Final

Question 1

What is ‘Citation Form”?

Answer 1

Words in isolation

Question 2

What are the types of function words?

Answer 2

Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, and auxiallary verbs.

Question 3

What are typical aspects of weekend forms?

Answer 3

Reduction of sound length, red. of vowel to or toward schwa, elision of vowels or consonants

Question 4

What is Assimilation?

Answer 4

It is when one consonant becomes more like a neighboring consonant. The influence is always from the second sound back to the first one (regressive). It only affects final alveolars (t,d,n,s,z)

Question 5

What is ‘Elision’?

Answer 5

It is the omitting of a sound: usually a consonant in a final cluster. Only occurs when the following word starts with a consonant.

Question 6

What is ‘Coalescence’?

Answer 6

The combination of two separate sounds across a word boundary into a new sound. Only affects final /t,d,s,z/ when the following word starts with a /j/.

Question 7

What is Laison?

Answer 7

In non-rhotic accents the upside down r is often put back in word finally, when the next word starts with a vowels. Can be extended to words without r.

Question 8

What is the peak/nucleus?

Answer 8

The most prominent part of a syllable.

Question 9

What is Onset?

Answer 9

All segments prior to the peak in a syllable.

Question 10

What is a Coda?

Answer 10

All segments after the peak?

Question 11

Out of the Nucleus, Onset, and Coda, which is optional/non-optional in English?

Answer 11

Onset and Coda are optional.

Question 12

How are syllables transcribed?

Answer 12

With a period.

Question 13

What are suprasegmentals?

Answer 13

Suprasegmentals apply to more than one segment (sound/phoneme). They describe a word, syllable, phrase or sentence. AKA Prosodic features

Question 14

List prosodic features.

Answer 14

Pitch, stress, and duration.

Question 15

Define pitch.

Answer 15

Often referred to as melody, tone or intonation, pitch is the perceptual correlate of frequency and constantly varies as we speak.

Question 16

Define tone.

Answer 16

Changes in pitch that function linguistically at the morpheme level.

Question 17

Define intonation.

Answer 17

Changes in pitch that function linguistically at the sentence of phrase level.

Question 18

Define stress.

Answer 18

Degree of force of an utterance or prominence produced by means of respiratory effort. Typically falls on content words (nouns, verbs, etc.).

Question 19

Phrasal stress.

Answer 19

Shows grammatical and semantic relationships between words in a phrase.

Question 20

Duration.

Answer 20

Tempo/speed rate: speed of speaking.

Question 21

Rhythm.

Answer 21

Manner in which stressed and unstressed syllables succeed each other.

Question 22

Iambic foot.

Answer 22

da DUM

Question 23

Iambic pentameter.

Answer 23

fuve feet in a row: daDUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM (e.g. Hamlet)

Question 24

What does Phonetics include?

Answer 24

Phones. Speech sounds.Articulatory, Acoustic, and Auditory Phonetics.

Question 25

What is Phonology?

Answer 25

Deals with defining linguistics, includes phonemes, minimal pairs, allophones, and phonotactics.

Question 26

Types of Allophones?

Answer 26

Free variation

Complementary distribution

Question 27

Consonants

Answer 27

Produced with a relatively closed vocal tract with significant auditory constriction

Question 28

Vowels

Answer 28

Produced with a relatively open vocal tract

Question 29

T/F Vowels are always voiced?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

T/F Vowels are acoustically more intense?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Tense vowels:

Answer 31

Longer in duration, included i,e,u,o

Question 32

Lax vowels:

Answer 32

Shorter in duration, ɪ/, /ɛ/, /ʊ/, /ɔ/

Question 33

Long vowels

Answer 33

/i/, /ɔ/, /u/, /ɑ/

Question 34

Short vowels

Answer 34

/ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/, /ə/

Question 35

Closing dipthong:

Answer 35

Tongue raising

Question 36

Opening dipthong:

Answer 36

tongue lowering

Question 37

Centering dipthong:

Answer 37

tngue moving to center of vowel area

Question 38

Falling dpthong:

Answer 38

main duration on initial element

Question 39

Rising dipthongs:

Answer 39

main duration on final element; often treated as a glide+vowel

Question 40

Onglide:

Answer 40

First portion of a dipthong

Question 41

Offglide:

Answer 41

Final portion of a dipthong

Question 42

Partial devoicing

Answer 42

When a voiced sound is less voiced. In normal speech, voice final consonants are often partially or fully devoiced.

Question 43

Lateralization

Answer 43

When a sound other than L has lateral airflow. Usually can occur when L follows it.

Question 44

Aspiration of stops

Answer 44

Sudden release of the articulatory effort in fortis plosives leads typically to aspiration

Question 45

Nonaspiration of stops

Answer 45

Voiceless stop plosives that are typically aspirated may be produced w/o fortis aspiration

Question 46

Velarization:

Answer 46

Movement of the tongue placement in direcrton of the velum. Usually heard in a word final position, preceding a consonant and following a back vowel.

Question 47

Unreleased stops:

Answer 47

Unreleased consonants result when the articulators closure is maintained and not released as usual. Unreleased stops typically occur at the end of an utterance or in word final positions.

Question 48

Syllabic consonants

Answer 48

Unstressed syllables can become reduced syllables in which the vowel nucleus disappears and it becomes the peak of that syllable.

Question 49

Labialization:

Answer 49

Consonants with the exception of ‘sh’ and ‘w’, are produced without lip rounding. Can be caused by assimilation.

Question 50

Nasalization

Answer 50

During production of GAE speech sounds the velum is raised to block respiratory air from escaping through the nasal cavity.

Question 51

Duration

Answer 51

When a sound takes up a different amount of time in continuous speech. Fricatives are longer than stops and vowels shorter before voiceless consonants.