final !

Question 1

what are the 6 components of health-related fitness

Answer 1

cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, skeletal strength

Question 2

6 components of skill-related fitness

Answer 2

coordination, balance, agility, speed, power, reaction time

Question 3

PROVIDE SEVERAL HEALTH-RELATED STATISTICS
SUPPORTING THE NEED FOR DAILY VIGOROUS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

Answer 3

According to the Surgeon General’s report, the number of overweight
children has doubled and the number of overweight adolescents has tripled since 1980; the CDC warns that one in three children born is 2000 will become diabetic
unless they start exercising more and eating less; The CDC warns that we may be seeing the first generation of children who will not
outlive their parents

Question 3

DESCRIBE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
EXERCISE

Answer 3

Reduces feelings of depression and anxiety and promotes psychological well-being; Children who are more fit generally have greater self-confidence and self-
esteem; Participation in rigorous physical activity reduces stress; Participation in regular physical activity is associated with improvements in
sleep patterns.

Question 4

PROVIDE A STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE NEED
FOR SKILL-RELATED FITNESS DEVELOPMENT WITHIN
THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Answer 4

Windows of opportunity – critical
periods; Children who possess the basic motor skills develop confidence and are
more likely to seek out
opportunities

Question 5

PROVIDE SEVERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PROFICIENT MOTOR SKILLS DURING CHILDHOOD

Answer 5

Children with confidence in motor skills are more likely to seek out
physical challenges.
 Proficiency in fundamental movement skills increases the likelihood
of success in novel endeavors.
 Development of fundamental motor skills and confidence in abilities in
the psychomotor domain will increase the likelihood of an active
lifestyle, perhaps into the adult years.

Question 6

explain what is meant by “windows of opportunity” for optimizing neural circuitry

Answer 6

at birth humans have the most “potential” to learn because not all neural wiring has been completed

Question 7

explain how heredity and environmental influences can
affect the physical and cognitive development of children

Answer 7

Children inherit a timetable regarding rates of
physical growth, as well as neural maturation.
 Beginning with prenatal development, the environment interacts with inherited factors to
shape the physical and cognitive development of children. In essence, early experiences can
actually affect the neural structure of a developing organism.
 nature-nurture relationship

Question 7

How does the development of myelin affect motor skill acquisition?

Answer 7

myelinated axons result in faster transmission times and increase in neuronal fire power with less fatigue. myelination is crucial to the acquisition of motor skills and myelin development can affect the availability to track moving objects and catch a ball

Question 8

define: CNS, PNS, Afferent Neurons, Efferent Neurons, Soma, Dendrites, Axon

Answer 8

CNS: central nervous system; responsible for making decisions based on sensory information
from the body’s environment. PNS: peripheral nervous system; neural network between organs,
muscles and glands. Afferent neurons: info from PNS delivered to CNS. Efferent neurons: info
from CNS to muscles and glands. Soma: cell body of a neuron. Dendrite: nerve fibers that send
and receive messages. Axon: carries signals away from soma to other cells.

Question 9

Describe what is meant by “activated motor units.”

Answer 9

When the neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers associated with that neuron will contract

Question 9

What is a Neuromuscular Unit?

Answer 9

A motoneuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 9

Why is exercise during the pediatric and
adolescent years so important for bone
development?

Answer 9

There appears to be critical periods in developing strong bones, to the extent that adults after about 30 years of age have a much more difficult time building strong dense
bones.

Question 9

Differentiate the development of fat mass in children
versus adults, in terms of hypertrophy and hyperplasia
of cells

Answer 9

Children gain body fat through an increase in the size of the fat cells (hypertrophy) as well as
an increase in the number of fat cells (hyperplasia).
 After adolescence however, fat mass is gained almost exclusively by increasing the size of the
cells that were accumulated during childhood

Question 10

Define Edomorphic, Ectomorphic, and Mesomorphic

Answer 10

Endomorph-round or pudgy, pear shaped in appearance
 Ectomorph- thin, lanky
 Mesomorph- muscular

Question 11

Children with which somatotype(s) are generally at
advantageous or disadvantage for acquiring motor skills?

