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Equine Rehab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The equine core is similar to

A

A bow and string - if back not conditioned that affects the are and vice versa

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2
Q

Describe the movement of the mid thoracic region

A

Limited flexion and extension, good axial rotation and lateral bending

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3
Q

Desambe the movement of the lumbar region

A

Limited axial rotation and lateral bending, good flexion and extension

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4
Q

What are the epaxial muscles

A

Iliocostalis, longisimus dosi, multifidus

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5
Q

What are the hypaxial muscles

A

Psoas major and psoas minor

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6
Q

What are dynamic mobilization exercises

A

Controlled range of motion exercises that recruit long mobilizing modes and deep stabilizing muscles to round or band the reck and back

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7
Q

What are benefits of dmes

A

Improve range of motion, flexibility , core strength and increase cross sectional area of deep spinal stabilizers

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8
Q

What are rounding exercises

A

Carrot stretches - nose to chest, knee, fetlock

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9
Q

What exercises can you do to flex the intervertebral joints

A

Rounding exercises / carrot stretches

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10
Q

What exercises are like crunches - abdomen controlled, back lifted

A

Ranting exercises / carrot stretches

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11
Q

Describe lateral bending/ cervical exercises

A

Nose to shoulder, girth and fetlock - also works axial rotation, if really flexible can go to stifle and hind fetlock (really works the abdamer)

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12
Q

What is important to remember about lateral bending cervical exercises

A

Keep ears parallel and at same height

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13
Q

What are example of dmes

A

Rounding exercises and lateral bending cervical exercises - carrot stretches

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14
Q

When do you do core strength training exercises and what are they for

A

Do these once horse is comfortable with dmes - targets postural muscles that affect balance and self carriage

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15
Q

What are benefits of core strength training exercises

A

Increase core strength, improve range of motion, improve flexibility

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16
Q

What are examples of core strength training exercises

A

Lateral pelvic bending, pelvic tucks, sternal lifts

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17
Q

Pelvic tucks help lift -

A

Thoracic spine

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18
Q

Sternal lifts mobilize the

A

Entire spine with pressure placed directly under the sternum

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19
Q

Describe resistance band training and the purpose

A

DMEs and core exercises while in motion - provides proproceptive feedback during motion

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20
Q

What muscles are recruited during resistance band training (in motion)

A

Abdominal and hind quarter muscles for core strength activation

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the hindquarters resistance band? What muscles are engaged

A

Raises and rounds the back, increases the pelvic limb protraction - engages the sublumar, hypaxial and epaxia muscles

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22
Q

Describe the belly resistance band - what muscles are engaged

A

Lifts the core - engages the abdominal, hypaxial and epoxies muscles

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23
Q

How should you start resistance band training

A

Start on lunge - remember to adjust pain before placing hindquarters band

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24
Q

What are prover effects of resistance band training

A

Reduced postural sway of the thoracolumbar spine at the trot , increased muscle tone and activation) increases dynamic stability in motion

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25
Q

How do resistance bands affect posture and core strength

A

Increased f/e and ROM, improves posture stability and activates core muscles

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26
Q

How does the horse maintain balance

A

Keeping center of mass stable

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27
Q

What are benefits of balancing exercises and what muscles are engaged

A

Increasing core mobilization , challenges neuromotor control - core muscles recruited to maintain balance

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28
Q

What is the goal of balancing exercises

A

Engage the hypaxials and epaxials to shift center of mass caudally, engage the pelvic stabilizer muscles and shift the center of mass laterally

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29
Q

Repetition of balance exercises leads to improved- and -

A

Balance and stability

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30
Q

What are examples of balancing exercises

A

Surefoot cushions, tail pulls, unstable surfaces /footing

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31
Q

What can you add to balance exercises to increase bachits

A

Add dmes to challenge balance, proprioception and control

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32
Q

What muscles do destabilizing exercises recruit

A

Stabilizers - challenge balance

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33
Q

What is required for ground pole and cavaletti exercises

A

High level of neuromotor training activity, coordination and self carriage

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34
Q

What are benefits of ground pole and cavaletti exercises

A

Challenges proprioception , test neuromotor control, activate core muscles

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35
Q

What patients benefit from ground pole and cavaletti exercises

A

Neurologic patients

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36
Q

What do caveletti exercises do for the horse and its musculature

A

Encourages hose to relax and lower head, promotes flexion of thoracic spine , pelvic limb flexion promotes lumbar and gluteal muscle contraction

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37
Q

Trotting with cavaleti poles has what benefit

A

Improves limb flexion engages core and lifts the back

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38
Q

Cavaletti poles on an incline conditions

A

Pelvic musculature

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39
Q

Cavaletti poles on a decline improves

A

Dynamic balance

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40
Q

What are 5 questions to ask yourself when designing a rehab plan

A

What is the injury
What treatments are planned
Where will the rehab take place
Who will be doing the rehab
Now often do we want to recheck our horse

