Final Flashcards
Explain the process of fertilization
Acrosome tip of sperm eats away at jelly layer of the egg to bind to sperm receptors
Structures of the spermatozoa
Acrosomal tip, head, midpiece, flagellum.
Nucleus in the head, Mitochondrion in the midpiece.
Compare and Contrast male and female anatomy
Female has a uterus and vagina
Male has a penis (external urethra)
Hormones in the male reproductive system
Testosterone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) made by hypothalamus releases Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce ________.
Testosterone
Oogenesis
Females are born with all the primary oocytes they will ever have
Each ovarian cycle, several oocytes begin maturation but only one is ovulated each cycle.
Explain the process of birth
Placenta secretes estrogen. Oxytocin stimulated by estrogen promotes muscle contraction in the uterus. Pressure of fetus triggers more oxytocin to release.
Stages of Labor
1: Cervix relaxes, causing it to dilate and thin out.
2: Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered.
3: Placenta is expelled.
Difference between biotic and abiotic factors
Biotic: interactions between living things
Abiotic: interactions between living things and their nonliving environment
Factors the effect the distribution of organisms
Temperature, wind, water, light, salinity, pH
Explain how the changes in solar radiation impacts the climate and location of biomes
Solar radiation plays a big role in heat and availability of water in a biome. This will determine the climate of biomes. Biomes closer to the equator will be hotter and drier, due to the abundance of solar radiation.
What kind of biomes would you find at high temperatures?
Tropical: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Hot desert.
What biomes would you find at a medium temperature?
Temperate: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Cold desert. Taiga.
What biomes would you find at a cold temperature?
Tundra. (Some taiga, temperate grassland, and cold desert.)
Why is it important to have innate behaviors?
Innate behaviors are what keep an organism alive. Ex: a newborn horse standing up to find milk.
What is altruism?
Behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself
What are innate behaviors?
Instinctual behaviors
What is habituation?
Organism ignores repeated stimulus
What is associative learning?
(Hint: there are 2 types)
Learning by association.
Classical Conditioning: involuntary response to stimulus after association
Operant Conditioning: behavior reinforced by a consequence.
What is cognitive learning?
Ability to solve problems with conscious thought
What is imprinting?
A process during an animal’s critical period where animal develops irreversible species-specific patterns of behavior
Types of ways that animals move?
Local: to food, water, mates, and nesting sites
Kinesis: movement in response to stimulus but not directed toward or away from source
Taxis: Positive: toward stimulus. Negative: away from stimulus
Migration mechanisms:
piloting: animal moves from one familiar landmark to the next
orientation: ability to follow compass bearing and travel in straight line
navigation: follow compass bearings but can also set or adjust path
What is chemical communication?
Like marking territories or attracting mates
What is auditory communication?
Howling, chirping, etc. for warning or attraction of mates.
What is visual communication?
Showboating. Typically for a mate
What is tactile communication?
Bee dance. Can build bonds between group members or convey information
Compare and contrast individual living and group living.
Individual: Less competition for food and mates. Less protection.
Group: Strength in numbers. More competition.
What are the different types of mating systems?
Monogamy: 1:1 for life or breeding cycle
Polygamy: either males of females mate with more than one partner in a breeding season.
- Polygyny: one male many females
- Polyandry: one female many males
Name different types of traps and an example of an animal you could catch with them.
Pit Fall: Mice
Mist Net: Bats
Live Trap: Raccoons
Explain the different reproductive strategies.
Semelparity: Give birth then die.
Iteroparity (seasonal): give birth once a season.
Iterparity (continuous): give birth at random
Explain survivorship curves
Type 1: Individuals die late in life
Type 2: Uniform rate decline
Type 3: Huge decline in young
Explain types of growth curves.
Exponential: resources not limiting, prodigious growth
Logistic: resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth (has a carrying capacity)
Characteristics of r-selected species.
Rapid development, high reproductive rate, small, weak, short life, type 3, variable population size, low parental care
Characteristics of k-selected species.
slow development, low reproductive rate, large, strong, long life, type 1, constant population size, high parental care
____ curves are associated with organisms with high mortality rates in the early stages of life.
Type 3
What is the direction of the ocean currents in the southern hemisphere?
Counter Clockwise
Explain
- Oviparous
- Ovoviparous
- Viviparous
Ovi- lays eggs
Ovovi- retains egg, no placenta
Vivi- retains egg, placenta present
Different types of tissue and functions
- epithelial
- nervous
- connective
- muscle
Parts and functions of the eye
Lens
Pupil
Retina
Rods
Cones
Key features of:
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyes
Lobe fins
Tetrapods
Amniotes
V: Back Bone
G: teeth hole
O: Bones
L: Lobed fins
T: 4 legs
A: amniotic egg.
Examples of cyclostomata
Hagfish, Lamprey
Chondrichthyes
- Sharks, skates, and rays
- Teeth not fused to jaw.
Osteichthyans
All vertebrates with a bony skeleton
includes 2 types of fish: ray-finned and lobe-finned
Amphibia
- live on land and in water
- breathe using buccal pumping
- go to water to reproduce
Aves (Avians)
Birds
Have: feathers, air sacs, reduced organs, lightweight skeleton
Mammals have:
mammary glands, hair, specialized teeth, enlarged skull, single lower jawbone, 3 inner ear bones, external ears.
Different types of receptors and what they’re for
Mechano: mechanical energy
Thermo: detect heat and cold
Nociceptors: pain and extreme heat, cold, and pressure
Electromagnetic: detect radiation
Photoreceptors: detect visible light
Chemoreceptors: respond to specific chemicals
Compound eyes:
Found in arthropods and some annelids
Composed of many light detectors called ommatidia
Single-lens eye
Found in vertebrates
path of light: pupil>lens>back of eye
Fovea is the ____ receptor in our eyes.
color
Types of skeletons and what they’re made of
(Hint: there are 3)
Exoskeleton- chitin
Endoskeleton- carbon/calcium
Hydroskeleton- water (coelom)
Exoskeleton
made of chitin
weak
arthropods
segmented for movement
Endoskeleton
sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates
may be made of cartilage or bone
Blood cells and platelets are formed in _____
marrow
- A grouping of cells bound together in bundles by connective tissue
- Usually linked to bones by bundles of collagen fibers called tendons
Skeletal muscle
Types of skeletal muscles
(Hint: 2)
- Flexors: bend a limb at the joint
- Extensors: straighten a limb
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
(Hint: 3 types)
Budding
Regeneration
Parthenogenesis
What is budding? regeneration? parthenogenesis?
Budding: portion of parent pinches off to form complete, new individual
Regen: complete organism is formed from fragment of parent’s body
Partheno: Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs.
