Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is an AP stress projection for an ankle?
A
a. To demonstrate ligament tears or ruptures.
b. Apply stress for true AP with no rotation and then turned Inversion and Eversion positions.
c. CR perpendicular to IR, directed to a point midway between malleoli.
2
Q
Should an AP Stress test be performed on an ankle with possible Fx?
A
Negatron
3
Q
Appendicular
A
upper and lower extremities and the scapula and clavicle of shoulder girdle and pelvis girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
4
Q
Axial
A
medial axis of body: skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs (thorax)
5
Q
Benefit to larger to SID
A
a. Reduce patient dose and decrease magnification (size distortion)
6
Q
Where does the Trachea bifurcate?
A
At the carina (T4)
7
Q
Carina
A
Division of the trachea into the right and left bronchi. (T4)
8
Q
Pulmonary embolism
A
A blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung.
9
Q
Emphysema
A
Lungs lose elasticity, become radiolucent, lung dimensions become longer.
Requires less mAs
10
Q
Pleurisy
A
Inflammation of the pleura.
11
Q
LPO =
A
RAO
12
Q
LAO =
A
RPO
13
Q
Pneumonia
A
Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
14
Q
Pneumothorax
A
Accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lungs.
Decrease technique because it is air.
15
Q
Xiphoid Tip level
A
T9-T10
16
Q
Where is the jugular notch located?
A
T2-T3
17
Q
Where is the sternal angle located?
A
T4-T5
18
Q
What is the CR for PA and AP chest?
A
PA Chest: T7
7-8” from vertebral prominens
AP Chest: 3-4” below jugular notch
19
Q
Where is the vertebral prominence located?
A
C7
20
Q
Name the facial landmark lines!
A
GML (Glabellomeatal Line)
Roughly above eyebrow ridge to EAM.
Most superior.
IPL (Interpupillary Line): Eyes lined up horizontally
OML (Orbitomeatal Line)
Outer canthus to EAM.
IOML (Infraorbitomeatal Line)
7° inferior to OML. Roughly cheek bone.
AML (Acanthiomeatal Line)
Below the nostrils to EAM
LML (Lips-meatal Line)
Lips to EAM
MML (Mentomeatal Line)
Chin to EAM
GAL (Glabelloalvealor Line)
Connects glabella to a point at the anterior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla.
21
Q
What is a decubitus position?
A
Horizontal beam from the image receptor and helps us look at air and fluid levels.
Left Decub: Fluid in the left, air in the right
Right Decub: Air in the left, fluid in the right
Mark side up.
Dorsal Decub: lie on back, used to identify free intraperitoneal gas. Air up and fluid sits posteriorly.
Ventral Decub: lie on stomach, also for air/fluid levels
22
Q
What views would best display air/fluid in the lungs?
A
Left lung: left lat decub (marked right)
Right lung: right lat decub (marked left)
23
Q
What views would best display air/fluid in the colon?
A
Right lateral: (marked side up, so left) air in descending colon/ contrast in ascending
Left lateral: (marked right) contrast in descending and air in ascending
24
Q
What articulates with the clavicles?
A
AC Joint (Acromioclavicular) Lateral end of clavicles articulates with acromion of scapula
SC Joint (Sternoclavicular) Medial end of clavicles articulate with sternum
25
Radial notch
A depression on the ulna bone that articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm; essentially, the head of the radius fits into the radial notch like a pivot joint.
26
What does external elbow oblique show?
Radial head, neck and tuberosity, free of superimposition by ulna
Arm extended with palm up, rotate a little more laterally
27
Where is the Coracoid?
A process on the scapula that sits anteriorly and slightly inferior to clavicles and acromion.
28
Trochlear notch where and what is going on
Large concave depression (notch) on the proximal ulna that articulates with distal humerus.
Olecranon Process on posterior end
Coronoid Process on anterior end
29
Coronoid inserts into?
Coronoid Fossa of distal humerus
30
What does internal elbow oblique show?
Coronoid process of the ulna in profile, Radial head and neck superimposed and centered over proximal ulna, olecranon process should appear seated in olecranon fossa and trochlear notch partially open and visualized.
Arm extended with palm resting medially
31
When is the olecranon free of superimposition?
a. Lateral elbow
32
What view would you see fat pads on?
Lateral projection would display anterior fat pad along the distal humerus and supinator fat strip along the radial head
33
The femur articulates with what proximally?
Acetabulum
34
When would you best see a lateral or anterior/posterior break?
Lateral breaks on AP views
Anterior or Posterior breaks on Lateral views
35
What would best demonstrate the greater trochanter?
Internal rotation
36
What would best demonstrate the lesser trochanter?
External rotation
37
Criteria for oblique foot vs lateral foot
Medial Oblique Foot:
i. Correct obliquity (30-40 medially) is demonstrated when 3rd-5th are free of superimposition.
ii. 1st and 2nd metatarsals should also be free of superimposition except for base area. Tuberosity at base of 5th metatarsal is seen in profile and is well visualized.
iii. Joint spaces around cuboid and the sinus tarsi are open.
