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PSYC 300 Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What differentiates MDD from Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

MDD involves more severe symptoms for ≥2 weeks, while PDD is chronic, less severe, lasting ≥2 years.

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2
Q

Name three biological structures affected in MDD.

A

The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex.

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3
Q

What is the “permissive model” of depression?

A

It posits serotonin imbalance disrupts norepinephrine and dopamine regulation, contributing to depression.

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4
Q

What is a major side effect of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

A

Drowsiness, dry mouth, and sexual dysfunction.

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5
Q

What distinguishes Bipolar I from Bipolar II?

A

Bipolar I includes full manic episodes, while Bipolar II involves only hypomanic and depressive episodes.

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6
Q

Define rapid cycling in bipolar disorder.

A

Experiencing ≥4 mood episodes within one year.

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7
Q

What percentage of bipolar disorder is heritable?

A

Between 60% and 87%.

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8
Q

What is a significant drawback of lithium treatment?

A

Requires careful monitoring due to potential toxicity and long-term organ effects.

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9
Q

What are the two key pharmacological criteria for substance use disorders?

A

Tolerance and withdrawal.

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10
Q

Which substance has the highest rates of dependence?

A

Nicotine (32%), followed by heroin (23%).

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11
Q

Name two biological treatments for opioid addiction.

A

Naloxone (overdose reversal) and buprenorphine (partial agonist/antagonist).

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12
Q

What is the DSM-5 criterion for “risky use” in substance use disorders?

A

Use in physically hazardous situations or causing physical/psychological problems.

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13
Q

What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive: Delusions, hallucinations. Negative: Flat affect, avolition, anhedonia.

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is central to schizophrenia’s biochemical model?

A

Dopamine, with excess in some areas and deficiency in others.

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15
Q

Name a side effect of first-generation antipsychotics.

A

Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements), portruding tongue, pursed lips

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16
Q

What is the goal of cognitive therapy for schizophrenia?

A

To identify triggers, reframe delusions, and reduce anxiety-provoking beliefs.

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17
Q

What is the key difference between delusional disorder and schizophrenia?

A

Delusional disorder involves persistent delusions without the broader psychotic symptoms seen in schizophrenia.

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18
Q

Name two types of delusions commonly seen in psychotic disorders.

A

Persecutory (belief of being targeted) and grandiose (belief of having special powers or status).

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19
Q

What are common comorbidities with schizophrenia?

A

Substance use disorders, depression, and cardiovascular diseases.

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20
Q

What is the “dopamine hypothesis” of schizophrenia?

A

The theory that excessive dopamine activity in some brain regions and deficient activity in others contribute to symptoms.

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21
Q

What psychosocial treatment strategies are effective for schizophrenia?

A

Family therapy to reduce expressed emotion, cognitive therapy to reframe delusions, and social skills training.

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22
Q

What is the significance of “prodromal symptoms” in schizophrenia?

A

Early warning signs (e.g., social withdrawal, mild hallucinations) that precede full-blown psychosis.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of criminal commitment?

A

To determine a defendant’s competency to stand trial or after a verdict of “Not Criminally Responsible by Reason of Mental Disorder” (NCRMD).

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24
Q

What are the criteria for NCRMD?

A

The person must have been incapable of appreciating the nature of their actions or knowing their actions were wrong due to a mental disorder.

25
Q

What is civil commitment?

A

A procedure to hospitalize individuals with mental illness who may pose a risk to themselves or others without them committing a crime.

26
Q

What rights do patients have under civil commitment laws?

A

The right to treatment, the right to refuse treatment, and the right to appeal commitment decisions.

27
Q

What is the role of “expressed emotion” in family interactions and relapse in schizophrenia?

A

High levels of criticism, hostility, or over-involvement increase the likelihood of relapse.

28
Q

What are some controversies surrounding community treatment orders?

A

Balancing patients’ autonomy with public safety and ensuring adherence

29
Q

What is the definition of a psychoactive substance?

