final ! Flashcards
cumulative
what are the 6 components of health-related fitness
cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, skeletal strength
6 components of skill-related fitness
coordination, balance, agility, speed, power, reaction time
PROVIDE SEVERAL HEALTH-RELATED STATISTICS
SUPPORTING THE NEED FOR DAILY VIGOROUS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
According to the Surgeon General’s report, the number of overweight
children has doubled and the number of overweight adolescents has tripled since 1980; the CDC warns that one in three children born is 2000 will become diabetic
unless they start exercising more and eating less; The CDC warns that we may be seeing the first generation of children who will not
outlive their parents
DESCRIBE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
EXERCISE
Reduces feelings of depression and anxiety and promotes psychological well-being; Children who are more fit generally have greater self-confidence and self-
esteem; Participation in rigorous physical activity reduces stress; Participation in regular physical activity is associated with improvements in
sleep patterns.
PROVIDE A STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE NEED
FOR SKILL-RELATED FITNESS DEVELOPMENT WITHIN
THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM
Windows of opportunity – critical
periods; Children who possess the basic motor skills develop confidence and are
more likely to seek out
opportunities
PROVIDE SEVERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PROFICIENT MOTOR SKILLS DURING CHILDHOOD
Children with confidence in motor skills are more likely to seek out
physical challenges.
Proficiency in fundamental movement skills increases the likelihood
of success in novel endeavors.
Development of fundamental motor skills and confidence in abilities in
the psychomotor domain will increase the likelihood of an active
lifestyle, perhaps into the adult years.
explain what is meant by “windows of opportunity” for optimizing neural circuitry
at birth humans have the most “potential” to learn because not all neural wiring has been completed
explain how heredity and environmental influences can
affect the physical and cognitive development of children
Children inherit a timetable regarding rates of
physical growth, as well as neural maturation.
Beginning with prenatal development, the environment interacts with inherited factors to
shape the physical and cognitive development of children. In essence, early experiences can
actually affect the neural structure of a developing organism.
nature-nurture relationship
How does the development of myelin affect motor skill acquisition?
myelinated axons result in faster transmission times and increase in neuronal fire power with less fatigue. myelination is crucial to the acquisition of motor skills and myelin development can affect the availability to track moving objects and catch a ball
define: CNS, PNS, Afferent Neurons, Efferent Neurons, Soma, Dendrites, Axon
CNS: central nervous system; responsible for making decisions based on sensory information
from the body’s environment. PNS: peripheral nervous system; neural network between organs,
muscles and glands. Afferent neurons: info from PNS delivered to CNS. Efferent neurons: info
from CNS to muscles and glands. Soma: cell body of a neuron. Dendrite: nerve fibers that send
and receive messages. Axon: carries signals away from soma to other cells.
Describe what is meant by “activated motor units.”
When the neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers associated with that neuron will contract
What is a Neuromuscular Unit?
A motoneuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Why is exercise during the pediatric and
adolescent years so important for bone
development?
There appears to be critical periods in developing strong bones, to the extent that adults after about 30 years of age have a much more difficult time building strong dense
bones.
Differentiate the development of fat mass in children
versus adults, in terms of hypertrophy and hyperplasia
of cells
Children gain body fat through an increase in the size of the fat cells (hypertrophy) as well as
an increase in the number of fat cells (hyperplasia).
After adolescence however, fat mass is gained almost exclusively by increasing the size of the
cells that were accumulated during childhood
Define Edomorphic, Ectomorphic, and Mesomorphic
Endomorph-round or pudgy, pear shaped in appearance
Ectomorph- thin, lanky
Mesomorph- muscular
Children with which somatotype(s) are generally at
advantageous or disadvantage for acquiring motor skills?
children with a mesomorphic
somatotype have been shown to be at an advantage for physical activity and skill acquisition. Mesomorphic elementary-aged children appear to have an advantage even in
activities requiring long-distance running.
For the most part, children with an endomorphic somatotype are at a disadvantage for physical
activity, and for acquiring new motor skills. The additional adipose tissue makes fitness activities
as well as skilled physical movement more difficult and thus demotivating
Define: Aerobic Power; Stroke Volume, Basal
Metabolic Rate; Cephalocaudal Progression; Proximodistal
Progression, Gross to Fine Progression
Aerobic Power - Basically this refers to how well the body can take in and utilize oxygen.
