Final Flashcards
To prepare for Final examination today. (12-11-2013)
What is ‘Citation Form”?
Words in isolation
What are the types of function words?
Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, and auxiallary verbs.
What are typical aspects of weekend forms?
Reduction of sound length, red. of vowel to or toward schwa, elision of vowels or consonants
What is Assimilation?
It is when one consonant becomes more like a neighboring consonant. The influence is always from the second sound back to the first one (regressive). It only affects final alveolars (t,d,n,s,z)
What is ‘Elision’?
It is the omitting of a sound: usually a consonant in a final cluster. Only occurs when the following word starts with a consonant.
What is ‘Coalescence’?
The combination of two separate sounds across a word boundary into a new sound. Only affects final /t,d,s,z/ when the following word starts with a /j/.
What is Laison?
In non-rhotic accents the upside down r is often put back in word finally, when the next word starts with a vowels. Can be extended to words without r.
What is the peak/nucleus?
The most prominent part of a syllable.
What is Onset?
All segments prior to the peak in a syllable.
What is a Coda?
All segments after the peak?
Out of the Nucleus, Onset, and Coda, which is optional/non-optional in English?
Onset and Coda are optional.
How are syllables transcribed?
With a period.
What are suprasegmentals?
Suprasegmentals apply to more than one segment (sound/phoneme). They describe a word, syllable, phrase or sentence. AKA Prosodic features
List prosodic features.
Pitch, stress, and duration.
Define pitch.
Often referred to as melody, tone or intonation, pitch is the perceptual correlate of frequency and constantly varies as we speak.
Define tone.
Changes in pitch that function linguistically at the morpheme level.
Define intonation.
Changes in pitch that function linguistically at the sentence of phrase level.
Define stress.
Degree of force of an utterance or prominence produced by means of respiratory effort. Typically falls on content words (nouns, verbs, etc.).
Phrasal stress.
Shows grammatical and semantic relationships between words in a phrase.
Duration.
Tempo/speed rate: speed of speaking.
Rhythm.
Manner in which stressed and unstressed syllables succeed each other.
Iambic foot.
da DUM
Iambic pentameter.
fuve feet in a row: daDUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM (e.g. Hamlet)
What does Phonetics include?
Phones. Speech sounds.Articulatory, Acoustic, and Auditory Phonetics.
What is Phonology?
Deals with defining linguistics, includes phonemes, minimal pairs, allophones, and phonotactics.
Types of Allophones?
Free variation
Complementary distribution
Consonants
Produced with a relatively closed vocal tract with significant auditory constriction
Vowels
Produced with a relatively open vocal tract
T/F Vowels are always voiced?
True
T/F Vowels are acoustically more intense?
True
Tense vowels:
Longer in duration, included i,e,u,o
Lax vowels:
Shorter in duration, ɪ/, /ɛ/, /ʊ/, /ɔ/
Long vowels
/i/, /ɔ/, /u/, /ɑ/
Short vowels
/ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ʊ/, /ə/
Closing dipthong:
Tongue raising
Opening dipthong:
tongue lowering
Centering dipthong:
tngue moving to center of vowel area
Falling dpthong:
main duration on initial element
Rising dipthongs:
main duration on final element; often treated as a glide+vowel
Onglide:
First portion of a dipthong
Offglide:
Final portion of a dipthong
Partial devoicing
When a voiced sound is less voiced. In normal speech, voice final consonants are often partially or fully devoiced.
Lateralization
When a sound other than L has lateral airflow. Usually can occur when L follows it.
Aspiration of stops
Sudden release of the articulatory effort in fortis plosives leads typically to aspiration
Nonaspiration of stops
Voiceless stop plosives that are typically aspirated may be produced w/o fortis aspiration
Velarization:
Movement of the tongue placement in direcrton of the velum. Usually heard in a word final position, preceding a consonant and following a back vowel.
Unreleased stops:
Unreleased consonants result when the articulators closure is maintained and not released as usual. Unreleased stops typically occur at the end of an utterance or in word final positions.
Syllabic consonants
Unstressed syllables can become reduced syllables in which the vowel nucleus disappears and it becomes the peak of that syllable.
Labialization:
Consonants with the exception of ‘sh’ and ‘w’, are produced without lip rounding. Can be caused by assimilation.
Nasalization
During production of GAE speech sounds the velum is raised to block respiratory air from escaping through the nasal cavity.
Duration
When a sound takes up a different amount of time in continuous speech. Fricatives are longer than stops and vowels shorter before voiceless consonants.
