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Fundamentals Of Engineering Design > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainability in simplest form?

A

The quality of being able to continue over a period of time

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2
Q

What is the limits of growth (club of Rome)

A

How resources, population, food per capita, pollution and industrial output per capita play into sustainable development

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3
Q

What is our common future (Brundlandt report)

A

Defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

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4
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A
  1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
  2. To achieve universal primary education
  3. To promote gender equality and empower women
  4. To reduce child mortality
  5. To improve maternal health
  6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
  7. To ensure environmental sustainability
  8. To develop a global partnership for development.
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5
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

1) no poverty
2) zero hunger
3) good health and well-being
4) quality education
5) gender equality
6) clean water and sanitation
7) affordable and clean energy
8) decent work and economic growth
9) industrial innovation and infrastructure
10) reduced inequalities
11) sustainable cities and communities
12) responsible consumption and production
13) climate action
14) life below water
15) life on land
16) peace justice and strong institutions
17) partnership for the goals

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6
Q

Triple Bottom Line ESG and Three Ps

A
  • people (social), planet( environment), profit( economic)
    -environmental, social, governance
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7
Q

Donut Economics

A

Social foundation, the safe space for humanity(regenerative and distributive economy) , ecological ceiling

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8
Q

Planetary Boundaries

A

1) Climate change
2) ocean acidification
3) stratospheric ozone depletion
4) Biogeochemical flows in the nitrogen cycle
5) global freshwater use
6) land system change
7) the erosion of biosphere integrity
8) chemical pollution
9) atmospheric aerosol loading

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9
Q

Indicators help us:

A
  • Understand what sustainable development means in operational terms (explanatory tools)
  • make policy choices to move toward sustainable development (planning tools)
  • decide the degree to which efforts are successful in meeting sustainability development goals and objectives.
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10
Q

Levels of measurements of sustainability

A

1) International (UN global sustainable indicators)
2) Regional (UN regional sustainable indicators EU sustainable indicators)
3) National (UN National sustainable indicators UK sustainable indicators)
4) Local ( local quality of life indicators -London UK)
5) Individual Firms (Corporate Sustainability Eco-efficiency, IChemE, GRI)
6) Design Level (LCA)

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11
Q

IPAT

A

Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology
Affluence: the average consumption of each person in the population. As A increases, total environmental impact (I) increases as well.
Environmental Impacts of Technology (T): technology can affect environmental impact in many different ways increases in efficiency can reduce specific environmental impacts, air conditioning, dryer, car, ect.

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12
Q

The failing of GDP

A

The gross national product does bot allow for the health of our children the quality if their eduction, or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of out marriages; the intelligence of out public debates or the integrity if our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short except that which makes life worthwhile

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13
Q

The road to inaction

A

Sustainable development it is fair to say, remains largely theoretical for the majority of the world’s population.
Sustainable technologies, however have failed to become widespread largely for social and economic reasons, not technical ones.

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14
Q

Honorable Harvest

A

So the world might be as rich for the seventh generation as it is for our own.
Don’t take more than half

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15
Q

What is systems thinking?

A

A way of exploring and developing effective action by looking at connected wholes rather than separate parts.

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16
Q

What are three 4 key parts of system thinking

A

1) context and belief systems- what do people value?
2) parts, wholes and layers- all systems can be broken into similar structures
3) Connections and loops - interaction between components is key
4) Processes and change- system thinking identifies leverage point and ways to change the system

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17
Q

Design System vs System Thinking

A

Design Thinking:
-Creative, action oriented
- Empathy driven
- Focus on understanding needs and behaviors
- Prototyping encouraged

System Thinking:
- Holistic, relationship-oriented
- visualization of system is key activity
- Focus on root causes and leverage points

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18
Q

Iceberg Model

A

Event: What happened?
Pattern: What trends are noticeable over time?
Structure: What has influenced this trend?
Mental Model: What are peoples assumptions about the system?

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19
Q

LCA phases

A
  1. Goal and scope of the study
  2. Life cycle inventory analysis
  3. Life cycle impact assessment
  4. life cycle interpretation
  5. Reporting
  6. Critical Review
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20
Q

Iso 14040: function ä, functional unit and reference flow.

A

1) system can have a variety of possible functions
2) Function depends on goal and scope of the LCA
3) Functional unit defines the quantification pf specified functions of the product and is used to create a reference to which input and output flows are related to
4) Necessary in order to compare results of LCA
5) Determination of reference flow in each product system to fulfill the systems intended function

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21
Q

Definition of system boundaries

A

A graphic representation of the scope and analysis type of an LCA.
- cradle to gate
-cradle to grave
-gate to gate
- gate to cradle
- cradle to cradle

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22
Q

Definition of life cycle inventory analysis from iso 14044

A

Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle

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23
Q

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)
Data classification into four categories [ISO 14044 (2006b: 12)]

A

1) Inputs (energy, materials, etc.)
2) Products (including coproducts and waste)
3) Emissions (to air, water, and soil)
4) other environmental aspects

Starting point is the process that delivers the reference flow.

