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CDIS 3475 Speech Science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Traveling wave

A

Wave pulse traveling down a string or through a medium

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2
Q

When traveling waves collide there is….

A

superposition and interference

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3
Q

Describe superposition

A

happens when 2+ traveling waves collide

when 2+ traveling waves traveling through the same medium at the same time collide and pass through each other without being disturbed

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4
Q

Describe interference

A

happens when 2+ traveling waves collide

when the medium takes on a shape that results from the net effect of 2 individual sine waves upon particles of a medium

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of interference

A

constructive and destructive

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6
Q

Descibe constructive interference

A

sum of the waves; when waves collide they get added together

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7
Q

Describe deconstructive interference

A

cancelation of waves; when waves collide they cancel each other out

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8
Q

In traveling waves, if one end is secured do you get a reflection? Is there a phase change?

A

yes and yes

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9
Q

In traveling waves do the incident wave and reflected wave interfere contructively or destructively?

A

both

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10
Q

Describe a standing wave

A

both ends are secured
- like a guitar
waves keep reflecting off ends

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11
Q

When standing waves keep reflecting off ends, what is this called

A

Resonance

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12
Q

Natural frequencies of vibration refers to

A

resonances

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13
Q

What is the formula for the natural frequencies of vibration (resonances)

A

f=n times c/2L

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14
Q

In standing waves the driving frequencies have to = the __________ _________ or another name is the resonances

A

natural frequencies

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15
Q

What are Nodes?

A

nodes are the max destructive where there is no movement/ vobration and pressure is not changing

not the peaks, but the parts leading up to the peaks

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16
Q

What are Antinodes?

A

max constrictive
peaks

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17
Q

What types of harmonics do standing waves contain? Do standing waves contain the fundamental frequency?

A

even and odd; yes

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18
Q

Describe longitudinal standing waves

A

air in a tube, open at one end and closed at the other
nodes and antinodes
incident and reflected waves
constructive and destructive interference
contain the fund. freq. and ODD harmonics
there is no phase change in pressure wave at the closed end ONLY at the open end

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19
Q

Define Formants

A

natural frequencies of the vocal tract

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20
Q

Describe vocal tract filter theory and vocal tract filter transfer function. What is their relationship?

A

the curve/ spectral envelope describing which frequencies of the vocal tracts are natural frequencies and which get damped

the names are used interchangeably

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21
Q

What is the name for the spectral envelope that depicts the spectral shape of the natural frequencies of the vocal tract?

A

filter curve

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22
Q

Resonant frequency values for _____ are equally spaced. Other vowels have _________ spacing

A

schwa; irregular

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23
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if the source is normal vocal fold vibration

A

spectrum amplify natural frequency of vocal tract, others are damped

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24
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if the source is noise (e.g. whispering: where more noise comes from partially open vocal folds)

A

no longer fund. freq. and harmonics, continous noise spectrum

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25
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if vocal fold freq increases

A

spacing is bigger

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26
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if vocal fold fund freq decreased

A

spacing is closer together

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27
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the shape of the vocal tract

A

spacing is irregular bc the filter is changed; looks diff bc it selects diff source freq closer to its own natural freq

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28
Q

Vocal tract resonances are _______ and _________ __________ of vibration of the vocal tract

A

formants; natural frequencies

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29
Q

Fundamental frequency= ________ ________ _________

A

vocal vold vibration; lowest freq

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30
Q

Harmonics= _____ and ______ multiples of the ___________ ________

A

even and odd; fundamental freq

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31
Q

Partials=

A

any freq there

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32
Q

Do you need fundamental freq for formants?

A

no

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33
Q

Describe Tongue height

A

the relative height of the tongue at the location of the major vocal tract constriction

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34
Q

What varies inversely to tongue height?
the higher the tongue postion the lower the ___
the effect is much greater in _____ vowels than in ______ vowels

A

Formant 1; front; back

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35
Q

Describe tongue advancement

A

the relative frontness or backness of the major constriction

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36
Q

___ varies directly with tongue advancement
the more forward the tongue the higher the ___

A

Formant 2

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37
Q

___ varies inversely with tongue advancement
the more forward the tongue the lower the ___

A

formant 1

38
Q

Increased lip rounding _______ all formant freq
this affects ___
this effect is compounded by _______ _______
the _______ the tongue, the more __ lowers with lip rounding

A

decreases; formant 2; tongue height; higher; f2

39
Q

Formant __ and formant __ are affected by articulatory configurations, but less so for formant __

A

1;2;3

40
Q

vowel identity can usually be determined by formant __ and formant __

A

1;2

41
Q

Describe the non uniqueness problem

A

same pattern of formants can sometimes be achieved by diffrent articulatory placements
i.e. there is ambiguity in the articulatory configuration

42
Q

Describe when a nasal murmur occurs

A

the velophayrngeal port is open
oral port is closed

43
Q

Nasal murmurs result in

A

low freq
antiresonances
higher formants have less energy than vowels

44
Q

What causes antiresonances

A

closed spaces
i.e closed oral cavity and sinuses

45
Q

antiresonances: large enclosed spaces= _____ freq

A

low

46
Q

antiresonances: small enclosed spaces= ______ freq

A

high

47
Q

Anti resonances are sharply tunes meaning that that they have __________ bandwiths

A

narrow

48
Q

Do antiresonances decrease or increase higher formants? by how much?