Stroke Volume - The amount of blood pushed through the heart per stroke. Children have a lower stroke volume than adults, primarily because they have a smaller heart muscle. This results in a higher heart rate than adults.
Basal Metabolic Rate – A child’s metabolism is much faster than an adult. Children will naturally have higher heart rates, burn calories faster, and need to eat more often than adults
Cephalocaudal – Growth proceeds
longitudinally from the head to the feet
Proximodistal – Growth proceeds from the center of the body toward the periphery.
Gross to Fine – Skill acquisition generally takes place on a developmental continuum from the acquisition of gross motor skills to more fine motor control. This continuum is related to the maturation of the nervous system as well as physical practice.
Motor Control
A long-term change in the performance of motor skills as a
result of the maturation of the underlying biological systems involved in movement
Motor Learning
A long-term change in the performance of a motor skill
resulting from practice and/or experience
Motor Development
Changes in motor skill ability as a result of the biological, and behavioral, changes associated with a developing organism
Growth
A change in size or quantity
Maturation
Qualitative changes in motor performance dependent upon a
genetic timetable for motor control as well as experience and practice
Readiness
Level of maturation that prepares an individual to acquire a
skill or understanding. Very skill and/or concept dependent.
Adaptation
The process of altering physiology and/or behavior in order to
optimize survival in a changing environment
Critical Period
An optimal time period for the development of specific
processes and behaviors
Neural Recruitment
neural adaptation
The learning and subsequent performance of skilled
movement relies on 4 basis elements. Explain
Sensation- Refers to the stimulation of sensory receptors.
Perception- The interpretation of sensory information.
Response Selection - The determination of a response based upon available skills.
Response Execution - The extent to which one can successfully
perform a planned movement.
Provide the 5 perceptual modalities
visual, tactual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory; kinesthesis is the 6th
which 2 are arguably the most important to learning a motor skill
vision and kinesthesis
Explain the following concepts: (a)
Attention is Limited; (b) Attention is
performed in a serial manner
Attention is limited- An individual capacity exists.
Attention is apparently performed in a serial manner, suggesting that individuals attend to one thing and then another and it is often quite difficult (sometimes impossible)
to combine certain activities (Schmidt, 1988)
What is the difference between Static Visual Acuity and
Dynamic Visual Acuity? When are adult levels for each of
these reached?
static- clearness of vision in situation where minimal physical movement exists in the child and the object being viewed is stationary. adult level typically btwn 1-5 y/o
dynamic- clearness of vision regarding moving objects. adult level reached around 12 y/o
define the following: body awareness, spatial awareness, directional awareness, vestibular awareness, rhythmic awareness
Body Awareness- Also referred to as body knowledge, body concept, or body schema. The awareness of the capabilities of various body parts and their relationship to movement. This awareness also refers to ability to name and locate various body parts which is associated with the development of verbal skills.
Spatial Awareness- The general sense of exactly where the body is in relationship to the external environment. The sense space needed for mobility. Practice and instruction has been shown to result in significant improvement in spatial awareness even in preschool-age children
Directional Awareness- Involves the perceptual distinction of the 2 sides of the body. Laterality is a dimension of directional awareness. It involves the independent and coordinated use of the limbs. Also associated with spatial awareness.
Vestibular Awareness- Required for balance. Prerequisite to proficient postural control is the integration of anatomical and neurological functions, including the
development of the skeletal, muscular, sensory, and motor systems. Vestibular awareness includes features related to both static and dynamic features of balance tasks.
Rhythmic Awareness- Creating or maintaining a temporal pattern which is internally initiated or matched to an external tempo. The sense of rhythm is associated with coincident timing abilities with regard to prediction of rhythmical patterns. Great improvement in the ability to keep time (to music) between 2 & 6 years.
Define and provide the age of peak performance of the
following: preceptual consistency, spatial orientation, figure-ground perception, depth perception, peripheral vision, perception of movement, coincident timing
Perceptual Constancy- Refers to the ability to recognize an objects regardless of the angle of orientation or distance. Adult-like abilities are typically not fully attained until children are about 10 to 11 years old.
Spatial Orientation- The ability to perceive the orientation of objects, boundary lines, and body parts regardless of the point of reference. More difficult aspects of spatial orientation (including right/left and mirror image reversals) do not appear to reach adult levels in most children until about the age of 8 years
Figure-Ground Perception- The ability to isolate an object from its surrounding background. Although rapid improvement takes place between ages 4 and 8, capabilities continue to improve between the ages of approximately 13 to 18 years old.