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24
Q

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

A

Definition of Life Cycle impact assessment from ISO 14044:
Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product

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25
Q

ILCD recommendations

A

Impact Categories (mid- and end-point)
- Climate Change
- Resource Depletion
- Human Toxicity
- Eutrophication

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26
Q

Research institutions involved in the development of commonly used impact assessment methods

A

-CML 2001 Method: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands
-ReCiPe LCA Methodology: RIVM (National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection), CML, PRé Consultants, Radbound Universiteit Nijmegen and CE Delft
-Eco-Indicator 99: PRé Consultants
- IPPC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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27
Q

LUCAS Methodology

A

-Endpoint assessment uses indicators at the level of the areas of protection
-Midpoint indicators are defined between emission and endpoint

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28
Q

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

A

1) Classification: Assessment of LCI results which are exclusive to one impact category, identification of LCI results which relate to more than one impact category
2) Characterization: Conversion of LCI results to common units, aggregation of converted results within impact category by use of characterization factors.
3 Normalization (optional): Calculation of magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference value(s) -> Comparison with reference quantity.

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29
Q

Life Cycle Interpretation

A
  • Analysis and interpretation of inventory results (LCI) and impact assessment (LCIA)
  • Drawing conclusions about product/system or determining next steps such as system optimization
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30
Q

LCA phases

A
  1. Goal and scope of the study
  2. Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)
  3. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
  4. Life cycle interpretation
  5. Reporting
  6. Critical Review
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31
Q

Conditions for comparative LCA assessment

A
  • Meaningful equivalent functional unit
    -Same system boundaries
    -Similar data quality
    Identify critical elements to improve and optimise environmental performance of a product or system
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32
Q

Applications of LCA: Eco-design

A

Eco-design/ Design for Environment (DfE)
- Minimize environmental impacts
- Consider environmental issues during all stages of development
- Use reference product(s) to inform improvement strategies

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33
Q

ECO-Labelling

A

-456 eco labels, 199 countries, 25 industry sectors
-Type 1: Set criteria, verified by third party
-Type 2: Self-declared without independent verification
-Type 3: Product LCA results based on ISO 14040, verified by a third party.

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34
Q

LCA Terminology

A

Process- extraction of raw resource, manufacturing, packaging and distribution, use, disposal
Flows- inputs and outputs to processes
Product System: network of combined processes and flows

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35
Q

Flows

A

Flows connect processes to each other.
Flows form databases: inputs and outputs have associated impact data (via databases)

36
Q

Software to create an LCA

A
  1. Core software for LCA processes and flow creation
  2. Databases containing information on the environmental impact of specific flows (only known if a provider is available to supply data and must have a base unit)
  3. Impact methods file that analyze the overall impact of the product system(all processes)
37
Q

General LCA tips

A
  • Compare changes within a product to minimize environmental impact- ie change material/process and check impact
  • Compare products solving the same need
  • Difficult to comprehend two unrelated objects, because must be with respect to some base unit
    -Only flows that come from a database and have a provider listed will have information on the environmental impact.
38
Q

Preparing for your LCA creation using software

A

-Before you start using your software you should map out which process and flows apply to your product.
-Sketch your product system (processes and flows)
- Identify system boundary (cradle to grave)
- identify base unit (reference flow)

39
Q

Cost Benefit Analysis

A

-Cost benefit analysis (CBA): assessment of benefits and costs associated with a particular solution
- Used to evaluate economic sustainability of a solution
- Used to make economic choices between multiple solutions
- used to evaluate material and other choice within a single solution
-Used for industry decisions

40
Q

Perspectives for CBA

A

CBA can be done from the perspective of the company, the end user or society.

41
Q

Monetary Costs

A

Monetary Costs:
1) Company:
- Equipment capital costs
- Direct costs: Labor, raw materials, manufacturing expenses
- Indirect overhead costs: Electricity, rent
- Reoccurring costs: equipment maintenance, equipment replacement
2) End-User
- Product costs
- Product replacement cost
- Product maintenance costs

42
Q

Monetary Benefits:

A
  • Monetary Sales (company)
    -Monetary Savings (end user)
  • Environmental benefit (society/company/end-user)
    -Tax breaks (company or end user)
    -Salvage (resell value at end of life company/end user)
43
Q

Non monetary costs

A
  • Environmental costs of using nonrenewable resources
  • Environmental costs of GHG emissions
  • Societal cost of a reduction in human well-being/ human health
  • Societal cost of lost lives
44
Q

