Final Flashcards
Describe the Iceberg of selfhood.
Conscious: wisible and know part of us
Preconscious: Lies just below the surface of self awareness
Unconscious: Unknown to ourselves and others
Fill in the blank
Freud said the socially accepted mask we wear are called the ________
Ego
What are the 4 windows in Johari Windows?
- Social Self: high-selfawarenesss, conscious
- Hidden self: Self-awareness, Pre conscious, doesn’t align with the cultural standards, aware of but embarssed of,
- Blind Self: Potenial self awareness, tends to be a little threatening to social self,
- Unconscious self: No self awareness but massive part of selfhood, rejected and repressed part of our ugly selves.
What is a horizon?
The extent of someone’s perspective or knowledge in a specific professional area
Define presentism.
Judging historical works based on modern beliefs and values
What is Freuds 1st model Topographical model?
Layer 1: Conscious
Layer 2: Preconscious Repression done by the sensors
Layer 3: Unconscious: Trying to break through the repression barrier
What is Freuds 2nd model Topographical model?
- Layer 1: SuperEgo and Ego,
- Layer 2: ID (Threatening thoughts) and ego defences
Desribe the ID.
- Primitive part of psyche, Driven by instinctual needs and urges (Hunger, thirst, aggression). Operates on the pleasure principle.Unconscious,
What is the Ego?
Rational Function: Mediates between demand of ID and the real world with Defense mechanisms: Protects from self threats.
What is a defence mechanism?
A psychological strategy or behavior that people use to protect themselves from anxiety or distress.
What is an agressor?
Defence mechanism**
When a person imitates someone who threatens them
What is projection?
Defence mechanism**
Pushing their own forbidden/unacceptable wishes and desire on to others
What is Reaction formation?
Defence mechanism**
Frightening wish into its safer opposite within the person
A young boy who bullies a girl he’s attracted to
What is displacement?
Defence mechanism**
Involves the powerful other(attacks but does not get attacked back), injured self(CANNOT lash back) and easy scapegoat (The target of the hatred)
Describe the superego.
- Forms at around 3,
- process of socialization,
- internalizing laws, values, prohibitions,
- It represents the aggressive wishes we feel
- Superego establishes the prohibition of incest
What are the five Freud’s Psychosexual stages?
- Oral: pleasure centers on the mouth
- Anal: Focus on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with control
- Phallic: Pleasure zone in the genitals
- Latency: Phase of dormant sexual feelings
- Genital: Maturation of sexual interests
What is the big 5 that are correlated to almost all adjectives to some degree?
Hint CANOE
- C: Conscientiousness: Self-discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals
- A: Agreeable: helpful,trusting
- N: Neurocritic: Anxiety, insecurity
- O:Openness to experience: Nonconformity, variety
- E: Extraversion: Drawing energy from others, sociability
What is Popularity fallacy?
When an argument relies on public opinion to determine what is true, right, or good
What is a Non-sequitur?
A statement that doesn’t logically follow from the premises that came before it
Describe an analogical aruguement.
A is like B, attempts to convince someone to understand A in relation to its similarities to B
How do we know if an analogical arguement is viable?
If the two things share many essential similarities
What is reflexivity?
Bias
The act of acknowledging openly how a persons biases might have shaped ones interpretation.
What is ignorance bias?
A cognitive bias that occurs when someone overestimates their knowledge or abilities in an area where they are not particularly knowledgeable.
Fill in the blank
Naive presentism is when we mistakenly assume that the authors of the past had the same understainding for things as we _____________________.
Do now
True or false
All approaches to personality have the same level of accuracy and are all the same validity level.
False
Is personality a big or small portion of our selfhood?
Small portion
What part of the selfhood iceberg would personality be?
The tip
The conscious layer
What is personality?
Socially accepted mask we wear daily to present to others.
Fill in the blank
Social media is a ____________ ___ _ _________.
Mask on a mask
What is the pleasure principle?
People are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain to satisfy their need.
What is signal anxiety?
Small amount of anxiety that prompts the ego to defend itself aginst threats to its integirty and self-esteem
What does signal anxiety do for the ego?
Prevents it from getting overwhlemed by other forms of anxiety
What is a healthy displacment?