Depth Perception- The ability to judge the distance of an object from one’s self is referred to an absolute distance, where the ability to judge the distance between two objects is referred to a relative distance. Although it appears that some depth perception capabilities are present in infants, adult-like levels are not reached until about 12 years of age.
Peripheral Vision- The extent of the environment that can be seen without changing the fixation of the eyes on a pre-established focal point. With the eyes fixated on a point straight ahead most adults have about a 180 degree lateral visual field, with a vertical field of vision of about 47 degrees above and 65 degrees below the midline of the focal point. While marked improvements are reached in the 5 year old, lateral peripheral vision may not peak until the age of 35!
Differentiate between Kinesthetic Acuity and
Kinesthetic Memory
Kinesthetic Acuity- The ability to detect differences in characteristics of objects, as well as location of body parts. Examples include differentiating qualities such as weight, location, distance, force, speed, and acceleration.
Kinesthetic Memory- The ability to reproduce specific movements of the body (without visual cues).
Acuity improves earlier than memory
Explain the Information Processing Model of Memory
Humans are “processors,” therefore humans store, code, and retrieve information similar to a computer.
Sensation
Short-Term Sensory Store
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Recall
According to James (1890) Attention is what?
Attention - The “focalization and concentration of
consciousness”
Explain the following concepts: (a)
Attention is Limited; (b) Attention is
performed in a serial manner
Attention is limited- An individual capacity exists.
Attention is apparently performed in a serial manner,
suggesting that individuals attend to one thing and then
another and it is often quite difficult (sometimes impossible)
to combine certain activities
Explain the three basic concepts
associated with attention and motor behavior
Attention involves alertness and preparation of the motor
system to produce a response. An inverted U relationship
exists between Arousal and Performance, such that an
optimal state of arousal results in the best performance and
the best state related to attention abilities.
Attention is related to an individual capacity to process
information.
The successful performance of a motor task requires
selective attention, the ability to select and attend to
meaningful information
How can divided attention affect the
performance of a task?
Because capacity is believed to be limited, interference could occur if more than one activity requires the same resources.
Interference could result in:
Loss of speed or quality in the performance of one of the
activities.
Both activities could be affected.
The second activity could be ignored.
Provide the stages of selective attention according to Ross (over-exclusive, overinclusive, & selective attention)
The Overexclusive Mode of Selective Attention is associated with
children 2 to 5 years old. At this age children most often pay exclusive
attention to one stimuli in a display (often at the expense of relative
information), but are more easily distracted than older children.
The Overinclusive Mode of Selective Attention is associated with
children 6 to 11 years old. This age child will typically attend to several
features in a display, many of which are irrelevant.
Selective Attention usually develops by early adolescence. At this age
individuals are capable of attending to relevant stimuli in displays of
varying complexity.
provide the domains of physical education
cognitive, affective, psychomotor (skill and health related)
differentiated the fundamental skills approach from the sports model approach to PE
sports model- development of selected # of sport units reflecting trad sports
fundamental skills- contemporary perspective that kids should develop motor skills, physical fitness, movement awareness, knowledge to transcend a variety of endeavors
provide categories of the fundamental movement skills and movement awareness
fundamental locomotor skills_ walking, running, hopping, etc
fundamental non-locomotor skills- dodging, stretching, pushing, pulling, etc
manipulative skills- ball rolling, throwing, striking, kicking
movement awareness- body/spatial awareness, directional, rhythmic, vestibular awareness
List the 6 components of Skill-Related fitness and
the 6 components of Health-Related Fitness
Skill related: agility, coordination, balance, power, speed, reaction time.
Health-related: cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body
composition.
Provide several Affective, Cognitive, and Psychomotor
Objectives of a Quality Elementary School Physical
Education program
Instruction of a variety of motor skills to enhance child and adolescent development, fitness
education and assessment for understanding physical well-being, opportunities to improve
social and cooperative skills, opportunities to increase the value placed on physical activity for
health, enjoyment, self-expression, and confidence.
List the National Standards for Physical Education
S1- the physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and
movement patterns.
S2- the physically literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies, and
tactics related to movement and performance.
S3- the physically literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and
maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.
S4- the physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that
respects self and others.
S5- the physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health,
enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction.
DIFFERENTIATE HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS
FROM PERFORMANCE-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS
A health-related physical fitness should focus on activities designed to improve aspects of physiological function that offer an optimal quality of life, including ease of movement and motor function, and decreased risk diseases which result from a sedentary lifestyle.