Non-monetary benefits

A

-reduction in the use of non-renewable resources
-Increases in human well-being/ saved lives
-Increases in quality of life
-Reduction in GHG emissions

45
Q

Profit = Revenue- Cost

A

Revenue: monetary benefit before and costs are subtracted
Three factors make the foundation equation a large complex area of study
1) Time: delays in costs or revenues
2) Evaluations: costs and revenues come from many different sources
3) Influences: changes in market situation

46
Q

How do we take time into account for cost benefit analysis

A
  1. Lowest initial cost method
  2. Lowest life cycle cost method
  3. Lowest Present Value Method
47
Q

Evaluating Future Costs in Current Dollars (Variable definitions)

A

P= Present Value
F= One future Value
U= Several Uniform Future Values
G= Several Geometric Future Values
e= geometric increase
n= number of years
i= interest rate (opportunity cost)

48
Q

Ladder of Inclusive Innovation

A

Level 1) Inclusion of intention
Level 2) Inclusion of Consumption
Level 3) Inclusion of Impact
Level 4) Inclusion of Process
Level 5) Inclusion of Structure
Level 6) Post-structural inclusion

49
Q

Ladder of Inclusion Innovation Intention

A
  • Idea behind the innovation
  • Starting point for 141Ds to come
50
Q

Ladder of inclusive innovation consumption

A

Adapted for use in line with requirement’s if the target audience.
Considers affordability and accessibility

51
Q

Ladder of inclusive innovation impact

A

Positive impacts on the lives of target audience
Impact may be economical, social or environmental
Should generally result in improved well-being and livelihood of the marginalized group.

52
Q

Ladder odds inclusive innovation process

A

Involves at least some members if the target audience.
Any dtage of the innovation process ie invention design development, production and distribution
Could include informing consulting collaborating empowering.

53
Q

Ladder of inclusive innovation structure

A

Are the structures creating innovation inclusive nature?
This includes institutions, organizations, and relationships of the innovation system

54
Q

Ladder of inclusive innovation Post structural:

A

Frame of knowledge and discourse should be inclusive
Language, mental models and narratives are key to inclusion.

55
Q

Human Capital

A

Agency of human beings- through skill and knowledge as well as effort in augmenting production possibilities

56
Q

Human capability

A

Ability of human beings to lead lives they have reason to value and to enhance the substantive choices they have

57
Q

Community Capitals Framework (CCF): Seven Capitals

A
  1. Natural capital: Assets that abide in a particular location
  2. Cultural Capital: Reflects the way people ‘know the world’ and act within it.
  3. Human Capital: Human skills capabilities and knowledge
  4. Social capital: Connections within communities, networks and the sense of belonging
  5. Political capital: the ability to voice needs and have influence to achieve certain aims
  6. Financial capital: Money
  7. Built Capital: Infrastructure and tangible buildings in a community
58
Q

What is social sustainability?

A

Themes:
-Just considering social elements
-Calculate cost-benefit analysis according to various dimensions (CBA)
-Sometimes process oriented
-Social justice

59
Q

Project Risk Assessment

A

Prevention is better than cure
Focus on the causes of risk and take action to:
- eliminate the casues
- mitigate the causes
- transfer the risk

60
Q

Risk Analysis

A

What can go wrong (hazards)?
How likely is it to wrong?
What is the result of it going wrong?

61
Q

Risk Management

A

What can be done to reduce risk?
What options are available and what are the associated trade-offs in terms of cost, risks, and benefits

62
Q

Hazard, Risk and Liability

A

Hazard: anything with the potential to produce conditions that endanger safety and health
Risk: probability that hazard will occur and the impact/severity of the hazard
Liability: legal concept associated with a wrongful or injurious act for which a civil court action occurs

63
Q

Why do you need to do a risk assessment?

A

As the person solving a need, proposing a solution, or developing a product you know the risks better than anyone.
Risks must be prioritized and communicated in a clear way in order tk prevent catastrophes

64
Q

Risk Analysis

A
  1. Identify hazards
  2. For each hazard determine risk
65
Q

Design Hazards

A

1) Technical feasibility of design not possible
2) Technical feasibility of production not possible
3) Engineering failure of product
4) Harm/injury during use
5) End-users wont like product

66
Q

Project Management Hazards

A

1) Project running late
2) Project running over budget
3) Project has wrong scope
4) Team conflicts

67
Q

Sustainability Hazards

A

1) Health hazard to humans from failure, misuse or spill
2) Risk of environmental damage from failure, misuse or spill
3) Risk of ecosystem damage from failure, misuse or spill

68
Q

Managing Risk

A

Avoid: remove risk entirely eg remove component/feature, discontinue product
Mitigate: Take action to reduce likelihood/severity
Transfer: Pass risk to another party eg. insurer, purchaser
Accept: Live with consequences

69
Q

Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability

A

Environment
Economics
Societal Impact

70
Q

Implicit Ethical Dimensions in the definition of sustainability

A

Intergenerational equity: equitably meet developmental and environmental needs for both present and future generations

Intragenerational equity: equity within members of society of the same generation. Economic equity between less developed and more developed countries

71
Q

Sustainable Societies based in four ethical principles

A

-Respect for Persons/Autonomy: acknowledge a persons right to make choices to hold views and to take actions based on personal values and beliefs
-Justice: treat others equitably distribute benefits/burdens fairly
- Nonmaleficence: obligation not to inflict harm intentionally
-Beneficence: provide benefits to persons and contribute to their welfare. Refers to an action done for the benefit of others.