Lateral Foot:
i. Tibiotalar joint is open
ii. Distal fibula is superimposed by the posterior tibia and distal metatarsal are superimposed
38
Best View for arthritis of the hand?
Ballcatchers
39
ICER
a. Refers to internal and external oblique elbows.
b. Internal Oblique Elbow would demonstrate coronoid process.
c. External Oblique Elbow would demonstrate radial head.
40
Criteria for lateral forearm
-Elbow should be flexed at 90-degree
-no rotation as evident by head of ulna being superimposed over the radius
-humeral epicondyles should be superimposed
-should visualize sharp cortical margins and clear sharp bony trabecular markings and fat pads.
41
What does external oblique of elbow show?
a. Radial head, neck and tuberosity, free of superimposition by ulna
42
What does internal oblique elbow show?
Coronoid process of the ulna in profile, Radial head and neck superimposed and centered over proximal ulna, olecranon process should appear seated in olecranon fossa and trochlear notch partially open and visualized.
43
What view do you see the olecranon process free of imposition?
Lateral
44
What view do you see the coronoid process free of imposition?
internal oblique
45
What view do you see the capitulum free of imposition?
External oblique
46
Capitulum sits on what side?
Lateral side
Radial. On Radial head
47
What oblique would best display the radial head?
External
48
What oblique would best display the capitulum?
External
49
Lateral elbow how much should you flex the elbow?
90°
50
How many ribs need to be seen on chest x-ray?
10 Ribs
51
What plane is perpendicular on a lateral chest?
Coronal
52
What happens when you increase OID?
Increase magnification
53
CR for transthoracic?
Humeral surgical neck
54
How to position for a Grashey method?
a. LPO/RPO 45° oblique
b. Visualize glenoid cavity
55
Tarsal bones and their locations
"Come To Colarado the Next 3 Christmases"
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
56
What does the medial cuneiform articulate with distally?
first metatarsal
57
What does the heads of the metatarsals articulate with distally?
Proximal phalanx
58
Calcaneus articulates anteriorly with:
Cuboid and Talus
59
What does the navicular tarsal articulate with?
Talus, Cuboid, and three cuneiforms
60
What does the talus articulate with?
Superiorly: Tibia and Fibula (2)
Inferiorly: Calcaneus (1)
Distally (anteriorly): Navicular (1)
61
What does the cuboid articulate with?
Calcaneus, Lateral cuneiform, navicular, 4th and 5th metatarsals
62
What does the lateral cuneiform articulate with?
Navicular (1)
2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals (3)
Intermediate cuneiform (1)
Cuboid (1)
63
What does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?
Proximally: Navicular (1)
Distally: 2nd metatarsal (1)
Laterally: Lateral cuneiform (1)
Medially: Medial cuneiform (1)
64
Where do the first 10 thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs?
Costotransverse joints
and
costovertebral joints
65
What angles are done for AP Knees (tabletop)?
Average booty: 19-24 cm : No Angle
Smaller than 19 cm: 5° caudad (flat booty)
Greater than 24 cm: 5” cephalad (big booty Judy)
66
What is Osgood-Schlatter Disease?
a. Inflammation or partial separation of the tibial tuberosity caused by overuse of quadricep muscles. Most common in boys 10-15 yrs old.
67
What is Gout?
a. A form of arthritis that may be hereditary. Uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and
68
What view best demonstrates the esophagus?
RAO/LPO
69
CR should always be _________
Perpendicular
70
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus
71
What is the bicipital groove?
aka intertubercular groove
Between lesser and greater tubercle of proximal humerus
72
CR for Calcaneus projections?
Plantodorsal (Axial) Projection:
CR to base of the 3rd metatarsal, Angle CR 40° cephalad from long axis of foot as long as foot is perpendicular.
Mediolateral:
CR perpendicular to IR, directed 1” inferior to medial malleolus
73
For ankle view, what is the difference between oblique and mortise?
a. Mortise: 15°-20°
b. Oblique: 45°
74
What projection must you ensure the plantar surface is perpendicular to the IR and CR is directed to medial malleolus?
Lateral Ankle
75
What projection shows the distal tibiofibular joint open with no or only minimal overlap.
Medial Ankle Oblique (45)
76
Which malleolus is superior?
Medial Malleolus
77
Why do you put an angle on knees?
a. Because the medial condyle is more inferior than the lateral side by about 5°-7° cephalad
78
Which projection is performed when the tube face is angled and parallel to the flexed tibia?
Axial Intercondylar Fossa (BeClere)
79
Which views would we use to see the patellofemoral joint space?
The Merchant Hughston likes to see the sunrise in Settegast.
Merchant, Hughston, Settegast all for patellofemoral joint space.
Intercondylar sulcus and patella visualized.
80
What is Ascites?
a. Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
81
CR and positioning for Neer view (y view)?
