Flex neck so that OML is perpendicular to IR

Petrous ridges in 1/3 of the orbits

*Exaggerated Caldwell is 30° caudad
105
Q

Which skull view puts the petrous ridges in the lower 1/3 of the orbits?

A

Caldwell

106
Q

What view would you have the MML perpendicular to IR and where would the CR be?

A

PA Waters
CR: perpendicular to IR and exit at acanthion.

107
Q

Fracture of distal radius with posterior dislocation

A

Colles Fx

108
Q

A Fx of distal radius with anterior dislocation

A

Smith Fx

109
Q

Greenstick Fx

A

one side of the bone is broken, the other side is bent

110
Q

Compression Fx

A

one bone compresses another bone

111
Q

Comminuted Fx

A

break into more than two fragments

112
Q

Spiral Fx

A

Fx that circles or spirals around the shaft

113
Q

Impacted Fx

A

A part of the bone that impact another bone

114
Q

Compound Fx

A

Open - Fx with an open fucking wound!

115
Q

Hangman Fx

A

Break in C2. Fx of pedicles of C2.

116
Q

Jefferson Fx

A

Fx of the anterior and posterior arches of the C1.

117
Q

Pott’s Fx

A

Ankle Fx of distal fibula with frequent Fx of medial malleolus

118
Q
A

AP3 (3 decks)

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