A

Any natural or synthesized product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

30
Q

What are the DSM-5 categories of substance-related disorders?

A

Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, and Substance Use Disorders.

31
Q

What is tolerance, and how is it classified?

A

Tolerance is needing increased amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect or experiencing diminished effects with continued use.

32
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms for heavy cannabis users?

A

Irritability, restlessness, sleep problems, and appetite loss.

33
Q

Who is most at risk for hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorders?

A

Individuals with a family history of schizophrenia or those with pre-existing psychological conditions.

34
Q

Who is most at risk for developing depressive disorders?

A

Women (2:1 ratio compared to men), individuals with a family history of mood disorders, and adolescents experiencing significant stress.

35
Q

What are cultural differences in the presentation of depressive disorders?

A

Some cultures emphasize somatic symptoms (e.g., physical complaints) over emotional symptoms due to linguistic or cultural norms.

36
Q

What is “double depression”?

A

It refers to major depressive episodes occurring alongside Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD).

37
Q

What are two common psychotic features seen in severe Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

Delusions (e.g., guilt or punishment) and auditory hallucinations (e.g., self-critical voices).

38
Q

What is the typical onset age for Major Depressive Disorder?

A

The average onset age is 25 years, but it is increasingly observed in adolescents.

39
Q

What psychosocial factor significantly increases the risk of MDD in adolescence?

A

Stressful life events such as family conflict, loss, or relationship breakups.

40
Q

Who is most at risk for developing Bipolar Disorder?

A

Individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder, women (higher rates of mixed episodes), and those with early onset severe depression.

41
Q

What is the prevalence of Bipolar Disorder?

A

Bipolar I affects approximately 1.3% of the population, while Cyclothymic Disorder affects around 0.4%.

42
Q

What is the gender ratio for rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?

A

Women are more likely than men to experience rapid cycling

43
Q

What are key symptoms of a manic episode?

A

Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, increased activity, and risky behaviors.

44
Q

What is the average age of onset for Bipolar Disorder?

A

Around 18 years, with early-onset cases linked to more severe outcomes.

45
Q

What are common triggers for bipolar episodes?

A

Stressful life events, sleep disruptions, and significant interpersonal changes.

46
Q

Who is most at risk for developing substance use disorders?

A

young adults aged 18-25, individuals with a family history of addiction, and those experiencing mental health disorders such as anxiety or depression.

47
Q

What is the most commonly abused substance?

A

Alcohol, followed by cannabis and opioids.

48
Q

What are the primary risk factors for opioid addiction?

A

Prescription painkiller misuse, younger age (late teens to early 20s), and higher prevalence in men and Indigenous populations.

49
Q

What are some complications associated with substance use disorders?

A

Health issues (e.g., liver damage, HIV), social problems (e.g., unemployment), and increased risk of accidents or legal issues.

50
Q

What percentage of alcohol users develop dependence?

A

Around 9% of alcohol users, with higher risks for early-onset drinkers.

51
Q

How does route of administration affect substance addiction?

A

Faster routes (e.g., injection, smoking) are associated with higher addiction potential.

52
Q

Who is most at risk for developing schizophrenia?

A

Young adults in their late teens to early 20s (earlier in men), those with a family history of schizophrenia, and individuals exposed to prenatal stress or complications.

53
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia worldwide?

A

Approximately 0.2% to 1.5%.

54
Q

What are the two primary categories of symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations) and negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect, avolition).

55
Q

What environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia?

A

Early-life stress, prenatal malnutrition, or viral infections during the second trimester of pregnancy.

56
Q

What is “hypofrontality” in schizophrenia?

A

Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, linked to cognitive deficits.

57
Q

What is the difference between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder?

A

Schizoaffective disorder involves symptoms of schizophrenia combined with mood disorder symptoms.

58
Q
A

PSYC 300 Final (4 decks)

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