A healthy way to show your emotion
What are the two functions of the ego?
1) Conscious portion: emotional regulation
2) Unconscious portion: Protecting the ego against threats
What are the two functions of the super ego?
- Prosocial function: Internalzied social rules,norms, values learned from parents and society to allow for civilzation to exist
2.Inner Tyrant/Critic Function: Agressive wishes we feel towards others but it is directed at ourselves
What is our internal voice/moral compass called?
Super ego
What is the social cognitive perspective on personalityu and situation?
- Unfamiliar situations: Personality remains hidden and sitation has more power than the traits
- Informal sitautions: Traits are more powerful than the situation.
Are selfhood and personality the same concepts?
No but they are related.
True or False
For something to be considered a psychological disrder all three things need to present.
Distress, Dysfunctionality ad risk of harm.
False
What is a common thing people hear in an analogical arguement?
Instead of a is like b they hear A IS B.
What is the biological reductionism fallacy?
Only biological factors matter in psychological suffering
What has historically been over looked by psychirtst and psycholgist in regards to psycholoigcal suffering?
Non-biological factors
What five things play a huge role in mental health?
- Family
- Social
- Economic
- Political
- Environmental
What three things make up the biopsychosocial approach that are connected to psychological disorders?
- Biological influences
- Psychological influences
- Socio-Cultural influences
True or false
A psychological disorder could remain unexpressed until triggered by an external factor.
TRUE
What is the Diathesis-Stress model?
development of a psychological disorder combination of genetic and environment factors.
Internal factor + External factor = Psychological disorder
What did Erich Fromm believe?
Humans need autonmy and security to be fulfilled.
What are key aspects of secuirty?
- To and feel loved
- Protection, care and respect from loved ones and community
- Sense of belonging without changing yourself
- Mature independence and meaningful relationships
What are key aspects for autonomy?
- Seperate without losing security
- Grow and transformCreate
- Self-Resilience
- Becoming yourself not who others want you to be
What are the 3 self-harm behaviours we studied?
- Suicide
- Non-fatal suicide attempt
- Non-suicidal self injury
Define suicide.
Intentional self inflicted death
What is a non-fatal suicide attempt?
Potential harmful behaviour with some intention of dying. higher insidence than deaths by suicide
What is a non-suicidal self injury?
NSSI
Deliberate destruction of body tissue with no to intent to die
What is dissociation?
*Mental process where a person may disconnect from their body, thoughts, feelings, memories and sense of idenity
What may dissociation be a response to?
Trauma or stress
What are three examples of disassociation?
- Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
- Dissociative Amnesia
- Depresonization or derealization disorder
Describe Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Presence of 2 or more distict personality states, leading to disrupted sense of self.
What is Dissociative Amnesia?
Inability to remeber important information. Usually linked to traumatic or stressful events
What is Depresonization or derealization disorder?
Peristent feelings of detachment from ones body or surroundings
What is the DSM-5?
The diagnostic and statistical manuel of mental disorders.
What are some neagtive things that have come forward about the DSM-5?
- Conflicts of interest
- Allegation of task force secrecy
- Poor Methodolgoy
- Labeling
- Arbitrariness
- Lack of diagnostic consensus
- Cultural biases
- Pathologization of everyday life
What is neurosis at first according to Carveth?
Employed all nervous conditions both of the brain and the mind
What is difference between brain and mind neurosis?
- Brain is organic (brain damage, legoins, dementia or epilepsy)
- Mind is non organic(conversion hysteria, glove anesthia)
What is the modern definition of neurosis?
Pertains to the mind and do NOT ential loss of touch with reality
Define Psychoses.
- psychological disorders of suffering that entails distressing symptoms, isolation from others, loss of touch with reailty
What is OCD?
Obessions of unwated ideas that continue to pop up, and compulsion is reptitive urge to perfom an action to alleviate anxiety
Define depression.
Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in daily activity.
Descirbe the 3 uniploar disorders.
Depression
- Major depression: Severe symptoms for at least two weeks without remission
- Dysthymia: less severe symptoms that last less than 2 years
- Double depression: Major depression + dysthmia
What is the main difference between Depression & Mania?
