exam 2 Flashcards
All animals face same challenges
nourish themselves
exchange gases (O2,CO2)
void metabolic waste, move
body plan-product of evolution
all animal cells must be bathed in ___ solution
aqeuous; maintains plasma membrane and cell integrity
Structure often belies
function
4 main tissue types-MENC
muscle
Epithial
nervous
connective
Epitheal tissue-sheets of…
sheets of tightly packed cells, covers body, lines organs and cavities
Simple epitheal has how many cell layers?
1
Stratified epitheal has how many cell layers?
2
Epitheal Cell Shapes
cuboidal
columnar-lines intenstine: for secretion, absorbtion
squamous-often @exposed surface, rapid diffusion, leaky
Connective tissue
FABBLC
fibrous Adipose Blood Bone Loose connective cartilage
Loose connective tissue
collagenous, elastic fibers, holds organs in position
cartilage connective tissue
collagenous fibers in flexible acellular matrix, strong, flexible (nose, ears)
Fibrous connective tissue
nonelastic, tendons, ligaments
Adipose connective tissue
specialized loose connective, fat droplets 1 per cell, food storage, pad, insulation
Bone connective tissue
mineralized connective tissue, hard not brittle. Osteen-inside is central canal-includes blood vessels, nerves
Blood connective tissue
liquid, rapid transport. red blood cells-platelets
Muscle Tissue
SSCN
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
nervous
skeletal muscle tissue
Sarccomer, muscle, fiber
most abundant. sarccomer-contractile unit
voluntary body movement
muscle-bundle of long cells (fibers)
fiber-bundle of myofibrils
Cardiac muscle tissue
contractible-wall of heart, striated
intercolated disk-passes signals cell, syncronize heartbeat
smooth muscle tissue
lacks striations, found in gut wall, urinary bladder, arteries, other internal organs, involuntary movements-stomach
Nervous muscle tissue
Nerve cell (neurons) fundamental unit of nervous system -dendrites
Physiological variables-managed at close limits
T6
pH
Salt concentration in face of env. Fluctuation
2 strategies for managing the internal environment
Regulation
Conformation
Regulation
Internal control mechanisms used to regulate internal change in a factor
Conformation
Animal is a conformer for an env. variable if it’s internal condition conforms to changes in the env. factor
Homeostasis
Steady state of a physiological factor: blood, pH, plasma (glucose)
Body temp within tolerable range
Thermoregulation
Biochemical and physiological processes in animals are temp sensitive
For every 10C decrease in body temp (Tb) enzyme mediated reactions decrease 2-3 fold
Endotherm-homeotherm
Maintains Tb about close limits-birds, mammals, most endotherms
Ectotherm-poikilotherm
About cold limits-amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates
4 specific modes of thermoregulation
1) adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env.
2) evaporative heat loss
3) behavioral thermoregulation
4) increase in metabolic heat production
adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env.
Plumage-(feathers) mobile, fluff to trap heat
Pelage-(fur) less mobile
Polar guard-endotherms only
Essential amino acids
Animals need ___ to make proteins
Humans need to ingest ___
>1 absent=_____
20
8
Protein deficiency
Essential amino acids from vegetarian diet
Corn and beans
Herbivores
Eat autotrophs (plants) Eg: deer, cattle, geese
Carnivores
Eat other animals
Eg:lion, flycatcher, spider
Omnivores
Eats anything
Eg: bear, raccoon, human
Suspension feeders
Many aquatic like clams, oysters (incurrent siphon)
Substrate feeders
Live in food, eat through it like insects ( leaf miners, carthworms)
Fluid feeders
Ticks, mosquitoes, leeches,aphids
Most animals bulk feeders
Take bites-shark
Swallow whole-snake
Flamingo is a _____ feeder
Filter
Lizards eat _____ only
Insects
4 stages of food processing
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Ingestion
Act of eating
Digestion
Breaking down large molecules into small ones.
Small molecules=monomers that are absorbable by body
Proteins–>
Polysaccharides–>
Nucleic acids–>
Fat–>
Amino acids
Monomers
Nucleotides
Glycerol+fatty acids
1st step of digestion
Chewing-many organisms
Birds-gizzard
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Addition of water to break down amino acid bonds
Absorption
Monomers move from digestive tract –>bloodstream
Elimination
Voiding of I digested material
Small intestine-first 25 cm=___
Absorption____
Duedem (breakdown)
Jejunum, ilium
Mammalian digestive systems
Oral cavity Stomach Small int. Pancreas Large int.
Oral cavity-begins…
Begins physical and chemical digestion
Amylase-glycoprotein
Saliva-includes mucin
Tongue-forms bolus, initiates swallowing
Trachea–>
Esophagus–>
Lungs
Stomach
Stomach
Stores food, initiates major digestion Lined by granular epithelium Churns 2-4x/min Breaks up plant/animal tissue Begins enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins
HCl+pepsinogen–>pepsin
Breaks up peptide bonds
Small int.
6 m long, surface area of tennis court
Site of most enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption
80% of food goes for nutrients
Pancreas
Exocrine, digest-bicarbonate
Endocrine
Large int.
Cecum-pouch @LI-SI junction
Appendix-finger like projection from cecum. Main function water absorption
Ecoli-bacteria in LI
Invertebrates-gastrovascular cavity or ____
Open circulatory
Vertebrates-cardiovascular system
Heart-1 or 2 atria
Pump: atrium
-receive blood returning to heart, thin walled
1 or 2 ventricles pump blood away from heart
Arteries-take blood away from heart
Veins
Cardiac cycle
Pumps blood, when relaxed-fills w blood
Contraction phase-systole
Relaxation-diastole
Sinoatrial node
Self excitable, specialized muscle cells, pacemaker tissue
Atrioventricular rods
Relay center
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic (-)
Parasympathetic (+)
-SA node
endocrine control
adrenal gland-synthesizes and releases epinephrne (+) heart rate
structural differences-arteries and veins
arteries-thick walled, elasticity maintains presure when heart relaxes
vein-have valves that allow blood to flow only toward heart
blood pressure
blood as a fluid, under pressure
blood pressure upon contraction/relaxation
systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
Healthy resting human heart rate
120mmHg/70mmHg
Blood returns to the heart via 3 mechanisms
1-smooth muscle peristasis
2-skeletal muscle contraction
3-change in pressure in thoracic cavity assoc. w/ breathing
Gas exchange-occurs in respiratory medium
air or water
gas exchange occurs over respiratory surface of
gill, lung, trachea
in unicelullar and small organisms-skin
Air is __% O2, Water is <1%
21
gill as respiratory structures
aquatic organisms, ventilate RM over RS
Osmoregulation-water balance and waste disposal
management of body water + solute
connected process-waste disposal
-esp nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia Urea Uric Acid toxic to less toxic
Ammonia–>urea–>uric acid
Osmoconformer
body solute=surrounding medium
marine hagfish, invertabrates
Osmoregulator
body solute diff. from surrounding medium
live in hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic env.
Osmolarity indicates ___ in solution
solute concentration
Only arthopods and vertebrates have colonized __
land
Adaptations for minimizing water loss on land
waxy insect exoskeleton
snail shells
nocturnal behavior
Vertebrate kidney
complex organ that produces urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids
1100-2000L of blood pass through kidneys each day.
almost all sugars, vitamins, other nutrients reabsorbed. 1.5L urine each day
Pancreas (dual organ) not under control of
hypothalamus/pituitary. 1-2% cells by weight are endocrine (secrete hormones), remainder are exocrine.
islets of Langerians-(endocrine cells)
contain alpha cell-synth/secrete glucagon
beta cells-synt/release insulin
diabetes mellitos-glucose homeostasis inbalanced
2 causes-type I-inadequate insulin production
type II-loss of insulin response by target tissues
either way-high blood sugar
Childhood onset-type I diabetes
autoimmune disorder-immune system attacks beta cells-inadequate insulin production
Adult onset Type II diabetes
loss of receptor sensitivity in cell membrane of target cells. risk factor-inactivity (obesity)
Gonadal Sex hormones
effect growth/development (gender specific)
regulate reproductive cycles, sexual behavior
Testes, ovaries
Gonads synt/secrete 3 types of steroids
androgens
estrogens
progestins
Testes main androgen
testosterone-1st role-determine sex
2nd-@puberty, conc. increased, develop secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries-main estrogen
Estradiol
Ovary-main progestin
Progesterone
Modes of asexual reproduction
Fission
Gemmules
Fragmentation
Asexual - fission
Separation of 1 individual into 2 complete offspring (equal size). May separate or remain attached.
Eg: corals
Gemmules
Sponges-responsible for asexual reproduction
Asexual-Fragmentation-
adult breaks into pieces, all pieces become complete organisms.
Eg: annelids
Modes of sexual reproduction
Internal
External-eggs shed into env.
