FINAL Flashcards
What is a Sine Wave?
a pure tone
What is a Complex Wave?
a wave that is composed of 2+ sine waves
Describe Superposition.
the sum of amplitudes at each moment in time; complex waves are combines by superposition
What are Components?
the sine waves that make up complex waves
What is a Complex Periodic Wave?
any wave with a regularly repeating pattern that is not a single sine wave
Frequency components (i.e. each of the component sine waves) of a Complex Periodic Wave often have _________ relation to the _________ frequency component.
harmonic; lowest
What is a Complex Aperiodic Wave?
non-repetitive
no fundamental frequency
no harmonics
What is an example of Complex Aperiodic Waves?
Noise
- pink
- brown
- blue
- white
Describe Fourier Analysis.
any complex waveform that can be broken down into individual sine waves
Describe Waveform Synthesis.
the process of using superposition to combine individual sine waves into a waveform
Define Harmonics.
integer multiples of the lowest frequency component
Fundamental Frequency is defines as the ___ harmonic
1st
A component that is 2x the fundamental frequency is the ____ harmonic
2nd
Define Fundamental Frequency
usually the lowest frequency component of a complex wave
may be the GCD of the component frequencies
Fundamental Frequency of a complex periodic wave may be the frequency of which all the ______ frequencies are integer multiples
higher
Describe Overtones.
Only includes harmonics above the fundamental frequency
the 1st overtone= the ____ harmonic
2nd
Describe Partials
any of the frequency components of a complex wave
T/F: Partials may not include non harmonic frequencies
false; partials may include non harmonic frequencies
Domain of waveform
time
Range of waveform
amplitude
Domain of spectrum
frequency
Range of spectrum
amplitude
Can waveform components determine the frequency components of a complex wave?
no
In a spectrum how are frequency components displayed?
vertical lines
Describe Sawtooth Waves
even and odd harmonics
amplitude decreases with the # of the harmonic
slope of spectral envelope is -6dB per octave
Describe Square Waves
odd harmonics
amplitude decreases with the # of harmonics
slope of spectral envelope is -6dB per octave
Describe Triangular Waves
odd harmonics
Successive amplitudes drop faster than square waves
slope of spectral evelope is -12dB per octave
Describe a Single Pulse/ Click
a single rectangular shaped waveform
aperiodic
The shorter the click the ______ the spectrum
flatter
Describe a pulse train
a series of pulses at regular intervals
What is the Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory?
incomplete theory, not wrong just insufficient
pressure builds up forcing VFs apart
The VFs move back because of tissue elasticity and Bernoulli effect
What are limitations to the Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory
energy loss
- acoustic
- friction
need asymmetry of forces during open/ closed phases
Describe the time domain of the Glottal Source Signal
volume velocity waveform, not acoustic
the shape is similar to sawtooth and triangular waves
quasiperiodic
voice has a fundamental frequency
open vs close quotient
Describe the Glottal Source Signal frequency domain characterisitics
even and odd harmonics
- similar to sawtooth waves
12dB per octave
- similar to triangular waves
real voices have non harmonic partials
Define Phonation Threshold Pressure.
The minimal transglottal [ressure differential needed for vibration
Phonation Threshold Pressure increases with ____________ _____________ and __________
fundamental frequency; pathology
What is a Phonetogram?
full range of both amplitude and frequency
quietest to loudest at each frequency from low to high
What is another name for pulse register
glottal fry
What is another name for modal register
chest voice
What is another name for falsetto register
head voice
Describe Pulse register
VFs are short and thick w/ high medial compression
possible involvement of false VFs
Multiphasic Closure: several irregular quiverings at mucosal edge in each vibratory cycle
Low freq.
low vobratory amplitude (cant shout)
creaky quality
90% closed phase
Describe Modal Register
all parts of VFs participate
- cover is loose, body vibrates
wide range of freq
widest range of amplitude
60% closed pahse
Describe Falsetto Register
high tension in the cricothyroid muscle, lengthening VFs
- less vibration in the muscle and deep layer, most vibration is in cover
wide range of freq
vocal ligament taught, cover is loose
medial (phonatory) egdes are thin, sharp
slight glottic gap causes breathy air quality
vibratory amplitude is less than modal (smaller dynamic range)
HYPOfunctional voice
incomplete glottic closure
breath voice
less periodic
low HNR
long open phase
HYPERfunctional voice
excessive glottic closure
tight, pressed, rough, strained voice quality
less period
long closed phase
What causes HYPOfunctional voice
mass lesion
paralysis
VF bowing
What causes HYPERfunctional voice
muscle tension dysphonia
adductor spasmodic dysphonia
laryngitis, cancer, other broad mass lesions
What is Jitter?
small disturbances in freq form cycle to cycle instead of being uniform
What is Shimmer?
cycle to cycle ariants in amplitude
What speech samples are used to measure jitter and shimmer
sustained vowels
Can normal human voices have jitter and shimmer at the same time?
yes
Define Harmonics to Noise Ratio.
proportion of harmonic sound to noise in voice
measured in dB
quntifies relative strength of harmonics over noise
Higher HNR=
harmonic sound dominates over noise
Harmonics to noise ratio has high correlation with the perception of voice quality for
hoarseness, breathiness, and roughness
Define Maximum Phonation Time
the maximum time in sec for which a person can sustain a vowel sound when produced in one deep breath at a relatively comfortable pitch and loudness
Decreased MPT may be due to
deficits in the respiratory system
insufficiency in VF vibration
