Final

Question 1

Genes are composed of DNA and are linearly arranged on?

Answer 1

Chromosomes

Question 2

Genes specify the sequences of ____, which are the building blocks of proteins

Answer 2

Amino Acids

Question 3

The cellular process of transcription generates _____, a mobile molecular copy of one or more genes with an alphabet of ______

Answer 3

mRNA; A, C, G, U

Question 4

Translation of the mRNA template on ribosomes converts nucleotide-based genetic information into a?

Answer 4

Protein product

Question 5

Protein sequences consist of ____ commonly occurring amino acids

Answer 5

20

Question 6

Variation in amino acid sequence is responsible for the enormous variation in protein?

Answer 6

structure and function

Question 7

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the _______ which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins

Answer 7

Central dogma

Question 8

Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make ____ copies of this information for protein synthesis, while keeping the DNA itself intact and protected

Answer 8

mRNA

Question 9

Each amino acid is defined by a three-nucleotide sequence called the ____

Answer 9

triplet codon

Question 10

A given amino acid could be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet. This makes the genetic code ____

Answer 10

degenerate

Question 11

Amino acids must be specified by groups of ____ nucleotides

Answer 11

3

Question 12

These nucleotide triplets are called____

Answer 12

Codons

Question 13

The insertion of 1 or 2 nucleotides completely changed the triplet______ thereby altering the message for every subsequent amino acid

Answer 13

Reading frame

Question 14

How many codons instruct the addition of a specific amino acid too a polypeptide chain?

Answer 14

64

Question 15

How many codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

Triplet codons that terminate protein synthesis are know as?

Answer 16

stop codons

Question 17

Another codon, _____ also has a special function, In addition to specifying the amino acid _____ it also serves as the start codon to initiate translation

Answer 17

Avo; methionine

Question 18

The ______ for translation is set by the AUG start codon narthex 5’ end of the mRNA

Answer 18

Reading frame

Question 19

In transcription, following the start codon, the mRNA is read in groups of ___ until a stop codon is encountered

Answer 19

3

Question 20

Transcription is conservative. What does that mean?

Answer 20

DNA is copied, not used

Question 21

Segment of DNA encoding a particular protein called a ____

Answer 21

Gene

Question 22

Proteins are a specific sequence of ____

Answer 22

Amino acids

Question 23

In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a specific sequence within the gene, called the ______

Answer 23

promoter

Question 24

In transcription, the other strand is the non-template strand. It will not be used here. It is going in the _______ direction

Answer 24

5’ to 3’

Question 25

_____ reads TAC on the leading strand, going from 3’ to 5’ ash starts building mRNA

Answer 25

RNA polymerase

Question 26

RNA polymerase reached the end of the gene, termination occurs and the mRNA detaches from the gene and after a few quick modification during RNA processing. It will leave the _____ where all the genetic material is, move to the ______ where it will attach to a _____

Answer 26

Nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosome

Question 27

Where does translation occur

Answer 27

ribosome

Question 28

While the pre-mRNA is still being synthesized, a __________ is added to the ____ end of the growing transcript by a phosphate linkage

Answer 28

7-methylguanosine cap; 5’

Question 29

This functional group protects the nascent mRNA from _______

Answer 29

degradation

Question 30

Once elongation is complete, the pre-mRNA is cleaved by an _______ after the _____ sequence

Answer 30

endonuclease; AAUAAA

Question 31

An enzyme called ________ then adds a string of approximately 200 A residues, called the ______

Answer 31

Poly-A polymerase; Poly-A tail

Question 32

The modification of adding a poly-A tail further protects the pre-mRNA from ______ and is also the binding site for a protein necessary for exporting the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm

Answer 32

degradation

Question 33

The ____ pre-mRNA undergoes extensive processing before it is ready to be translated

Answer 33

eukaryotic

Question 34

Eukaryotic protein-coding sequences are not continuous, as they are in ______

Answer 34

prokaryotes