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BSC 121 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the process of fertilization

A

Acrosome tip of sperm eats away at jelly layer of the egg to bind to sperm receptors

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2
Q

Structures of the spermatozoa

A

Acrosomal tip, head, midpiece, flagellum.
Nucleus in the head, Mitochondrion in the midpiece.

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3
Q

Compare and Contrast male and female anatomy

A

Female has a uterus and vagina
Male has a penis (external urethra)

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4
Q

Hormones in the male reproductive system

A

Testosterone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) made by hypothalamus releases Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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5
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce ________.

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Oogenesis

A

Females are born with all the primary oocytes they will ever have
Each ovarian cycle, several oocytes begin maturation but only one is ovulated each cycle.

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7
Q

Explain the process of birth

A

Placenta secretes estrogen. Oxytocin stimulated by estrogen promotes muscle contraction in the uterus. Pressure of fetus triggers more oxytocin to release.

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8
Q

Stages of Labor

A

1: Cervix relaxes, causing it to dilate and thin out.
2: Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered.
3: Placenta is expelled.

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9
Q

Difference between biotic and abiotic factors

A

Biotic: interactions between living things
Abiotic: interactions between living things and their nonliving environment

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10
Q

Factors the effect the distribution of organisms

A

Temperature, wind, water, light, salinity, pH

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11
Q

Explain how the changes in solar radiation impacts the climate and location of biomes

A

Solar radiation plays a big role in heat and availability of water in a biome. This will determine the climate of biomes. Biomes closer to the equator will be hotter and drier, due to the abundance of solar radiation.

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12
Q

What kind of biomes would you find at high temperatures?

A

Tropical: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Hot desert.

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13
Q

What biomes would you find at a medium temperature?

A

Temperate: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Cold desert. Taiga.

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14
Q

What biomes would you find at a cold temperature?

A

Tundra. (Some taiga, temperate grassland, and cold desert.)

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15
Q

Why is it important to have innate behaviors?

A

Innate behaviors are what keep an organism alive. Ex: a newborn horse standing up to find milk.

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16
Q

What is altruism?

A

Behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself

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17
Q

What are innate behaviors?

A

Instinctual behaviors

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18
Q

What is habituation?

A

Organism ignores repeated stimulus

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19
Q

What is associative learning?
(Hint: there are 2 types)

A

Learning by association.
Classical Conditioning: involuntary response to stimulus after association
Operant Conditioning: behavior reinforced by a consequence.

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20
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

Ability to solve problems with conscious thought

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21
Q

What is imprinting?

A

A process during an animal’s critical period where animal develops irreversible species-specific patterns of behavior

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22
Q

Types of ways that animals move?

A

Local: to food, water, mates, and nesting sites
Kinesis: movement in response to stimulus but not directed toward or away from source
Taxis: Positive: toward stimulus. Negative: away from stimulus

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23
Q

Migration mechanisms:

A

piloting: animal moves from one familiar landmark to the next
orientation: ability to follow compass bearing and travel in straight line
navigation: follow compass bearings but can also set or adjust path

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24
Q

What is chemical communication?

A

Like marking territories or attracting mates

25
Q

What is auditory communication?

A

Howling, chirping, etc. for warning or attraction of mates.

26
Q

What is visual communication?

A

Showboating. Typically for a mate

27
Q

What is tactile communication?

A

Bee dance. Can build bonds between group members or convey information

28
Q

Compare and contrast individual living and group living.

A

Individual: Less competition for food and mates. Less protection.
Group: Strength in numbers. More competition.

29
Q

What are the different types of mating systems?

A

Monogamy: 1:1 for life or breeding cycle
Polygamy: either males of females mate with more than one partner in a breeding season.
- Polygyny: one male many females
- Polyandry: one female many males

30
Q

Name different types of traps and an example of an animal you could catch with them.

A

Pit Fall: Mice
Mist Net: Bats
Live Trap: Raccoons

31
Q

Explain the different reproductive strategies.