Answer 11

children with a mesomorphic
somatotype have been shown to be at an advantage for physical activity and skill acquisition. Mesomorphic elementary-aged children appear to have an advantage even in
activities requiring long-distance running.
 For the most part, children with an endomorphic somatotype are at a disadvantage for physical
activity, and for acquiring new motor skills. The additional adipose tissue makes fitness activities
as well as skilled physical movement more difficult and thus demotivating

Question 12

Define: Aerobic Power; Stroke Volume, Basal
Metabolic Rate; Cephalocaudal Progression; Proximodistal
Progression, Gross to Fine Progression

Answer 12

Aerobic Power - Basically this refers to how well the body can take in and utilize oxygen.
 Stroke Volume - The amount of blood pushed through the heart per stroke. Children have a lower stroke volume than adults, primarily because they have a smaller heart muscle. This results in a higher heart rate than adults.
 Basal Metabolic Rate – A child’s metabolism is much faster than an adult. Children will naturally have higher heart rates, burn calories faster, and need to eat more often than adults
Cephalocaudal – Growth proceeds
longitudinally from the head to the feet
 Proximodistal – Growth proceeds from the center of the body toward the periphery.
 Gross to Fine – Skill acquisition generally takes place on a developmental continuum from the acquisition of gross motor skills to more fine motor control. This continuum is related to the maturation of the nervous system as well as physical practice.

Question 12

Motor Control

Answer 12

A long-term change in the performance of motor skills as a
result of the maturation of the underlying biological systems involved in movement

Question 12

Motor Learning

Answer 12

A long-term change in the performance of a motor skill
resulting from practice and/or experience

Question 13

Motor Development

Answer 13

Changes in motor skill ability as a result of the biological, and behavioral, changes associated with a developing organism

Question 13

Growth

Answer 13

A change in size or quantity

Question 13

Maturation

Answer 13

Qualitative changes in motor performance dependent upon a
genetic timetable for motor control as well as experience and practice

Question 13

Readiness

Answer 13

Level of maturation that prepares an individual to acquire a
skill or understanding. Very skill and/or concept dependent.

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

The process of altering physiology and/or behavior in order to
optimize survival in a changing environment

Question 14

Critical Period

Answer 14

An optimal time period for the development of specific processes and behaviors

Question 14

Neural Recruitment

Answer 14

neural adaptation

Question 14

The learning and subsequent performance of skilled movement relies on 4 basis elements. Explain

Answer 14

Sensation- Refers to the stimulation of sensory receptors.  Perception- The interpretation of sensory information.  Response Selection - The determination of a response based upon available skills.  Response Execution - The extent to which one can successfully perform a planned movement.

Question 14

Provide the 5 perceptual modalities

Answer 14

visual, tactual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory; kinesthesis is the 6th

Question 15

which 2 are arguably the most important to learning a motor skill

Answer 15

vision and kinesthesis

Question 15

Explain the following concepts: (a) Attention is Limited; (b) Attention is performed in a serial manner

Answer 15

Attention is limited- An individual capacity exists.  Attention is apparently performed in a serial manner, suggesting that individuals attend to one thing and then another and it is often quite difficult (sometimes impossible) to combine certain activities (Schmidt, 1988)

Question 15

What is the difference between Static Visual Acuity and Dynamic Visual Acuity? When are adult levels for each of these reached?

Answer 15

static- clearness of vision in situation where minimal physical movement exists in the child and the object being viewed is stationary. adult level typically btwn 1-5 y/o dynamic- clearness of vision regarding moving objects. adult level reached around 12 y/o

Question 16

define the following: body awareness, spatial awareness, directional awareness, vestibular awareness, rhythmic awareness

Answer 16

Body Awareness- Also referred to as body knowledge, body concept, or body schema. The awareness of the capabilities of various body parts and their relationship to movement. This awareness also refers to ability to name and locate various body parts which is associated with the development of verbal skills.  Spatial Awareness- The general sense of exactly where the body is in relationship to the external environment. The sense space needed for mobility. Practice and instruction has been shown to result in significant improvement in spatial awareness even in preschool-age children Directional Awareness- Involves the perceptual distinction of the 2 sides of the body. Laterality is a dimension of directional awareness. It involves the independent and coordinated use of the limbs. Also associated with spatial awareness.  Vestibular Awareness- Required for balance. Prerequisite to proficient postural control is the integration of anatomical and neurological functions, including the development of the skeletal, muscular, sensory, and motor systems. Vestibular awareness includes features related to both static and dynamic features of balance tasks.  Rhythmic Awareness- Creating or maintaining a temporal pattern which is internally initiated or matched to an external tempo. The sense of rhythm is associated with coincident timing abilities with regard to prediction of rhythmical patterns. Great improvement in the ability to keep time (to music) between 2 & 6 years.