- Depression: lack of viltality,Social withdrawal, lack of pleasure,difficulty focusing, desire to sleep
- Mania: Extreme vitality,hypersociality, delight in everything, little desire to sleep
What is Vitality?
The state of being strong and active; energtic
What is a halluciantion?
False sensory perception int he absence of sensory stimulus.
What are the 5 types of hallucinations?
- Visual
- Auditory
- Olfactory( Smell)
- Tactile
- Gustatory(taste)
What is a delusion?
Believing something even though there is evidence to prove it is not real or supported.
cant tell Whats real or whats fake
What is schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized variously by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and flat or inappropriate affec
What are the 5 subtypes of schizophrenia?
- Paranoid
- Disorganized
- Catatonic
- Undifferentiated
- Residual
Define Paranoid schizophrenia.
- Plagues by hallucinations often with a negative message, delusions
What is Disorganized schizophrenia?
Primary symptoms are flat affect, inchoherent speech and random behavior
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
Rarely initiating or controlilling movement;coping others speech or actions. May assume unsual posture or fail to move for hours to protect themsleves from overwhelming powers.
Frozen schizophrenia
What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?
Many different symptoms
What is residual schizophrenia?
Withdrawal continues after postive symptoms have disappeared.
What is psychotherapy?
Done through dialogue not medication.
What is the goal of psychotherapy?
Restructure some aspects of a persons, thoughts,emotions and behaviours through speciaize dialogue and listening
What 4 job titles work under the psychotherapy title?
- Clinical psychologist
- Counselling psychologist
- Counsellors
- Psychiatrists (if have the additional training)
What job ititle works under the biomedical therapy title?
Psychiatrist
Define a psychiatrist.
- Medical degree
- Only ones who can prescribe medication
- Diagnostic and medical expertise
- Moderate to severe distress
- Biomedical perspective
Define a Clinical psychologist
- Masters and PHD in Clinical psychology
- expertise in research,diagnostic, clinical practice
- Moderate to severe distress
Define a counselling psychologist.
- Masters and PHD in counselling psychology
- Counselling skills and less on research
- Mild to moderate psychological issues
Define counsellors.
- Masters in counselling
- Counselling skills
- Mild to Moderate
- Have different focus’s
What is the magic pill fallacy?
That a pill or a short term treatment will provide a quick fix to a long lasting complex psychological problem
What is a source of the magic pill fallacy?
Commoditification or commercialized of metal health.
True or False
One type of treatment can cure all psychological disorders.
FALSE
Which professional is authroized to provide biomedical therapies?
Psychiatrist
What is a biomedical therapy?
Physically change the brains function by altering its chemistry via medication
What are the two main appoaches to treating psychological disorders?
- Insight oriented
- Symptom elimination
What are the key differences between Insight oriented
and Symptom elimination?
Insight oriented: Focus on the root of the problems, symptoms are eliminated as a result, find the root to help understand
Symptom elimination: getting rid of symptoms without understanding the root
True or False
If the underlying cause of symptoms are not adressed other symptoms may arise.
TRUE
Are pschoanalytic and psychodynamic insight oriented or symptom elimination?
Insight oriented
What type of approach is cognitive behvaioural?
Symptom elimination
What two things are present in a psychological experience according to Fruedian approach?
1) Thought/Idea
2) Affect/Emotion
Can the thought and affect by unlinked and relinked?
YES
What layers of the iceberg does insight oriented psychotherapies adress?
ALL
The goal of insight oriented psychotherapies is what?
Make unconscious conscious
What is exposure therapy?
Starting with the least feared thing and working way up, to help fear decline to overcome fears
What are the three types of systematic desensitization?
- Imaginative
- In-vivo
- Virtual reality
Describe Imaginative.
Therapist asks patient to imgine situations that create fear and anxiety using the heirachy of fears
What is in-vivo therapy?
Assigns realife exercises concerining situations that bring fear and anxiety also using the hierarchy of fears
What is virtual reality exposures?
using VR to expose patient also using heirarchy of fears
What is frueds free-floating attention idea used for?
- Access the unconscious
- What and How the story are being told to pry into more detail
What are some things we look for when looking at how a story is being told?
