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Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Respiration

A

Process of breathing, cells in body carry out cellular respiration, needs o2 produces co2 as waste, trachea- bronchioles- bronchi- alveoli- lungs

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Substances broken down to yield energy by a physical or chemical process, other substances needed for life can be synthesized ( breaking down and building)

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3
Q

Catabolism and anabolism
(Metabolism)

A

Catabolism is breakdown of complex molecules like fats proteins and starches into simpler ones( destructive, breaking down) energy produced as ATP

Anabolism is simple to complex molecules ( constructive, building)

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4
Q

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Removal of water molecule bonds 2 chemical elements/ compounds together ( makes)

Breaking down with water, water is added to reaction (breaks down)

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5
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Heating liquid vegetable oils in presence of hydrogen ex) margarine

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6
Q

Cholesterol
( HDL, LDL)

A

Steroids made up of lipids wrapped inside a protein, transport lipids to cells, nerve function
HDL- carries away excess cholesterol from blood to liver to eliminate (good)
LDL- builds up in bloodstream/arteries causes blood clots, strokes, heart attack

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7
Q

Nutrient
(Macro, micro)

A

Nourishment for growth/metabolism, build/repair tissue,regulate body functions, used for energy

Macronutrient- large quantities, provide bulk energy for metabolic function ex) protein, carbs, fats, water

Micronutrient- small quantities, cofactors for metabolic function ex) vitamins and minerals

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8
Q

Benedict’s test

A

Benedict Regan added heated in warm water positive = orange red colour presense of a reducing sugar

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9
Q

Iodine test

A

Presence of a starch positive= blue and purple negative= brown yellow

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10
Q

Sudan IV test

A

Presence of lipids positive = red and brown

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11
Q

Biuret test

A

Presence of lipids two peptide bonds in a molecule positive= purple

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12
Q

Positive control

A

Shows expected result or presence of what your testing for

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13
Q

Negative control

A

Absense of what your looking for don’t expect a change in the experiment

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Most important source of energy glucose delivered to blood- ATP- energy ex) sugars cellulose starches glycogen gums

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15
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar one ring ex) ribose galactose glucose fructose

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugar two rings bonded by dehydration synthesis ex) sucrose

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17
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugars 3+ rings usually over 10 in chains dehydration synthesis ex) starches

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18
Q

Starch

A

Packed together chain of glucose molecules

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal starch energy storage in animals branches out

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20
Q

Lipid

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen molecules non-polar hydrophobic stores energy dehydration synthesis
Carbonyl head/group hydrocarbon tail

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21
Q

Fatty acids

A

Straight chains carboxyl group at end (COOH- polar, hydrophobic) hydrocarbon end/tail ( non-polar, hydrophobic)

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22
Q

Saturated and unsaturated fats

A

No double bond increase HDL increase LDL, straight

Double bond not as much hydrogen increase HDL decrease LDL, bend

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23
Q

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

A

One double bond

Multiple double bonds

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24
Q

Trans fat

A

Raise LDL lower HDL hydrogenation, bend then straighten

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25
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains dehydration synthesis

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26
Q

Hormone

A

Chemicals made by body cells 4 rings little tail sometimes ex) estrogen testosterone

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27
Q

Cholesterol

A

4 rings long chains usually of CH

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28
Q

Steroids

A

Chemical messengers perform bodily functions 4 rings ex) hormones cholesterol

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29
Q

Enzyme
(Induced fit, lock and key)

A

Initiate cellular chemical reactions speed up metabolism build and break substances

Enzyme shape changes in response to substrate binding

Shape of enzyme binding site complementary to shape of molecule bonded to

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30
Q

Ketogenic diet

A

High fat adequate protein low carbs treats epilepsy in children

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31
Q

Malnutrition

A

Deprived minerals, vitamins, nutrition that maintain healthy tissue and organ function

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32
Q

Fasting

A

Stop eating or drinking for a certain time health religious or ethical reasons

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33
Q

Balanced diet

A

Contains all essential elements carbs protein lipids fibre water vitamins minerals but also if you eat bad one day make up for it the next day

34
Q

Carb- loading

A

Consuming high-carb diet enhances endurance maximizing muscle glycogen (athletes use this)

35
Q

3 principles of eating

A

Balance variety moderation

36
Q

Food groups and function/examples

A

Carbs(grains,B vitamins- energy giving) protein(meat,dairy,nuts-body building) dairy(milk,eggs-building/maintaining bones) fruit/veggies(apples,kale,-vitamins/minerals) fats/sugars(pop,margarine- energy/cell function)

37
Q

Proportions and calories of food

A

Protein 10-15% or 1/4 of your plate ( c=4) carbs 55% or more 1/4 of your plate, fat 30% or less, fruit/veggies half your plate

38
Q

BMI and BMR

A

Body mass index based on height and weight is inaccurate does not account for muscle mass, bone density, race, sex, body fat

Basal metabolic rate number of calories burned when body is at rest

39
Q

Essential and Non- essential nutrients

A

Need to eat/ingest can’t make ourselves (11)

Can be synthesized by body don’t need to eat (9)