Question 16

Define and provide the age of peak performance of the following: preceptual consistency, spatial orientation, figure-ground perception, depth perception, peripheral vision, perception of movement, coincident timing

Answer 16

Perceptual Constancy- Refers to the ability to recognize an objects regardless of the angle of orientation or distance. Adult-like abilities are typically not fully attained until children are about 10 to 11 years old.  Spatial Orientation- The ability to perceive the orientation of objects, boundary lines, and body parts regardless of the point of reference. More difficult aspects of spatial orientation (including right/left and mirror image reversals) do not appear to reach adult levels in most children until about the age of 8 years Figure-Ground Perception- The ability to isolate an object from its surrounding background. Although rapid improvement takes place between ages 4 and 8, capabilities continue to improve between the ages of approximately 13 to 18 years old.  Depth Perception- The ability to judge the distance of an object from one’s self is referred to an absolute distance, where the ability to judge the distance between two objects is referred to a relative distance. Although it appears that some depth perception capabilities are present in infants, adult-like levels are not reached until about 12 years of age. Peripheral Vision- The extent of the environment that can be seen without changing the fixation of the eyes on a pre-established focal point. With the eyes fixated on a point straight ahead most adults have about a 180 degree lateral visual field, with a vertical field of vision of about 47 degrees above and 65 degrees below the midline of the focal point. While marked improvements are reached in the 5 year old, lateral peripheral vision may not peak until the age of 35!

Question 17

Differentiate between Kinesthetic Acuity and Kinesthetic Memory

Answer 17

Kinesthetic Acuity- The ability to detect differences in characteristics of objects, as well as location of body parts. Examples include differentiating qualities such as weight, location, distance, force, speed, and acceleration.  Kinesthetic Memory- The ability to reproduce specific movements of the body (without visual cues).  Acuity improves earlier than memory

Question 17

Explain the Information Processing Model of Memory

Answer 17

Humans are “processors,” therefore humans store, code, and retrieve information similar to a computer.  Sensation  Short-Term Sensory Store  Short-Term Memory  Long-Term Memory  Recall

Question 17

According to James (1890) Attention is what?

Answer 17

Attention - The “focalization and concentration of consciousness”

Question 18

Explain the following concepts: (a) Attention is Limited; (b) Attention is performed in a serial manner

Answer 18

Attention is limited- An individual capacity exists.  Attention is apparently performed in a serial manner, suggesting that individuals attend to one thing and then another and it is often quite difficult (sometimes impossible) to combine certain activities

Question 18

Explain the three basic concepts associated with attention and motor behavior

Answer 18

Attention involves alertness and preparation of the motor system to produce a response. An inverted U relationship exists between Arousal and Performance, such that an optimal state of arousal results in the best performance and the best state related to attention abilities.  Attention is related to an individual capacity to process information.  The successful performance of a motor task requires selective attention, the ability to select and attend to meaningful information

Question 19

How can divided attention affect the performance of a task?

Answer 19

Because capacity is believed to be limited, interference could occur if more than one activity requires the same resources.  Interference could result in:  Loss of speed or quality in the performance of one of the activities.  Both activities could be affected.  The second activity could be ignored.

Question 19

Provide the stages of selective attention according to Ross (over-exclusive, overinclusive, & selective attention)

Answer 19

The Overexclusive Mode of Selective Attention is associated with children 2 to 5 years old. At this age children most often pay exclusive attention to one stimuli in a display (often at the expense of relative information), but are more easily distracted than older children.  The Overinclusive Mode of Selective Attention is associated with children 6 to 11 years old. This age child will typically attend to several features in a display, many of which are irrelevant.  Selective Attention usually develops by early adolescence. At this age individuals are capable of attending to relevant stimuli in displays of varying complexity.

Question 20

provide the domains of physical education

Answer 20

cognitive, affective, psychomotor (skill and health related)

Question 20

differentiated the fundamental skills approach from the sports model approach to PE

Answer 20

sports model- development of selected # of sport units reflecting trad sports fundamental skills- contemporary perspective that kids should develop motor skills, physical fitness, movement awareness, knowledge to transcend a variety of endeavors

Question 20

provide categories of the fundamental movement skills and movement awareness

Answer 20

fundamental locomotor skills_ walking, running, hopping, etc fundamental non-locomotor skills- dodging, stretching, pushing, pulling, etc manipulative skills- ball rolling, throwing, striking, kicking movement awareness- body/spatial awareness, directional, rhythmic, vestibular awareness

Question 20

List the 6 components of Skill-Related fitness and the 6 components of Health-Related Fitness

Answer 20

Skill related: agility, coordination, balance, power, speed, reaction time. Health-related: cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.

Question 21

Provide several Affective, Cognitive, and Psychomotor Objectives of a Quality Elementary School Physical Education program

Answer 21

Instruction of a variety of motor skills to enhance child and adolescent development, fitness education and assessment for understanding physical well-being, opportunities to improve social and cooperative skills, opportunities to increase the value placed on physical activity for health, enjoyment, self-expression, and confidence.

Question 22

List the National Standards for Physical Education

Answer 22

S1- the physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns. S2- the physically literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics related to movement and performance. S3- the physically literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness. S4- the physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others. S5- the physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction.

