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BIO 211 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Overlapping populations where gene flow is reduced by chromosomal changes and non-random mating

A

Sympiatric Speciation

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2
Q

Mutations can only mate with self or other polyploids

A

polyploidy (ex grey tree frog)

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3
Q

Plant polyploidy is common

A

80% species, goats beard

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4
Q

Individuals use resources that are not used by parents

A

habit differentiation (maggot fly apple tree instead of hawthorn)

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5
Q

Cichlids choose mates based on colors, this is example of

A

sexual selection

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6
Q

Biological barrier that prevents individuals of 2 species from producing viable offspring

A

reproductive isolation-prevents mixing of gene pool, keeps species distinct

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7
Q

Prezygote, post zygote are examples of

A

reproductive barriers

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8
Q

prezygote barriers block

A

fertilization b/t species

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9
Q

habitat isolation, behavorial, temporal, gametic, and mechanical are all examples of

A

prezygote barriers

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10
Q

zygote cannot develop into fertile, reproductive adult

A

post zygote barriers

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11
Q

Post zygote barriers lead to reduced hybrid viability,

A

reduced hybrid fertility (mules), hybrid breakdowns-first generation fertile, but not next (rice)

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12
Q

change in activity in response to stimulus

A

kinesis

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13
Q

movement toward or away from stimulus

A

taxis

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14
Q

long distance change in location

A

migration

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15
Q

Communications:fruit fly mating

A

visual, chemical, tactile, auditory

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16
Q

honey bees dance

A

indicates direction and distance to food source

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17
Q

pheremones:chemical signals example

A

moths can attract mate from several km away

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18
Q

example of imprinting

A

geese

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19
Q

spatial learning:wasps

A

memory based on spatial structure of environment

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20
Q

associate learning: skunks and

A

monarchs

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21
Q

minimize cost (energy/survival), maximize benefit (food/mates)

A

optimal foraging

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22
Q

Near equator, temp 25-29c yr around, constant high rainfall, highest plant animal diversity

A

tropical forests

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23
Q

near 30 degrees N/S latitude, low precip, temp varies seasonally and variably

A

deserts

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24
Q

equatorial, precip is seasonal, warm yr round, vegetation is grassland, fire maintains, large herbivourous

A

savanna

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25
Q

precip 30-50 cm/yr, shrubs and small trees, plants and animals adapted to fire and drought

A

chaparral

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26
Q

droughty periods, occasional fires, deep fertile soils, large grazers and burrowing animals, most converted to farmland

A

cheyenne temperate grasslands

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27
Q

cold winters, hot summers, precip > 50 cm/yr, distinct vertical layers, broad leaf trees

A

temperate broadleaf forests

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28
Q

long cold winters and short wet summers

A

coniferous forest

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29
Q

mostly herbaceous veg, mountain tops, permafrost

A

tundra

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30
Q

_____ dictates biome type

A

climate

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31
Q

more heat/light per unit area reaches tropics than

A

high latitudes

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32
Q

temp and precip patterns due to

A

global air circulation

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33
Q

rain shadow occurs on

A

leeward side of mountains

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34
Q

______ ____ explains the distribution and abundance of organisms

A

pop ecology

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35
Q

pop ecol

A

study of pop in relation to envir

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36
Q

group on indiv of 1 species living in same area and interacting (sharing resources/mating)

A

pop.

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37
Q

of indiv per unit area/volume

A

pop density

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38
Q

Dispersion patterns of space among indiv: CUR

A

Clumped
Uniform
Random

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39
Q

Even or ____ distribution infers territorial behavior

A

uniform

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40
Q

Unpredictable events with many processes leads to ____ dispersion

A

random

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41
Q

Patch resources, behavior, and seed dispersals lead to _____ dispersion

A

clumped

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42
Q

Pop density dependent on forces that ______

A

add or subtract

43
Q

_____ and _____ add individuals to the pop, while _____ and _____ remove indiv from the pop

A

births and immigr, deaths and emigr

44
Q

The _____ method is used to measure dynamic process to sample pop size

A

mark-recapture

45
Q

pop est=initial trappedxsecond recap/?

