Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 211 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All animals face same challenges

A

nourish themselves
exchange gases (O2,CO2)
void metabolic waste, move
body plan-product of evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

all animal cells must be bathed in ___ solution

A

aqeuous; maintains plasma membrane and cell integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structure often belies

A

function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 main tissue types-MENC

A

muscle
Epithial
nervous
connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epitheal tissue-sheets of…

A

sheets of tightly packed cells, covers body, lines organs and cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Simple epitheal has how many cell layers?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stratified epitheal has how many cell layers?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epitheal Cell Shapes

A

cuboidal
columnar-lines intenstine: for secretion, absorbtion
squamous-often @exposed surface, rapid diffusion, leaky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Connective tissue

FABBLC

A 
fibrous
Adipose
Blood
Bone
Loose connective
cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

collagenous, elastic fibers, holds organs in position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cartilage connective tissue

A

collagenous fibers in flexible acellular matrix, strong, flexible (nose, ears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

nonelastic, tendons, ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

specialized loose connective, fat droplets 1 per cell, food storage, pad, insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

mineralized connective tissue, hard not brittle. Osteen-inside is central canal-includes blood vessels, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood connective tissue

A

liquid, rapid transport. red blood cells-platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscle Tissue

SSCN

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac
nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

Sarccomer, muscle, fiber

A

most abundant. sarccomer-contractile unit
voluntary body movement
muscle-bundle of long cells (fibers)
fiber-bundle of myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

contractible-wall of heart, striated

intercolated disk-passes signals cell, syncronize heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

lacks striations, found in gut wall, urinary bladder, arteries, other internal organs, involuntary movements-stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nervous muscle tissue

A 
Nerve cell (neurons) fundamental unit of nervous system 
-dendrites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Physiological variables-managed at close limits

A

T6
pH
Salt concentration in face of env. Fluctuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 strategies for managing the internal environment

A

Regulation

Conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Regulation

A

Internal control mechanisms used to regulate internal change in a factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Conformation

A

Animal is a conformer for an env. variable if it’s internal condition conforms to changes in the env. factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Steady state of a physiological factor: blood, pH, plasma (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Body temp within tolerable range

A

Thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Biochemical and physiological processes in animals are temp sensitive

A

For every 10C decrease in body temp (Tb) enzyme mediated reactions decrease 2-3 fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Endotherm-homeotherm

A

Maintains Tb about close limits-birds, mammals, most endotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ectotherm-poikilotherm

A

About cold limits-amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4 specific modes of thermoregulation

A

1) adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env.
2) evaporative heat loss
3) behavioral thermoregulation
4) increase in metabolic heat production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env.

A

Plumage-(feathers) mobile, fluff to trap heat
Pelage-(fur) less mobile
Polar guard-endotherms only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Essential amino acids
Animals need ___ to make proteins
Humans need to ingest ___
>1 absent=_____

A

20
8
Protein deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Essential amino acids from vegetarian diet

A

Corn and beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Herbivores

A 
Eat autotrophs (plants)
Eg: deer, cattle, geese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carnivores

A

Eat other animals

Eg:lion, flycatcher, spider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Omnivores

A

Eats anything

Eg: bear, raccoon, human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Suspension feeders

A

Many aquatic like clams, oysters (incurrent siphon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Substrate feeders

A

Live in food, eat through it like insects ( leaf miners, carthworms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fluid feeders

A

Ticks, mosquitoes, leeches,aphids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most animals bulk feeders

A

Take bites-shark

Swallow whole-snake

41
Q

Flamingo is a _____ feeder

A

Filter

42
Q

Lizards eat _____ only

A

Insects

43
Q

4 stages of food processing

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

44
Q

Ingestion

A

Act of eating

45
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down large molecules into small ones.

Small molecules=monomers that are absorbable by body

46
Q

Proteins–>
Polysaccharides–>
Nucleic acids–>
Fat–>

A

Amino acids
Monomers
Nucleotides
Glycerol+fatty acids

47
Q

1st step of digestion

A

Chewing-many organisms

Birds-gizzard

48
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis

A

Addition of water to break down amino acid bonds

49
Q

Absorption

A

Monomers move from digestive tract –>bloodstream

50
Q

Elimination

A

Voiding of I digested material

51
Q

Small intestine-first 25 cm=___

Absorption____

A

Duedem (breakdown)

Jejunum, ilium

52
Q

Mammalian digestive systems

A 
Oral cavity
Stomach
Small int.
Pancreas
Large int.
53
Q

Oral cavity-begins…

A

Begins physical and chemical digestion
Amylase-glycoprotein
Saliva-includes mucin
Tongue-forms bolus, initiates swallowing

54
Q

Trachea–>

Esophagus–>

A

Lungs

Stomach

55
Q

Stomach

A 
Stores food, initiates major digestion 
Lined by granular epithelium
Churns 2-4x/min
Breaks up plant/animal tissue
Begins enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins
56
Q

HCl+pepsinogen–>pepsin

A

Breaks up peptide bonds

57
Q

Small int.