A

Semelparity: Give birth then die.
Iteroparity (seasonal): give birth once a season.
Iterparity (continuous): give birth at random

32
Q

Explain survivorship curves

A

Type 1: Individuals die late in life
Type 2: Uniform rate decline
Type 3: Huge decline in young

33
Q

Explain types of growth curves.

A

Exponential: resources not limiting, prodigious growth
Logistic: resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth (has a carrying capacity)

34
Q

Characteristics of r-selected species.

A

Rapid development, high reproductive rate, small, weak, short life, type 3, variable population size, low parental care

35
Q

Characteristics of k-selected species.

A

slow development, low reproductive rate, large, strong, long life, type 1, constant population size, high parental care

36
Q

____ curves are associated with organisms with high mortality rates in the early stages of life.

A

Type 3

37
Q

What is the direction of the ocean currents in the southern hemisphere?

A

Counter Clockwise

38
Q

Explain
- Oviparous
- Ovoviparous
- Viviparous

A

Ovi- lays eggs
Ovovi- retains egg, no placenta
Vivi- retains egg, placenta present

39
Q

Different types of tissue and functions

A
  • epithelial
  • nervous
  • connective
  • muscle
40
Q

Parts and functions of the eye

A

Lens
Pupil
Retina
Rods
Cones

41
Q

Key features of:
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyes
Lobe fins
Tetrapods
Amniotes

A

V: Back Bone
G: teeth hole
O: Bones
L: Lobed fins
T: 4 legs
A: amniotic egg.

42
Q

Examples of cyclostomata

A

Hagfish, Lamprey

43
Q

Chondrichthyes

A
  • Sharks, skates, and rays
  • Teeth not fused to jaw.
44
Q

Osteichthyans

A

All vertebrates with a bony skeleton
includes 2 types of fish: ray-finned and lobe-finned

45
Q

Amphibia

A
  • live on land and in water
  • breathe using buccal pumping
  • go to water to reproduce
46
Q

Aves (Avians)

A

Birds
Have: feathers, air sacs, reduced organs, lightweight skeleton

47
Q

Mammals have:

A

mammary glands, hair, specialized teeth, enlarged skull, single lower jawbone, 3 inner ear bones, external ears.

48
Q

Different types of receptors and what they’re for

A

Mechano: mechanical energy
Thermo: detect heat and cold
Nociceptors: pain and extreme heat, cold, and pressure
Electromagnetic: detect radiation
Photoreceptors: detect visible light
Chemoreceptors: respond to specific chemicals

49
Q

Compound eyes:

A

Found in arthropods and some annelids
Composed of many light detectors called ommatidia

50
Q

Single-lens eye

A

Found in vertebrates
path of light: pupil>lens>back of eye

51
Q

Fovea is the ____ receptor in our eyes.

A

color

52
Q

Types of skeletons and what they’re made of
(Hint: there are 3)

A

Exoskeleton- chitin
Endoskeleton- carbon/calcium
Hydroskeleton- water (coelom)

53
Q

Exoskeleton

A

made of chitin
weak
arthropods
segmented for movement

54
Q

Endoskeleton

A

sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates
may be made of cartilage or bone

55
Q

Blood cells and platelets are formed in _____

A

marrow

56
Q
  • A grouping of cells bound together in bundles by connective tissue
  • Usually linked to bones by bundles of collagen fibers called tendons
A

Skeletal muscle

57
Q

Types of skeletal muscles
(Hint: 2)

A
  • Flexors: bend a limb at the joint
  • Extensors: straighten a limb
58
Q

What are the types of asexual reproduction?
(Hint: 3 types)

A

Budding
Regeneration
Parthenogenesis

59
Q

What is budding? regeneration? parthenogenesis?

A

Budding: portion of parent pinches off to form complete, new individual
Regen: complete organism is formed from fragment of parent’s body
Partheno: Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs.

BSC 121 (2 decks)

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