A

recaptured

46
Q

3 types of survivorship curves

A

type 1: low death early, increases for older
type 2: fairly constant
type 3: high early, slows

47
Q

Life table:

A

specific summary of survival

48
Q

In Ginseng, reproduction _____ with age

A

increases

49
Q

Agave grows for many years and reproduces…

A

once in wet year, favored in unpredictable envir

50
Q

seed size vs seed number example

A

dandelion vs coconut

51
Q

trade off b/t # of offspring and provisioning example

A

kestrels: the larger the brood size the lower the % of parent survival

52
Q

logistic growth builds on exponential growth model by adding

A

carrying capacity

53
Q

pop size that resources can support

A

carrying capacity

54
Q

logistic growth yields an __ shaped curve

A

s

55
Q

____ factors stop a pop from growing indefinitely

A

environmental: competition for resources, pathogens, predation

56
Q

Wolves and Moose on isle royal and lynx and hare are examples of

A

ups and down in pop of predators and prey

57
Q

groups of pop linked by immigr and emigr

A

metropop.

58
Q

an assemblage of species that potentially interact

A

community

59
Q

combination of species richness and abundance

A

diversity

60
Q

species richness

A

of species

61
Q

species abundance

A

of or biomass of each species

62
Q

diversity changes w/ ____ conditions

A

environmental

63
Q

species interactions influence species ____&___

A

abundance and richness

64
Q

2 species competing for same limiting resources cannot coexist, this is known as

A

competitive exclusion

65
Q

species may exist if they use diff resources or ____ a single resource

A

partition, niche as with lizards in different areas

66
Q

range of resources that species can use w/o competitors present

A

fundamental niche

67
Q

range of resources use w/ competitors present

A

realized niche (barnacles)

68
Q

impacts of competition: ___ diversity

A

reduce

69
Q

herbivory can ___ abund of plant species

A

reduce

70
Q

predation can reduce abund of animal pop, prey have adaptations to reduce predation such as:

A

flee, camoflouge, defense, mimicry

71
Q

2 species living in direct contant

A

symbiosis

72
Q

1 organism derives nourishment from the other

A

parasitism: ecto live outside (lice, ticks), endo live inside (tapeworms, protozoans)

73
Q

mutualism: both species benefit example

A

ant/acacia

74
Q

mycorrhizae fungus has mutualism with plant by:

A

ingesting carbon, increasing plants soil nutrients

75
Q

1 species benefits and other not effected

A

commensalism: water buffalo and egret

76
Q

Food chain

A

Quaternary (carnivore)–>Tertiary (carnivore)–>secondary cons (carnivore)–>primary cons (herbivore)–>primary producers (plant/plankton)

77
Q

The most abundant or highest biomass species is considered the

A

dominant species

78
Q

The species that exerts strong control on commun by ecological role

A

keystone

79
Q

species that cause physical changes in environment that effect commun structure

A

ecosystem engineers (beavers)

80
Q

____ have positive effect on survival and reproduction of other species

A

facilitators (juncus plant)

81
Q

community change over time is product of __&___

A

disturbance and succession

82
Q

changes in abiotic and biotic conditions induced by the vegetation

A

succession

83
Q

no soil exists when succession begins

A

primary: glacier bay

84
Q

____ succession begins where soil is present

A

secondary

85
Q

A disturbance that moves organisms from a community, fire, wind, pests are examples of

A

secondary succession

86
Q

Diversity ___ with distance from source pop

A

increases

87
Q

diversity patterns ___ with area

A

increase

88
Q

s^ is balance b/t immigr and ___ rates

A

extinction

89
Q

near islands had ___ extinction rates and ____ immigr rates

A

reduced, higher

90
Q

Larger islands have ___ colonization

A

higher

91
Q

ecosystem is all organisms in a community including:

A

all abiotic factors (water, substrate, nutrients)

92
Q

_____ derive their energy from nonliving matter

A

detritoveras: prokaryotes and fungi

93
Q

energy conversions are ___ efficient

A

not

94
Q

higher carrying capacity if

A

autotrophic

95
Q

heavy metals are biologically magnified

A

pcb 500x greater in herring gull eggs

96
Q

Van Hemholdt experiment, one of 1st science exp.

A

willow gained mass while soil stayed the same, comes from air

97
Q

fossil fuels, soils, solutes, biomass of plants/animals. atmosphere are all

A

carbon reservoirs

98
Q

Component of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids

A

Nitrogen

99
Q

main reservoir of N is in atmosphere as

A

N2

100
Q

N2 is fixed by ___ and incorporated into plant biomass

A

bacteria

101
Q

Dead plant and animal organic matter converted to

A

ammonium (NH4) by bacteria

102
Q

Reservoirs of water

A

97% ocean, 2% glaciers, 1% lakes,rivers

103
Q

Water Movement

A

evaporation–>transportation->condensation–>precipitation

BIO 211 (3 decks)

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