* Performance related physical fitness programs/activities are designed to enhance physical ability related to the performance of a specific athletic endeavor. These types of activities should not be included in the general physical education curriculum, nor are they recommended as activities to be used by classroom teachers.
EXPLAIN HOW TO OPTIMIZE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
FREQUENCY, INTENSITY, AND DURATION OF EXERCISE FOR
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS
Frequency- Children at the elementary school level should exercise everyday, or at
least most days of the week.
* Intensity- Children naturally have higher resting heart rates than their adult counterparts. Healthy resting heart rates for children can range from 60 to 90 beats per minute. This higher heart rate makes up for children’s lower stroke volume (resulting from naturally smaller hearts). During intense exercise, a child’s heart rate can speed to 200 beats per minute.
* While research on adults suggests an optimal exercise intensity of about 60% to 80% of maximal heart rate for cardiovascular fitness activities, currently there is very little research to predict an optimal training intensity for cardiovascular improvement in preadolescent children.
EXPLAIN HOW PRE-PUBESCENT CHILDREN GAIN MUSCULAR
STRENGTH IN RESPONSE TO AN EXERCISE PROGRAM, DESPITE
VERY LITTLE INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THEIR MUSCLES
As the result of an exercise program, preadolescent children do not gain strength through an increase in the size of muscular tissue, instead, children gain strength through adaptive changes in the neurological system in response to an appropriate
regular exercise program.
PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING AN EXERCISE
PROGRAM DESIGNED TO INCREASE YOUR STUDENTS’
MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE
Provide resistance to a specific muscle group to the extent that the child can do several
repetitions of an activity, but become fatigued by the last repetition.
* Provide activities, which work several muscle groups (e.g., upper body, lower body, back,
and abdominal area).
* Allowing for a day of rest of the particular muscle group worked may be optimal
SHOULD CHILDREN ENGAGE IN RESISTANCE TRAINING
EXERCISE? EXPLAIN WHY OR WHY NOT
Appropriate resistance exercises using resistance bands, or light weights can help
children develop strength relative to the muscles worked
define flexibility
the range of motion at a joint
PROVIDE SEVERAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING FLEXIBILITY AND
REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF INJURY
Only perform flexibility exercises when the muscles are warm. Muscles can be
warmed through a low intensity, cardiovascular exercise.
* Do not engage in ballistic or bouncing activities
WHAT IS MEANT BY BODY COMPOSITION
the proportion of fat and fat-free mass in the body.
A healthy body composition is one that includes a lower proportion of body fat and a
higher proportion of fat-free mass
WHAT TYPES OF EXERCISES IMPROVE BODY COMPOSITION
Aerobic activity of significant duration will utilize fat directly as part of the metabolic
process involved in providing energy for prolonged exercise.
* Resistance training will tone muscle, build muscle mass, and increase metabolism
thus increasing caloric expenditure
PROVIDE SEVERAL GUIDELINES FOR CREATING A
POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD PHYSICAL FITNESS
Teachers should be good role models in staying physically fit, themselves.
* Parental involvement should be encouraged
Embarrassment should be avoided
* Activities should be motivating to students.
* A wide variety of activities should be offered.
DEFINE CURRICULUM, SCOPE, SEQUENCE, &
BALANCE
Curriculum refers to the means and materials with which students will interact for
the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes
scope: Yearly content of your curriculum. In the elementary and early childhood programs
the scope should be very broad, covering as many activities as possible, rather than
focusing on in-depth coverage of only a few selected areas
sequence: The order in which the content will be taught
balance: Pre-established program objectives will determine the amount of coverage required
in specific content areas
EXPLAIN SEVERAL OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL EDUCATION/ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVES
Determine the number of days you actually have class.
* For elementary students, reserve the first week for the development of classroom management skills
* Plan time for assessment.
* Plan for rainy days.
DEVELOPING OBJECTIVES
Objectives should be measurable.
* Long-term (yearly), Short-term (instructional unit), and daily objectives
should be developed.
* Objectives should reflect all behavioral domains
WHY ARE WRITTEN OBJECTIVES VALUABLE
- Objectives keep the lesson focused for the teacher as well as the student.
- Objectives provide criteria for assessment.
- Objectives provide for accountability.
- Objectives help to keep parents as well as administrators and other faculty
aware of the importance of their class