40
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate head glycerol and two fatty acid chains one unsaturated one saturated found in plasma membrane or cell membrane

41
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure or form of an organism

42
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the process of why and how organisms work or function

43
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of disease occurrence and the response ( problems)

44
Q

Anatomical terms

A

Medial- middle
Lateral- outwards
Superior- above
Inferior- below
Deep- inside
Superficial- surface
Ventral/anterior- front
Dorsal/posterior- back
Distal- far
Proximal- close

45
Q

Body planes

A

Coronal/frontal- splits front and back
Mid-saggital- splits left and right
Transverse- splits top and bottom

46
Q

Pathogen
Antigen
Antibody
Host

A

Disease causing

Foreign protein bacteria or virus(response)

Protein produces by immune system attacks antigen

Organism has disease

47
Q

Defence against infection

A

1st prevention- saliva scab sweat
2nd limit damage- swelling increased blood flow(after initial invasion)
3rd invader specific retaliation- recognizes and targets specific, produces antibodies for pathogen

48
Q

Defence against infection

A

1st prevention- saliva scab sweat
2nd limit damage- swelling increased blood flow(after initial invasion)
3rd invader specific retaliation- recognizes and targets specific, produces antibodies for pathogen

49
Q

Macrophage

A

Type of WBC surrounds/kills microorganisms removes/stimulates action of cells

50
Q

Interferon

A

Natural substance found in blood by WBC/other cells help immune system fight infection disease and cancer

51
Q

Thymus

A

Organ producing/maturation of immune cells

52
Q

T cells
B cells

A

Produced in bone marrow mature in thymus attack antigens directly

Produced in bone marrow matute there produce antibodies

53
Q

Immunity
Immune response

A

Ability of body to fight infection using antibodies

Produce antibodies to inactivate and destroy antigens

54
Q

Allergy

A

Rapid overreaction to an antigen that normally isn’t harmful ex) peanuts

55
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary antibodies received from outside source natural source- mothers milk artificial- antibody medicine

56
Q

Active immunity

A

Long term permanent produces own antibodies/T cells natural- getting sick artificial- vaccine

57
Q

Innate
Adaptive

A

Non-specific general immediate

Specific slower

58
Q

Monomer
Polymer

A

Single or one

Many(multiple monemers)

59
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary contraction and relaxation of each muscle throughout the digestive tract

60
Q

Chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion

A

Stomach acid enzymes break down nutrients

Chewing to physically break down food

61
Q

Excretion
Secretion

A

Removing waste or excess materials from the body

Releasing chemicals from a cell certain function

62
Q

Lacteal

A

Nutrient absorption especially dietary lipids transport antigen or antigen presenting cells

63
Q

X ray

A

Bones Visible as light diagnoses broken bones and tumors two dimensional

Barium x ray swallow barium or insert into rectum to see stomach

Mammography low energy x rays to look for breast cancer

64
Q

CT scan

A

Not as detailed radiotion but you can have metal used for emergency views body in slices used x rays instead of magnets

65
Q

MRI

A

Large electromagnet very clear can be manipulated looking through all layers very expensive time consuming

66
Q

Ultrasound

A

Harmless high frequency sound waves signals return from body and converted to images requires a skilled provider does not give a very good picture

67
Q

Angiogram or fluoroscopy

A

Catheter injects contrast media into coronary artery shows branches narrow means plaque stopping means blocked very detailed invasive

68
Q

Juvenile diabetes

A

Chronic condition pancrease can’t make or doesn’t make enough insulin

Insulin diet monitoring blood sugars

May lead to heart diseases stroke narrowed blood vessels high blood pressure

69
Q

Bone structure

A

Periosteum covers bone
Compact lies beneath periosteum
Sponges lies beneath compact
Bone marrow fills gaps in between sponge

70
Q

Ligament
Tendon
cartilage

A

Bone to bone
Muscle to bone
Cushion between bone

71
Q

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

A

End
Wide region
Central or shaft

72
Q

Voluntary
Involuntary

A

Consciously control own will decision

Move without you knowing like breathing heartbeat organs autonomic nervous system

73
Q

Skeletal

A

Relax contract heat generation muscle fibers stripes or rivets all over body attached to bone multiple nuclei voluntary

74
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Produce maintain heartbeat and circulation involuntary heart and heart walls
One nucleus

75
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Produce maintain heartbeat and circulation involuntary heart and heart walls
One nucleus

76
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Excluding heart any action preformed without conscious thought involuntary smooth lining of organs blood vessels and glands

77
Q

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

A

Top no blood vessels meleanin stratum corneum dead strateum germinativum new

Thickest connective tissues blood and lymph vessels sweat oil and hair follicles papillae

Fatty tissue cushioning provides protection not where any glands are holds together

78
Q

Leukocytes
Leukemia

A

White blood cells
Cancer

79
Q

Systematic circulation
Pulmonary circulation

A

Heart throughout body oxygenanted

Deoxygenated back to heart

80
Q

Interneuron

A

Carry sensory information and regulate motor activity

Health Science (3 decks)

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