A

6 m long, surface area of tennis court
Site of most enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption
80% of food goes for nutrients

58
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine, digest-bicarbonate

Endocrine

59
Q

Large int.

A

Cecum-pouch @LI-SI junction

Appendix-finger like projection from cecum. Main function water absorption

Ecoli-bacteria in LI

60
Q

Invertebrates-gastrovascular cavity or ____

A

Open circulatory

61
Q

Vertebrates-cardiovascular system

A

Heart-1 or 2 atria
Pump: atrium
-receive blood returning to heart, thin walled
1 or 2 ventricles pump blood away from heart
Arteries-take blood away from heart
Veins

62
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Pumps blood, when relaxed-fills w blood
Contraction phase-systole
Relaxation-diastole

63
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Self excitable, specialized muscle cells, pacemaker tissue

64
Q

Atrioventricular rods

A

Relay center

65
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic (-)
Parasympathetic (+)
-SA node

66
Q

endocrine control

A

adrenal gland-synthesizes and releases epinephrne (+) heart rate

67
Q

structural differences-arteries and veins

A

arteries-thick walled, elasticity maintains presure when heart relaxes
vein-have valves that allow blood to flow only toward heart

68
Q

blood pressure

A

blood as a fluid, under pressure

69
Q

blood pressure upon contraction/relaxation

A

systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

70
Q

Healthy resting human heart rate

A

120mmHg/70mmHg

71
Q

Blood returns to the heart via 3 mechanisms

A

1-smooth muscle peristasis
2-skeletal muscle contraction
3-change in pressure in thoracic cavity assoc. w/ breathing

72
Q

Gas exchange-occurs in respiratory medium

A

air or water

73
Q

gas exchange occurs over respiratory surface of

A

gill, lung, trachea

in unicelullar and small organisms-skin

74
Q

Air is __% O2, Water is <1%

A

21

75
Q

gill as respiratory structures

A

aquatic organisms, ventilate RM over RS

76
Q

Osmoregulation-water balance and waste disposal

A

management of body water + solute
connected process-waste disposal
-esp nitrogenous wastes

77
Q

Ammonia Urea Uric Acid toxic to less toxic

A

Ammonia–>urea–>uric acid

78
Q

Osmoconformer

A

body solute=surrounding medium

marine hagfish, invertabrates

79
Q

Osmoregulator

A

body solute diff. from surrounding medium

live in hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic env.

80
Q

Osmolarity indicates ___ in solution

A

solute concentration

81
Q

Only arthopods and vertebrates have colonized __

A

land

82
Q

Adaptations for minimizing water loss on land

A

waxy insect exoskeleton
snail shells
nocturnal behavior

83
Q

Vertebrate kidney

A

complex organ that produces urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids

84
Q

1100-2000L of blood pass through kidneys each day.

A

almost all sugars, vitamins, other nutrients reabsorbed. 1.5L urine each day

85
Q

Pancreas (dual organ) not under control of

A

hypothalamus/pituitary. 1-2% cells by weight are endocrine (secrete hormones), remainder are exocrine.

86
Q

islets of Langerians-(endocrine cells)

A

contain alpha cell-synth/secrete glucagon

beta cells-synt/release insulin

87
Q

diabetes mellitos-glucose homeostasis inbalanced

A

2 causes-type I-inadequate insulin production
type II-loss of insulin response by target tissues
either way-high blood sugar

88
Q

Childhood onset-type I diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder-immune system attacks beta cells-inadequate insulin production

89
Q

Adult onset Type II diabetes

A

loss of receptor sensitivity in cell membrane of target cells. risk factor-inactivity (obesity)

90
Q

Gonadal Sex hormones

A

effect growth/development (gender specific)
regulate reproductive cycles, sexual behavior
Testes, ovaries

91
Q

Gonads synt/secrete 3 types of steroids

A

androgens
estrogens
progestins

92
Q

Testes main androgen

A

testosterone-1st role-determine sex

2nd-@puberty, conc. increased, develop secondary sex characteristics

93
Q

Ovaries-main estrogen

A

Estradiol

94
Q

Ovary-main progestin

A

Progesterone

95
Q

Modes of asexual reproduction

A

Fission
Gemmules
Fragmentation

96
Q

Asexual - fission

A

Separation of 1 individual into 2 complete offspring (equal size). May separate or remain attached.
Eg: corals

97
Q

Gemmules

A

Sponges-responsible for asexual reproduction

98
Q

Asexual-Fragmentation-

A

adult breaks into pieces, all pieces become complete organisms.
Eg: annelids

99
Q

Modes of sexual reproduction

A

Internal

External-eggs shed into env.

BIO 211 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions