Final

Question 1

consolidation

Answer 1

Brain forms a permanent representation of memory

Question 2

prefrontal area

Answer 2

Directs search strategy for retrieval in the hippocampus.

Question 3

Hippocampus. (role in memory)

Answer 3

stores information temporarily in the hippocampal formation, then over time, a more permanent memory is consolidated elsewhere in the brain.

Question 4

where does it appear most long term memories are stored

Answer 4

prefrontal cortex

Question 5

place cells

Answer 5

• Increase firing when an individual is in a specific location
  in an environment
  – Collectively form a “spatial map”
  – Dependent on environmental cues and landmarks
  – Also found in humans and primates

Question 6

schizophrenia

Answer 6

a debilitating disorder characterized by perceptual, emotional, and intellectual deficits that include loss of contact with reality and an inability to function in life.

Question 7

Hebb rule

Answer 7

If an axon of a presynaptic
neuron is active while the
postsynaptic neuron is firing,
the synapse will be
strengthened

Question 8

acute vs chronic symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 8

acute
_ Develop suddenly
– More responsive to treatment
– Prognosis reasonably good

chronic
- Symptoms develop gradually and persist for a long
time
– Poor prognosis

Question 9

vulnerability model

Answer 9

• Some threshold of causal forces must be exceeded in
  order for the illness to occur

– Environmental challenges combine with a person’s
genetic vulnerability to exceed that threshold

Question 10

hallucinations

Question 11

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 11

– Reduces depression by inducing a seizure
– Can be more effective than antidepressant drugs, but
short-lived
– Increases synchrony over large brain areas

Question 12

monoamine hypothesis of depression

Answer 12

• Depression involves reduced activity at
  norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
  – Effective antidepressant drugs increase the activity of
  NE and/or S

Question 13

bipolar disorder

Answer 13

Alternate between periods of depression and
mania
– Excess energy, decreased need for sleep and
increased sex drive and (often) drug use
– In some cases, a period of agitation replaces
mania

Question 14

nicotine’s effect on depression

Question 15

sleep (function, purpose, mechanisms, stages)

Answer 15

purpose: unclear
function:
mechanism:
stages:

Question 16

restorative hypothesis

Answer 16

Species with higher metabolic rates typically
spend more time in sleep

Question 17

adaptive hypothesis

Answer 17

The amount of sleep depends on the
availability of food and on safety
considerations

Question 18

circadian rhythm

Answer 18

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main “clock”

Question 19

zeitgeber

Answer 19

environmental stimuli that regulate
sleep/wake cycle

Question 20

sleep and learning

Question 21

REM rebound