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BSC 322 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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2
Q

what is semi-conservative DNA replication?

A

each new DNA molecule is made up of one old strand and one newly formed strand

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3
Q

Why is DNA called a double helix?

A

due to its structure

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4
Q

Describe DNA replication

A

DNA is unwinded, both sides are copied, then wound back together to make 2 identical DNA molecules

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5
Q

What causes gene mutation?

A

errors in replication
radiation
chemical exposure
infections

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6
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and proteins, histones

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7
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

the process in which a bacterial cell takes up DNA from its environment and gains new traits from it

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8
Q

describe the general structure of DNA

A

double helix made of nucleotides. each nucleotide has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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9
Q

describe the general structure of RNA

A

single stranded, ribose, and contains uracil rather than thymine

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10
Q

what roles do DNA repair enzymes play?

A

DNA repair enzymes identify and correct damage or errors in the DNA

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11
Q

list the various enzymes involved in DNA replication

A

Helicase: unwinds
primase: synthesizes RNA primes
DNA polymerase: adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
ligase: joins fragments
topoisomerase: prevents supercoiling

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12
Q

what are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and proteins

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13
Q

what role do histone proteins play?

A

organize and package DNA within the nucleus by forming nucleosomes

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14
Q

how many nucleotide bases does it take to specify one amino acid?

A

3

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15
Q

what evidence shows that genes specify amino acid sequences in proteins

A

mutations can alter specific amino acids in proteins

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16
Q

what is a codon?

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases that correspond to an amino acid

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17
Q

what is the importance of a triplet code in protein synthesis?

A

allows for 64 possible codon configurations

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18
Q

Operon

A

group of genes under the control of a single promoter

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19
Q

promoter

A

a DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription

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20
Q

operator

A

a segment within an operon that can bind to regulatory proteins

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21
Q

repressor protein

A

regulatory protein that binds to the operator region to prevent transcription

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22
Q

exons

A

segments of a gene that code for proteins

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23
Q

introns

A

non-coding sections of a gene that are removed during RNA processing

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24
Q

what is the function of an intron?

A

influence gene expression

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25
Q

what is a gene made from?

A

DNA

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26
Q

during which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase (synthesis phase)

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27
Q

what are the three steps in protein synthesis

A

Transcription: DNA to mRNA
Translation: mRNA to protein
Post-translation: protein undergoes folding and modifications

28
Q

what makes the genetic code universal?

A

most of the DNA sequence is identical across all organisms

29
Q

what are the start and stop codons?

A

Start: AUG (methionine)
Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA

30
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to RNA

31
Q

what role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?

A

it synthesizes RNA from the DNA template

32
Q

antiparallel stands:

A

strand run in opposite directions. One in 5’ to 3’ prime, the other in 3’ to 5’

33
Q

base sequence:

A

the order the nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule

34
Q

Chargaff rule:

A

in any DNA molecule, [A] = [T] and [C] = [G]

35
Q

Chromosomes:

A

structures within cells that contain DNA wrapped around proteins

36
Q

DNA ligase:

A

joins okazaki fragments

37
Q

DNA polymerase:

A

synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a template strand

38
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication

39
Q

origins of replication:

A

specific DNA sequences where replication begins

40
Q

primase:

A

synthesizes RNA primers needed to initiate DNA replication

41
Q

proofreading:

A

checking newly made DNA for errors involving bases

42
Q

replication fork:

A

a Y shaped structure that forms when DNA unwinds

43
Q

RNA primer:

A

a short RNA sequence the acts as a starting point for DNA replication

44
Q

Telomerase:

A

an enzyme that adds repetitive DNA sequences to the ends to chromosomes (telomeres)

45
Q

describe the categories of Eukaryotic DNA

A

Coding
Non-coding: do not code but play roles in gene regulation and chromosome structure

46
Q

silent mutation:

A

mutation does not alter amino acid

47
Q

missense mutation:

A

mutation results in different amino acid

48
Q

frameshift mutation:

A

addition or deletion shifts the reading frame

49
Q

nonsense mutation:

A

premature stop codon

50
Q

what are the three mRNA processing steps in eukaryotes?

A

5’ capping: addition of Guanine cap
splicing: removal of introns
3’ Polyadenylation: addition of poly-A tail

51
Q

functions of RNA polymerase I, II, and III are

A

I: synthesizes rRNA
II: synthesizes mRNA
III: synthesizes tRNA

52
Q

function of reverse transcriptase is

A

synthesize DNA from RNA

53
Q

function of DNA polymerase is

A

creates new DNA by adding nucleotides. also proofreads

54
Q

define transcription factors and their role in initiating eukaryotic transcription

A

proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression

55
Q

what are the features of the genetic code

A

Universal
Redundant: multiple for the same amino acid
Non-overlapping: each nucleotide is part of only one codon
Unambiguous: each codon specifies only one amino acid

56
Q

describe the role of G1,

A

growth phase, checkpoint for S phase

57
Q

role of G2

A

growth phase, corrects errors and makes sure DNA replication is complete

58
Q

role of spindle assembly

A

organizing the microtubules that separate chromosomes during cell division

59
Q

role of M checkpoints

A

control points in mitosis that verify chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus

60
Q

Sigma factors can regulate the ____ transcription

A

bacterial

61
Q

A transcriptional regulator that decreases transcription of a gene from a vast distance is known as

A

silencer

62
Q

enhancer

A

increases transcription of a gene, often from a distance

63
Q

regulator

A

general term for proteins or sequences that modulate gene expression

64
Q

upstream control element

A

DNA sequence near the promoter that can increase transcription

65
Q

silencer

A

reduces transcription by binding repressors and blocking transcription factors

66
Q

describe the steps in protein synthesis

A

transcription
Translation
Post- translational modification

67
Q

True or False: DNA replicates from 5’ to 3’

A

true

BSC 322 (2 decks)

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