- Erros in language
- Volume, tone
- Stumbling over words
- Forgetting what to say
- pausing
What is the purpose of frueds rule of free association?
Verbilzation of any and every though whether its irrational, offensive stupid or silly
What did Frued develop as an alternative to hypnosis?
Free association
What are the three functions of dreams?
- Expression to forebidden wishes, desires and thoghts during sleep
- Assist dreamers in processing threatening or traumatic experiences
- mood regulation
What are the two parts of content in a dream anaylisis?
1) Manifest Content: remebered storyline
2) Latent Content: Thoughts, memeories and feelings evoked by each dream (what comes to your mind when you think of the manifest content)
What is transference?
Psychoanalytic technique that involves a therapist interpreting a client’s current relationship with them in terms of their past experiences and relationships
What are the two types of mal-adaptive beliefs?
1) Musturbation
2) Awfulizing
What is Musturbation?
- Drive for perfection
- Irrational belief that one must have somethin or acct a certain way to be happy
What is awfulizing?
- Mental exaggeration
- One amplifies and magnifies the impact of daily setbacks and experiences nad inconveniences
What is the definition of social psychology?
Scientific study of how others directly and indirectly influes out thinking, feelings and actions.
What is something that influences our thinking?
Infleuncer marketing
Someone famouw promotes a brand & now you want something from that brand
What is emotional contagion?
Catching or mimicking the emotion of those around us
How do others influence or actions?
Supporting social norms
What is the bystander effect?
a social psychological phenomenon that describes how people are less likely to help someone in need when they are in a group than when they are alone
What is diffusion of responsibility?
a sociopsychological phenomenon that describes how people feel less responsible for their actions when others are present
Define deindividuation.
a social psychological concept that describes the loss of self-awareness and identity that can occur when a person is part of a group or crowd
Common under intoxication or in riots
True or False
Deindividuation makes individuals more liekly to engage in destructive behaviours.
True
When is deindividuation most common to lead to atrocities?
When the group outnumbers the victims
What are the two main ways we are infleunced socially?
Direct ( Explicit suggestions or force)
Indirect( mplicit or imperceptible suggestion or force)
What are the three ways we can be socially infleunced?
- Conformity
- Compliance
- Obedience
Fill in the blank
Comfomity: Pressure to adjust is _ and has _ authority figure.
1) Implicit
2) No
Fill in the blank
Compliance: Pressure to adjust is _ and has _ authority figure
1) Explicit
2) No
Fill in the blank
Obedience: Pressure to adjust is _ and has _ authority figure
1) Explicit
2) An
What are the two forms of powers in Erich Fromm’s social infleunce framework?
Rational and Irrational
What is rational power?
Positive, Empowering and beneficial power.
Respect for autonomy and security
What is irrational power?
Negative and disempowering, detrimental
No respect for autonomy and security
What is conformity?
Subtle social infleunce where people chooses to follow the standards without being directly told to
What are the two motives for conformity?
- Normative: to fit in
- Informational infleunce: Soccial influence to avoid starting from scratch
What happened in Asch’s conformity experiement?
Participants were shown a series of line judgments and were asked to choose which line matched a comparison line. The experiment tested how likely people are to conform to the majority group, even when they know the answer is wrong.
What can impact if we act good or evil?
Social situations
Social psychology Tenet # 2 referred to good and evil as what?
Benevolent=Good
Malevolent: Evil
What did Zimbardo think of good and evil?
- Not inherent or unchangable traits that some have or dont have
- That they are qualities that depend on social environment,can change over time
Define Milgrams obedience studies.
Milgram’s obedience studies involved participants being deceived into shocking a learner for answering questions incorrectly, and the results showed that a large number of participants would obey the instructions
What is the foot in the door phenomenon?
Starting off asking for small requests then as time goes on asking for big ones
What is the door in the face phenemenon?
ASking for a big request then they get smaller with time
1.
Describe Zimbardos experiement.
The experiment involved randomly assigning 24 male college students to act as either prisoners or guards in a mock prison set up in the basement of Stanford’s psychology department. The experiment was originally scheduled to last two weeks, but was terminated after six days due to the extreme reactions of the participants:
