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CDIS 3475 Speech Science > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Sine Wave?

A

a pure tone

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2
Q

What is a Complex Wave?

A

a wave that is composed of 2+ sine waves

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3
Q

Describe Superposition.

A

the sum of amplitudes at each moment in time; complex waves are combines by superposition

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4
Q

What are Components?

A

the sine waves that make up complex waves

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5
Q

What is a Complex Periodic Wave?

A

any wave with a regularly repeating pattern that is not a single sine wave

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6
Q

Frequency components (i.e. each of the component sine waves) of a Complex Periodic Wave often have _________ relation to the _________ frequency component.

A

harmonic; lowest

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7
Q

What is a Complex Aperiodic Wave?

A

non-repetitive
no fundamental frequency
no harmonics

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8
Q

What is an example of Complex Aperiodic Waves?

A

Noise
- pink
- brown
- blue
- white

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9
Q

Describe Fourier Analysis.

A

any complex waveform that can be broken down into individual sine waves

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10
Q

Describe Waveform Synthesis.

A

the process of using superposition to combine individual sine waves into a waveform

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11
Q

Define Harmonics.

A

integer multiples of the lowest frequency component

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12
Q

Fundamental Frequency is defines as the ___ harmonic

A

1st

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13
Q

A component that is 2x the fundamental frequency is the ____ harmonic

A

2nd

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14
Q

Define Fundamental Frequency

A

usually the lowest frequency component of a complex wave

may be the GCD of the component frequencies

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15
Q

Fundamental Frequency of a complex periodic wave may be the frequency of which all the ______ frequencies are integer multiples

A

higher

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16
Q

Describe Overtones.

A

Only includes harmonics above the fundamental frequency

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17
Q

the 1st overtone= the ____ harmonic

A

2nd

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18
Q

Describe Partials

A

any of the frequency components of a complex wave

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19
Q

T/F: Partials may not include non harmonic frequencies

A

false; partials may include non harmonic frequencies

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20
Q

Domain of waveform

A

time

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21
Q

Range of waveform

A

amplitude

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22
Q

Domain of spectrum

A

frequency

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23
Q

Range of spectrum

A

amplitude

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24
Q

Can waveform components determine the frequency components of a complex wave?

A

no

25
Q

In a spectrum how are frequency components displayed?

A

vertical lines

26
Q

Describe Sawtooth Waves

A

even and odd harmonics
amplitude decreases with the # of the harmonic
slope of spectral envelope is -6dB per octave

27
Q

Describe Square Waves

A

odd harmonics
amplitude decreases with the # of harmonics
slope of spectral envelope is -6dB per octave

28
Q

Describe Triangular Waves

A

odd harmonics
Successive amplitudes drop faster than square waves
slope of spectral evelope is -12dB per octave

29
Q

Describe a Single Pulse/ Click

A

a single rectangular shaped waveform
aperiodic

30
Q

The shorter the click the ______ the spectrum

A

flatter

31
Q

Describe a pulse train

A

a series of pulses at regular intervals

32
Q

What is the Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory?

A

incomplete theory, not wrong just insufficient
pressure builds up forcing VFs apart
The VFs move back because of tissue elasticity and Bernoulli effect

33
Q

What are limitations to the Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

A

energy loss
- acoustic
- friction

need asymmetry of forces during open/ closed phases

34
Q

Describe the time domain of the Glottal Source Signal

A

volume velocity waveform, not acoustic
the shape is similar to sawtooth and triangular waves
quasiperiodic
voice has a fundamental frequency
open vs close quotient

35
Q

Describe the Glottal Source Signal frequency domain characterisitics

A

even and odd harmonics
- similar to sawtooth waves
12dB per octave
- similar to triangular waves
real voices have non harmonic partials

36
Q

Define Phonation Threshold Pressure.

A

The minimal transglottal [ressure differential needed for vibration

37
Q

Phonation Threshold Pressure increases with ____________ _____________ and __________

A

fundamental frequency; pathology

38
Q

What is a Phonetogram?

A

full range of both amplitude and frequency

quietest to loudest at each frequency from low to high

39
Q

What is another name for pulse register

A

glottal fry

40
Q

What is another name for modal register

A

chest voice

41
Q

What is another name for falsetto register

A

head voice

42
Q

Describe Pulse register

A

VFs are short and thick w/ high medial compression

possible involvement of false VFs

Multiphasic Closure: several irregular quiverings at mucosal edge in each vibratory cycle

Low freq.

low vobratory amplitude (cant shout)

creaky quality

90% closed phase

43
Q

Describe Modal Register

A

all parts of VFs participate
- cover is loose, body vibrates

wide range of freq
widest range of amplitude
60% closed pahse

44
Q

Describe Falsetto Register

A

high tension in the cricothyroid muscle, lengthening VFs
- less vibration in the muscle and deep layer, most vibration is in cover

wide range of freq

vocal ligament taught, cover is loose

medial (phonatory) egdes are thin, sharp

slight glottic gap causes breathy air quality

vibratory amplitude is less than modal (smaller dynamic range)

45
Q

HYPOfunctional voice

A

incomplete glottic closure

breath voice
less periodic
low HNR
long open phase

46
Q

HYPERfunctional voice

A

excessive glottic closure

tight, pressed, rough, strained voice quality
less period
long closed phase

47
Q

What causes HYPOfunctional voice

A

mass lesion
paralysis
VF bowing

48
Q

What causes HYPERfunctional voice

A

muscle tension dysphonia
adductor spasmodic dysphonia
laryngitis, cancer, other broad mass lesions

49
Q

What is Jitter?

A

small disturbances in freq form cycle to cycle instead of being uniform

50
Q

What is Shimmer?

A

cycle to cycle ariants in amplitude

51
Q

What speech samples are used to measure jitter and shimmer

A

sustained vowels

52
Q

Can normal human voices have jitter and shimmer at the same time?

A

yes

53
Q

Define Harmonics to Noise Ratio.

A

proportion of harmonic sound to noise in voice

measured in dB

quntifies relative strength of harmonics over noise

54
Q

Higher HNR=

A

harmonic sound dominates over noise

55
Q

Harmonics to noise ratio has high correlation with the perception of voice quality for

A

hoarseness, breathiness, and roughness

56
Q

Define Maximum Phonation Time

A

the maximum time in sec for which a person can sustain a vowel sound when produced in one deep breath at a relatively comfortable pitch and loudness

57
Q

Decreased MPT may be due to

A

deficits in the respiratory system
insufficiency in VF vibration

58
Q
A

CDIS 3475 Speech Science (2 decks)

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