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41
Q

What injuries necessitate stall rest

A

Surgery, fractures , grade 4+ lameness

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42
Q

When can you transition from stall rest to regular turnout ? What is important to remember

A

Once back in full work - pasture may not be suitable anymore depending on type of injury

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43
Q

What does the fast track rehabilitative orthotic do

A

Can set a dial to control flexion and extension of that limb as the horse rehabs from an injury - good for things like suspensory ligament injuries

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44
Q

Should you return a horse with a fetlock injury to hilly pasture

A

Probably not

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45
Q

What is important to consider when deciding between tackwalking and handwalking

A

Degree of lameness, type of injury , weight of rider

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46
Q

What is the risk of larger riders

A

Can induce temporary lameness and behaviors consistent with musculoskeletal pain in horses that are baseline sound

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47
Q

What are ways to achieve weightlessness in a horse

A

Underwater treadmill, swimming pools

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48
Q

Ideally you want the rider -

A

Centered on the horses center of gravity

49
Q

What are rules of rehabbing soft tissue injuries like suspensory branch injuries

A

All trot and center work should be in intervals with walk breaks in between (30 second trot 30 second walk), flat terrain, good footing, no small circles

50
Q

When can soft tissue injuries return to jumping

A

Gradually -start with 2 day a week and small jumps

51
Q

What is the average time for rehabbing soft tissue injuries

A

30 weeks or so - take it slow with these, handwalking for at least 9 weeks with smallpaddock turnout then gradually increase

52
Q

What are rules for rehabbing post surgery like OCD arthroscopy

A

Strict stall rest for 5 weeks or so post surgery, imaging and soundness dictate a return to work

53
Q

What is the average rehab time for a post surgical injury

A

14 weeks or so (half the time for a soft tissue injury)

54
Q

What are mechanical restraint options while rehabbing a horse

A

Chain over nose or under lip/chin, regular lead over nose, regular lead plus chain lead

55
Q

What are options for chemical restraint during rehab

A

Acepromazine, trazadone,, alpha 2 agonists ( xylazine or dematomidine), reserpine

56
Q

What is important to remember when using reserpine during rehab

A

You can not use reserpine with other sedatives or anesthetics leave it will cause profound hypertension then death

57
Q

What are side effects of trazodone

A

Over sedation, muscle fasiculations , transient armithmias

58
Q

What ave side effects of reserpine

A

Colic, hypotension ,over sedation, divine, sweating, respiratory depression

59
Q

What is the with down time for reserpine

A

90 days

60
Q

What are side effects of acepromazine

A

Paraphinosis - inability to retrat penis

61
Q

Describe the philosophy of equine nutrition

A

Appropriate forge and concentrate should negate the need for supplements - but can argue either way

62
Q

What are NRC requirements that commercial feeds must meet for specified classes of horse

A

Minimum suggestions to prevent classic deficiencies (poor growth, metabolic bone disease)

63
Q

What are NRC specified classes of horse

A

Growing, breading, maintenance, performance

64
Q

What are researched feed diets for the NRC based on

A

Mostly thoroughbreds and quarter horses - which is why this is really an issue (warmblood needs are different)

65
Q

What are stucture/function claims limited to for feed supplements

A

General health, skin and coat, digestive health or other broad health categories

66
Q

Feeds and feed supplements follow -

A

Aafco guidelines

67
Q

Feeds and feed supplements follow -

A

Aafco ( American association of feed control officials) guidelines

68
Q

Feeds and feed supplements follow -

A

Aafco ( American association of feed control officials) guidelines

69
Q

What are vitamin E supplements good for

A

Equine motor disease, post exercise muscle damage, poor fertility, nerve degeneration

70
Q
  • Ingredients are denoted with an asteroix on the guaranteed analysis for feed supplements
A

Nonessential

71
Q

Ingredients are typically listed

A

In descending weight but not required for horses

72
Q

Can feed supplements state supplement

A

Yes

73
Q

Can non feed supplements state supplement

A

No

74
Q

What are examples of non feed supplements

A

Joint support, calming, antioxidants, immune support

75
Q

Do non feed supplements have a guaranteed analysis

A

No

76
Q

What are examples of feed supplements

A

Hoof supplements, treats, vitamins/minerals

77
Q

What do non feed supplements follow

A

Dosage form animal health products labeling

78
Q

Is the final product of a nonfeed supplement tested

A

No- only the individual products are tested

79
Q

Is the final product of a nonfeed supplement tested

A

No- only the individual products are tested

80
Q

Can non feed supplements say they prevent or cure disease

A

Nope

81
Q

Differentiate between regulation of feed supplements verses non feed supplements

A

Feed supplements - aafco, premarket approval or GRAS
Nun feed supplement- NASC, FDA considers this a new drug so must submit a new animal drug form

82
Q

Aafco works with - who conducts on products

A

Works with PDA who conducts surveillance on products approved by aafco

83
Q

What does NASC do

A

Establish labelling guidelines with the FDA and AAFCO, supplement companies can join this nonprofit if trey follow all the rules - supplements from NASC are good!