Mid scapula 10°–15° caudad
Oblique patient: 45°-60°
Scapula should be perpendicular to the IR
82
Carpal Bones
a. Scaphoid
b. Lunate
c. Triquetrum
d. Pisiform
e. Trapezium
f. Trapezoid
g. Capitate
h. Hamate
83
Name the 7 synovial joint movements from least to greatest permitted movement
i. Plane (gliding) joints: least movement, only sliding or gliding
ii. Ginglymus (hinge) joints: flexion and extension movements only
iii. Pivot (trochoid) joints: allowing rotational movement because its formed by a bony, pivot like process that is surround by a ring of ligaments or bony structure.
iv. Ellipsoid (condylar) joints: cone like, slight degree of rotation, flex/ext, abduction/adduction, circumduction
v. Saddle (sellar) joints: like a saddle, concave and convex bones are positioned opposite of each other. Movements include: flex/ext, abduction/adduction, circumduction
vi. Ball & Socket (spheroidal) joints: Allows greatest freedom of motion.
Honorary mention:
Bicondylar: movement primarily along one axis with some limited rotation, flex/ext. Two convex condyles in a fibrous capsule. (knee and TMJ)
84
Where does barium go when patient is PA (prone)?
RAO prone: Barium in pylorus (and body)
85
Where does the barium go when patient is AP (supine)?
a. Barium in fundus. Because fundus sits posteriorly
86
Where does air go when patient is PA (prone)?
Air in fundus
87
Where does air go when patient is AP (supine)?
Air in pylorus
88
What to do if the odontoid is clipped?
a. Align mastoid tip and upper incisors (teeth)
89
What do we premedicate some patients for a contrast study?
Combination of Benadryl and prednisone over >12 hrs for patients with contrast allergies.
90
Function of kidneys?
production of urination and elimination. Removed nitrogenous waste, regulates bodies water levels, regulates acid-base and electrolyte levels
91
Functional study of bladder and urethra?
VCU: voiding cystourethrography
92
When to do an HSG?
To demonstrate uterine position, lesions, and obstructions
93
Yo, what's a myelogram?
Myelograms: radiographic study of the spinal cord and its nerve root branches that uses a contrast medium.
94
What radiologic procedures requires that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis via a catheter placed within the ureter?
Retrograde Urography
95
Injection sites for myelograms?
Subarachnoid space usually L3-L4
and sometimes C1-C2
96
What do Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar obliques show?
Oblique Views:
i. Cervical (45°): Intervertebral Foramen (upside)
ii. Thoracic (70°): Zygapophyseal Joint (upside)
iii. Lumbar (45°): Zygapophyseal Joint (downside)
**Assuming these are all done AP.
97
What do Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar lateral views show?
Lateral Views:
i. Cervical: Zygapophyseal Joints (2nd-7th vertebrae)
ii. Thoracic: Intervertebral Foramina
iii. Lumbar: Intervertebral Foramina
98
At what position do you see the Zygapophyseal (facet) joints on a Lumbar?
Obliques baby. (30-50)
Upper/Proximal: 50 degrees
Lower/Distal: 30 degrees
99
What kind of curvature is the cervical spine? Is it compensatory or primary?
Concave (lordotic)
First Compensatory curve
100
What are the 1st and 2nd Primary curves?
1st Primary Curve: Thoracic
-Convex
2nd Primary Curve: Sacral
-Convex
101
What parts of the spine are considered lordotic?
cervical and lumbar
102
What are compensatory curve?
1st is cervical
-compensate and help balance raising head
2nd is lumbar
-compensate body weight and help balance as you walk derrrr.
103
Townes
CR
Position
Criteria
(AP Axial) (30° caudad to OML -or- 37° to IOML)
CR: 2.5” above glabella to pass through foramen magnum at level of occipital base.
Depress chin so that OML is perpendicular to IR
*37°and IOML perpendicular to IR if patient cannot flex neck.
Criteria: Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum. Entire skull, No rotation/tilt. Petrous Ridges symmetric.
104
Caldwell
CR
Position
Criteria
(PA Axial) (15° caudad, portrait)
CR: central to back of head and exit through the nasion.
Head and nose on the IR, Flex neck so that OML is perpendicular to IR
Petrous ridges in 1/3 of the orbits
*Exaggerated Caldwell is 30° caudad
105
Which skull view puts the petrous ridges in the lower 1/3 of the orbits?
Caldwell
106
What view would you have the MML perpendicular to IR and where would the CR be?
PA Waters
CR: perpendicular to IR and exit at acanthion.
107
Fracture of distal radius with posterior dislocation
Colles Fx
108
A Fx of distal radius with anterior dislocation
Smith Fx
109
Greenstick Fx
one side of the bone is broken, the other side is bent
110
Compression Fx
one bone compresses another bone
111
Comminuted Fx
break into more than two fragments
112
Spiral Fx
Fx that circles or spirals around the shaft
113
Impacted Fx
A part of the bone that impact another bone
114
Compound Fx
Open - Fx with an open fucking wound!
115
Hangman Fx
Break in C2. Fx of pedicles of C2.
116
Jefferson Fx
Fx of the anterior and posterior arches of the C1.
117
Pott's Fx
Ankle Fx of distal fibula with frequent Fx of medial malleolus
118