72
Q

Ethical Philosophy: Utilitarianism

A
  • Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number
  • focus on beneficence and nonmalefience
  • has rrouble accounting for ethical principles of equity, justice and individual rights
73
Q

Ethical Philosophy: Rawls Theory of Justice

A

-Aims for equity
- Aims to maximize aid to the most vulnerable
-focus on justice

74
Q

Professional Engineers of Canada

A
  • Self governed registered professional body
  • All provinces recognize, regulate and license engineering as a profession via an ACT
  • In canada ~160,000 PEng = 0.4% population
75
Q

EGBC code of ethics

A

1) hold paramount the safety health and welfare of the public including the protection of the environment and the promotion of health and safety in the workplace
2) practice only in those fields where training and ability make the registrant professionally competent
3) have regard for the common law and any applicable enactments, federal enactments or enactments of another province;
4) have regard for applicable standards policies plans and practices established by the government or Engineers and Geoscientists BC
5) maintain competence in relevant specifications including advances in the regulated practices and relevant science
6) provide accurate information in respect of qualifications and experience
7) provide professional options that distinguish between facts, assumptions and opinions
8) avoid situations and circumstances in which there is a real or perceived conflict of interest and ensure conflict of interest m, including perceived conflicts of interest, are properly disclosed and necessary measures are taken so a conflict of interest does not bis decisions or recommendations.
9 report to engineers geoscientists BC and applicable any other appropriate authority if the registrant on reasonable and probable grounds
10) present clearly to employers and clients the possible consequences if professional decisions or judgements are overruled or disregarded
11) clearly identify eacb registrant which has contributed professional work including recommendations reports statements or opinions
12) undertake work and documentation with due diligence and in accordance with any guidance developed to standardize professional documentation for the applicable profession
13) conduct themselves with fairness courtesy and good faith towards clients colleagues and others gives credit where credit is due and accept as well as give honest and fair professional comment.

76
Q

Litigation against an Engineer- liability type

A

Civil liability- must be proved to balance of probabilities
(Contract law, tort law)
Criminal/Statutory liability- must be proved beyond reasonable doubt
Professional liability

77
Q

Utilitarianism

A

-Aims to maximize happiness and minimize unpleasantness of all
-Would prioritize those who: treatment has the highest probability of success, are most useful, require proportionally small amounts, age criterion, high quality of criterion
Disadvantages: potential injustice, hard to judge happiness

78
Q

Rawls theory of justice

A

-Aims for equity (everyone has equal right: life liberty and security. Benefit to least advantaged members of society)
- Favors those who are ( medically needy, most needy, selected by chance)
- Disadvantages (criticized for being the easy way out)

79
Q

Concurrent Engineering

A

Also known as simultaneous Engineering
As opposed to sequential engineering or over the wall engineering
Can be traced to the 1980s

80
Q

Advantages or concurrent engineering

A

Short lead time
Improved communication and product quality
Reduced design challenges
Ensures better management
Reduced development costs
Increased profit

81
Q

Intentional Design for Environment

A

-Minimizing pollution
-Minimizing the mass cycle for every product
-Minimizing the energy cascade in the system and maximizing efficiency
-Minimizing waste
-Minimizing life cycle impact

82
Q

Water Scarcity Main Causes

A
  1. Water pollution
  2. Agriculture
  3. Population Growth increasing demand
  4. Climate change alternating supply
  5. Seasonal shortages
83
Q

Pollutant

A

Substance introduced into environment that has undesired effects.

84
Q

Cost benefit analysis definition

A

Assessment of benefits and costs associated with particular solution. May be monetary or non-monetary.

85
Q

Uses of cost benefit analysis

A

-Used to evaluate economic sustainability of a solution
-Used to make economic choices between multiple solutions
-Used to evaluate material and other choice within a single solution
-Used for industry decisions

86
Q

Perspectives of CBA

A

Perspective of the company, end user, or society
Establish framework before starting analysis

87
Q

Perspectives of CBA

A

Perspective of the company, end user, or society
Establish framework before starting analysis

Fundamentals Of Engineering Design (4 decks)

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