A

decrease by 1.6 dB

49
Q

When does a nasal murmur happen?

A

velopharyngeal port is open and oral port is closed

50
Q

What does a nasal murmur result in

A

lower freq resonance
decreases energy at antiresonances
decreased energy overall
overall quieter that conjugate vowel

51
Q

What is a nasometer?

A

baffles separate acoustic energy coming from mouth vs acoustic energy coming from the nose

52
Q

What is the formula used to get nasalance score

A

An= An/An+Am

53
Q

Is source filter theory for vowels straight forward?

A

yes

54
Q

Describe source filter theory for vowels.

A

single tube
quasiperiodic sound source
formant freq are relativley low; wave lengths of resonance freq are much greater thantube diameter

55
Q

Is source filter theory for consonants straight forward?

A

no

56
Q

Describe source filter theory for consonants

A

multiple tubes
sound source may not be located at end of tube
source has much, or complete aperiodicity
important freq may be quite high
wavelength is less than tube diameter

57
Q

Describe approximants

A

most vowel like of all the consonants

58
Q

Is the word approximant approximate?

A

no

59
Q

T/F: Approximants are sometimes called semivowels

A

false

60
Q

What are semivowels

A

subcategories for approximants

61
Q

With approximants do the articulators make contact

A

no they approach but do not make contact

62
Q

Semivowel is synonymous to the word

A

glide

63
Q

liquid is synonymous to the word

A

lateral

64
Q

glide is synonymous to the word

A

semivowel

65
Q

lateral is synonymous to the word

A

liquids

66
Q

What are examples of semivowels/ glides

A

/w/ and /j/

67
Q

What are examples of liquids/ laterals

A

/r/ and /l/

68
Q

What are characteristics of approximants

A

the formant pattern durning “constriction interval” is relatively consistent across speakers

69
Q

What is the key identifying feature of approximants

A

f3 transition pattern

70
Q

What is the slope index for approximants

A

rise/run
change in f3/ formant transition time
change in Hz/ change in ms

71
Q

What is the constriction interval

A

time interval during which there is constriction of the vocal tract to produce approximants

72
Q

What is dynamic range

A

the ratio of the loudest sound to the quietest sound

73
Q

What are the spectral moments of fricatives

A

central tendency: mean and peak freq
variance: spread
skewness: right/ left leaning
kurtosis: degree of peakness

74
Q

How do you differentiate stridents and nonstridents?

A

primarily by amplitude

75
Q

Describe strident fricatives

A

long s and s
loud
primarily central tendency (peak freq)
long s peaks around 2.5-3.5kHz
s peaks around 4-6 kHz

76
Q

Describe non stridents

A

f and theta
quiet
no acoustic cue

77
Q

What are acoustical features of oral stops?

A

brief silence sound ceases due to obstruction
aftermath release

78
Q

Characteristics of oral stops

A

noise burst
frication interval
aspiration interval

79
Q

What is voiced onset time

A

the time from the burst until onset of voicing

80
Q

Describe voiced onset time for voiced stops

A

0-20ms; sometimes negative, <0ms

81
Q

Describe voiced onset time for voiceless stops

A

40-80ms
significantly longer VOT for voiceless stops

82
Q

Describe the frication interval of oral stops

A

turbulent airflow due to proximity of articulator during the release of constriction
its brief

83
Q

Decsribe the aspiration interval of oral stops

A

practically indistinguishable from frication interval
only present for voiceless stops
even briefer than frication interval
The difference is the source is the glottis NOT the oral constriction

84
Q

How did Cooper,Liberman, and Borst test peoples perceptions of /b/, /d/, /g/?

A

the pattern playback
tested listeners with random presentation, multiple presentation, and forced choice

85
Q

What is the evidence of categorical perception

A

where stops change
forced phoneme identification and discrimination

86
Q

How do affricated differ from fricative

A

affircates have a stop period where youre stopping airflow
complete constriction, then noise

87
Q

What is the difference between affricates and stops

A

in stops, airflow is completely obstructed before relase

2x the frication time; an affricate is a single sound that begins as a stop and releases immediately into a fricative

88
Q

Spectrogram depicts

A

frequency, amplitude, and time

89
Q

what is on the x axis for spectrograms?

A

time

90
Q

what is on the y axis of spectrograms

A

frequency

91
Q

what is a wideband spectrum

A

300- 500 Hz bands
better to visualize formant bands and aperiodic phonemes
vertical lines are glottal pulses

92
Q

What are narrow bands

A

45-50 Hz sized frequency bands
allows visualization of F0 and harmonics
harder to see formant bandwiths

CDIS 3475 Speech Science (2 decks)

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