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BSC 322 > Final!! > Flashcards

Final!! Flashcards

1
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

the process of a cell receiving and responding to a signal

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2
Q

Describe G-protein activation in cAMP

A

G protein binds and causes conformational change
GDP is exchanged for GTP
adenylyl cyclase is stimulated and turns ATP into cAMP

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3
Q

g protein is an _______ switch

A

on/off

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4
Q

what is the role of calcium as a second messenger

A

calcium moderates the cAMP process. it can amplify or repress it

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5
Q

what kind of signaling for intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormone receptors

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6
Q

what kind of signaling for cell surface receptors

A

peptide

g coupled protein receptor

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7
Q

what role do protein kinases and phosphates have in signaling
(Give an example)

A

they act as on/off switches that regulate cell activities
Ex. Cell division, apoptosis, differentiation, translation

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8
Q

difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones

A

Peptide: cytosolic
Steroid: cell surface

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9
Q

how do oncogenes trigger cancer?

A

A mutation occurs in an otherwise normal proto-oncogene

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10
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes?

A

genes that suppress the formation of tumors. their loss or inactivation will lead to tumor growth

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11
Q

what would happen if a tumor suppressor gene were silenced?

A

it would become inactive and allow tumors to grow

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12
Q

describe the defective cell cycle control mechanisms in cancer

A

defective control mechanisms will lead to cancer as they will lead to a dysregulation in the cell cycle

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13
Q

what is cell proliferation

A

cell growth and division

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14
Q

isotonic

A

outside = inside
cell is happy

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

outside > inside
cell is shriveled up

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16
Q

hypotonic

A

outside < inside
cell is swollen and may lyse

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17
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing things inside the cell

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18
Q

phagocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis in which the cell acts like pac-man

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19
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis. molecule enters a cell pore and is captured

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20
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

receptors grab molecules and pull them into the cell

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21
Q

exocytosis

A

the cell releases things in the opposite manner as endocytosis

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22
Q

active transport

A

ATP is needed to transport the molecule

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23
Q

co-transport

A

two molecules will be transported at the same time. can be in the same or opposite directions

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24
Q

proton pump

A

positively charged particles will be transported to positively charged areas

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25
Q

passive transport

A

transport will occur along the concentration gradient

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26
Q

what is next gen DNA sequencing

A

rapidly analyzes DNA or RNA to determine the sequence

27
Q

how does next gen sequencing help in disease detection

A

knowing the DNA sequence makes it possible to search for possible genetic disorders and diseases

28
Q

how does BLAST help microbiologists?

A

it helps them identify unknown sequences (like when we searched for fragile X syndrome)

29
Q

what is protein kinase A?

A

an enzyme that regulates a variety of cellular processes

30
Q

how does pka regulate the activity of cellular enzymes

A

it phosphorylates specific proteins which regulate cellular activity

31
Q

describe the binding of epinephrine and its triggering of the rapid synthesis of cAMP

A

epinephrine binds to a GCPR
GCPR stimulates adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP

32
Q

steps on how GTP is split into GDP and Pi

A

g protein binds
GTP is made into GDP through hydrolysis
this results in a free inorganic phosphate (Pi)

33
Q

autocrine

A

cell secretes something that binds to the receptors on the same cell

34
Q

endocrine

A

hormone is secreted to endocrine system and transported elsewhere

35
Q

paracrine

A

cell A releases something that is picked up by nearby cell B

36
Q

direct cell-to-cell signaling

A

cells communicate by physically touching each other through gap junctions or plasmodesmata

37
Q

what enzyme is involved in the removal of cAMP

A

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

38
Q

what receptors bind to steroid hormones

A

cytosolic receptors

39
Q

how are cytosolic and cell-surface receptors different

A

location. cytosolic can only bind to small things. cell surface can bind to much larger things

40
Q

components of the lac operon

A

LacI promoter, lacI gene. lac promoter, operator (repressor), lacZ, lacY, lacA

41
Q

how can lac operon be under positive or negative control

A

negative: bound substrate represses transcription
positive: bound substrate increases transcription

42
Q

describe how the mRNA leader sequence regulates tryptophan production

A

it acts as a sensor and decides if more tryptophan should be produced

43
Q

compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression

A

pro: translation and transcription both occur in cytoplasm
euk: translation is in cytoplasm while transcription is in nucleus

44
Q

various levels of gene control in eukaryotes

A

the genome
transcription
RNA processing and export
translation
posttranslational events

45
Q

what is the most common form of gene control in eukaryotes

A

transcriptional

46
Q

what are transcription factors

A

small DNA binding proteins that play a role in the moderation of transcription

47
Q

role of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription

A

they can turn genes on and off, influencing which ones get transcribed

48
Q

enhancer

A

stimulate gene expression

49
Q

regulator

A

regulates transcription by either repressing or activating it

50
Q

upstream control element

A

regulator that is found upstream of a core promoter

51
Q

silencer

A

inhibits transcription

52
Q

describe the cAMP/Crp regulation of the lac operon

A

cAMP/CRP regulation acts as a positive control mechanism and stimulates lac transcription when glucose levels are low

53
Q

monocistronic vs polycistronic

A

mono: encode just one polypeptide
poly: encode for several

54
Q

polyribosomes are

A

a cluster of ribosomes that translate a message at the same time

55
Q

what is substrate induction

A

operator is only turned on when molecule is present

56
Q

what are inducible enzymes

A

enzymes created using substrate induction

57
Q

attenuation allows

A

for the premature stop of transription after it has been initiated

58
Q

what is alternative splicing

A

a process that allows a singe gene to produce multiple proteins

59
Q

what is adenylyl cyclase

A

an enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP

60
Q

what are cyclins

A

proteins that regulate the cell cycle by binding to CDKS

61
Q

what is cyclin availability/ its importance

A

cyclins must be available in order to regulate the activation of CDKs

62
Q

what are cyclin dependent kinases

A

kinases that need cyclin in order to function

63
Q

what are kinases

A

enzymes that take modifies the phosphate group of ATP to turn it into something else

BSC 322 (4 decks)

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