Question 22

DIFFERENTIATE HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS FROM PERFORMANCE-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS

Answer 22

A health-related physical fitness should focus on activities designed to improve aspects of physiological function that offer an optimal quality of life, including ease of movement and motor function, and decreased risk diseases which result from a sedentary lifestyle. * Performance related physical fitness programs/activities are designed to enhance physical ability related to the performance of a specific athletic endeavor. These types of activities should not be included in the general physical education curriculum, nor are they recommended as activities to be used by classroom teachers.

Question 22

EXPLAIN HOW TO OPTIMIZE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FREQUENCY, INTENSITY, AND DURATION OF EXERCISE FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Answer 22

Frequency- Children at the elementary school level should exercise everyday, or at least most days of the week. * Intensity- Children naturally have higher resting heart rates than their adult counterparts. Healthy resting heart rates for children can range from 60 to 90 beats per minute. This higher heart rate makes up for children’s lower stroke volume (resulting from naturally smaller hearts). During intense exercise, a child’s heart rate can speed to 200 beats per minute. * While research on adults suggests an optimal exercise intensity of about 60% to 80% of maximal heart rate for cardiovascular fitness activities, currently there is very little research to predict an optimal training intensity for cardiovascular improvement in preadolescent children.

Question 22

EXPLAIN HOW PRE-PUBESCENT CHILDREN GAIN MUSCULAR STRENGTH IN RESPONSE TO AN EXERCISE PROGRAM, DESPITE VERY LITTLE INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THEIR MUSCLES

Answer 22

As the result of an exercise program, preadolescent children do not gain strength through an increase in the size of muscular tissue, instead, children gain strength through adaptive changes in the neurological system in response to an appropriate regular exercise program.

Question 23

PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING AN EXERCISE PROGRAM DESIGNED TO INCREASE YOUR STUDENTS’ MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

Answer 23

Provide resistance to a specific muscle group to the extent that the child can do several repetitions of an activity, but become fatigued by the last repetition. * Provide activities, which work several muscle groups (e.g., upper body, lower body, back, and abdominal area). * Allowing for a day of rest of the particular muscle group worked may be optimal

Question 24

SHOULD CHILDREN ENGAGE IN RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISE? EXPLAIN WHY OR WHY NOT

Answer 24

Appropriate resistance exercises using resistance bands, or light weights can help children develop strength relative to the muscles worked

Question 24

define flexibility

Answer 24

the range of motion at a joint

Question 24

PROVIDE SEVERAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING FLEXIBILITY AND REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF INJURY

Answer 24

Only perform flexibility exercises when the muscles are warm. Muscles can be warmed through a low intensity, cardiovascular exercise. * Do not engage in ballistic or bouncing activities

Question 25

WHAT IS MEANT BY BODY COMPOSITION

Answer 25

the proportion of fat and fat-free mass in the body. A healthy body composition is one that includes a lower proportion of body fat and a higher proportion of fat-free mass

Question 26

WHAT TYPES OF EXERCISES IMPROVE BODY COMPOSITION

Answer 26

Aerobic activity of significant duration will utilize fat directly as part of the metabolic process involved in providing energy for prolonged exercise. * Resistance training will tone muscle, build muscle mass, and increase metabolism thus increasing caloric expenditure

Question 26

PROVIDE SEVERAL GUIDELINES FOR CREATING A POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD PHYSICAL FITNESS

Answer 26

Teachers should be good role models in staying physically fit, themselves. * Parental involvement should be encouraged Embarrassment should be avoided * Activities should be motivating to students. * A wide variety of activities should be offered.

Question 26

DEFINE CURRICULUM, SCOPE, SEQUENCE, & BALANCE

Answer 26

Curriculum refers to the means and materials with which students will interact for the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes scope: Yearly content of your curriculum. In the elementary and early childhood programs the scope should be very broad, covering as many activities as possible, rather than focusing on in-depth coverage of only a few selected areas sequence: The order in which the content will be taught balance: Pre-established program objectives will determine the amount of coverage required in specific content areas

Question 27

EXPLAIN SEVERAL OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL EDUCATION/ACTIVITY OBJECTIVES

Answer 27

Determine the number of days you actually have class. * For elementary students, reserve the first week for the development of classroom management skills * Plan time for assessment. * Plan for rainy days.

Question 28

DEVELOPING OBJECTIVES

Answer 28

Objectives should be measurable. * Long-term (yearly), Short-term (instructional unit), and daily objectives should be developed. * Objectives should reflect all behavioral domains

Question 28

WHY ARE WRITTEN OBJECTIVES VALUABLE

Answer 28

1. Objectives keep the lesson focused for the teacher as well as the student. 2. Objectives provide criteria for assessment. 3. Objectives provide for accountability. 4. Objectives help to keep parents as well as administrators and other faculty aware of the importance of their class