84
Q

What are some health concerns related to performance horse nutrition

A

Gastric ulcers, joint stress, muscle soreness, poor appetite, behavior

85
Q

What type of qualifications do supplement companies need to pass to be in nafco

A

Have a quality control manual , have an adverse event report system, follow guidelines, pass a 3rd party audit Evan 2 years I pass random inspections , participate in continuing education

86
Q

Who is the national governing body for equine sports

A

United States equine federation

87
Q

Give an example of an unapproved nsaid in performance horse,

A

Meloxicam

88
Q

Can performance horses use pergolide (a dopamine agonist)

A

Prohibited due to drug class despite being a vital daily med, 24 hour withdrawal period and medication report form required but there is a therapeutic use exemption owners can apply for which is good for 3 years

89
Q

Are bisphosphanates allowed in performance horses (tildren and osphos)

A

Only if FDA approved I horse is at least 4 years old, medical report form is requested and withdrawal time of 28 days

90
Q

What is the only steroid drug allowed for therapeutic use in performance horses

A

Dexmethasone

91
Q

What are the rules of dexmethasone (steroid) use in performance horse,

A

No more than 5 consecutive days and the allowable plasma level is 0.5 ng/ml (1mg/100lb over 12 hours before the show for oral und iv/im)

92
Q

What is the exception to steroid usein performance horses

A

You con use it over 6 hours before the show if being used for hives at 0.5 mg/100lbs

93
Q

Are anabolic steroid, allowed in performance horses

A

No - long withdrawal times (Dexmethasone the only one allowed)

94
Q

Are short acting sedatives / tranquilizers like xylazine , acepromazine, butorphanal allowed in performance horses

A

Allowed with a medication report form but can not be given within 24 hours of a show

95
Q

Are local anesthetic allowed in performance horses (lidocaine, procaine, etc)

A

With a medication report form

96
Q

Can a horse receive shockwave therapy before show

A

Prohibited, can not be used within 3 days of a show Tre only exception is for the backand pelvis up to 12 hours before the show

97
Q

Is sedation allowed for performance horses

A

Requires a mediation report form and can not be given within 24 hours of a show

98
Q

When do you submit a medication reporting form

A

Within one hour of giving a drug and most be done online

99
Q

Can performance horses have IA injections

A

Not within 4 days of a show and if the horse is under 2 years then not within 30 days

100
Q

What is the rule for injections in performance horses

A

None within 12 hours of a show unless, it is IV fluids, Dexmethasone or antibiotics but no procaine penicillin

101
Q

Can you use kinesiology tape or adhesives on a mounted horse

A

No

102
Q

What is regenerative medicine in simple terms

A

Using the bodies own cells to gereste new tissue rather than allowing scar tissue formation

103
Q

What is ILI

A

Cytokine that promotes healing made from the liver

104
Q

IL 4 and IL 10 are

A

Antinfimmatory cytokines

105
Q

Why blood biologic products?

A

Plasma proteins, exosomes, platelets

106
Q

What is the benefits of platelet

A

Promotes early wound healing, secretes gram factors within 1 hour, secrete proteins. For 5-10 days the macrophages promote wound healing

107
Q

What is the pros and cons of giving monocytes with or blood products

A

Monocytes modulate inflammation but they can’t be separated from neutrophils which are bad for lite reading and on case hemolysis of RBCs

108
Q

Describe platelet rich plasma (prp)

A

Enriched platelets from whole blood with fibrinogen / potent sauce of growth factors, can do patient side - goal is to avoid RBC contamination and WBC enriched (lprp)

109
Q

What is the ideal blood based product

A

High platelet, low WBC and RBC from a patient in an anti inflammatory state (young , healthy, uninjured)

110
Q

It is important that platelets are not - before being concentrated in blood based products

A

Platelet not activated is important

111
Q

PRP is the some short term as - and - but better long tem

A

Hydralamic acid and corticosteroids

112
Q

PRP combined with - was better than PRP alone

A

Combo with corticosteroids

113
Q
  • Degrades quickly when PRP is frozen
A

IL I - loses potency very quickly

114
Q

Freezing L PRP is not recommended because

A

Professes ave released from the WBC

115
Q

What are benefits of mesyhmal stem cells

A

Generate new tissue, anti apoptosis, trophic functions, supplies collagen and gram factors

116
Q

Does bone marrow stem cell therapy help treat require OA or sonorities

A

No-actually made the synovitis worse

117
Q

On you use bone marrow stem cells on a soft hin injury with calcificados

A

No absolutely not-will increase bone formation

118
Q

On you use bone marrow stem cells on a soft hin injury with calcificados

A

No absolutely not-will increase bone formation

Equine Rehab (3 decks)

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