Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the differences between the GI tract and accessory organs?
GI tract actually digests food.
Accessory organs assist in the digestion process.
Explain the function of all the cells in the gastric pit.
They work together to facilitate digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Enzymes and location of CARB digestion.
Hint: There are three enzymes
Amylase- Saliva
Pancreatic Amylase- small intestine
Disaccharides- small intestine
Enzymes and location of PROTEIN digestion.
Hint: There are four enzymes
Pepsin- stomach
Trypsin- small intestine
Carboxypeptidase- small intestine
Aminopeptidase- small intestine
Enzyme and location of FAT digestion.
Hint: There is one enzyme
Pancreatic lipase- small intestine
Compare and contrast small and large intestines
Large- does not produce digestive enzymes
Small- does produce digestive enzymes
Why is the absorption of fat different compared to proteins and carbohydrates?
Fat is not water soluble and requires extra work to be broken down.
Compare and contrast the differences in digestion in carnivores and herbivores.
Carnivores- large small intestine, small large intestine, small cecum
Herbivores- small small intestine, large small intestine, large cecum
The steps of the digestive system
ingestion -> digestion -> absorption -> excretion
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having multiple sources of energy for the body?
We can use more than one if we are depleted in one. However, in a starvation state, the body will use proteins as a source of energy which is harmful and unsustainable.
Compare and contrast glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Glycolysis- breaking up glycogen into glucose so we can use it to get ATP
Gluconeogenesis- making glucose from non-glucose substrates (proteins and fats) to get ATP
GLUTs are _______ dependent channels that allow more glucose to be taken into the cell to decrease blood glucose levels
insulin
GLUT-4 is a specific channel protein that binds to insulin to _____ blood glucose.
Lower
Compare and contrast the metabolism of small and large organisms
Small organisms need a faster metabolism due to their small body.
Large organisms have a slower metabolism because they have more muscle where they can store glycogen/triglycerides/proteins.
Why is it important that organism regulates the amount of fat tissue in its body?
Too much or too little fat can inhibit an organism’s life. It is important to regulate so the organism can spend energy wisely.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being an endothermic homeotherm and ectothermic heterotherm?
- Endothermic Homeotherm: doesn’t depend on environment for temperature control. However, it costs more energy for us to maintain this level of homeostasis in our body temp.
- Ectothermic Heterotherm: doesn’t require a lot of energy, however, is dependent on environmental conditions.
Explain the different mechanisms of heat transfer
(Hint:There are 4)
- Evaporation- water goes into atmosphere
- Conduction- heat goes to cooler surface (heat goes from body to cool water)
- Convection- wind cools or heats the body
- Radiates- heat moves from body into atmosphere
What are the ways that endothermic homeotherms regulate their body temperature?
- Panting: in the case of dogs
- Sweating: helps cool down temp
- Shivering: helps to warm up body due to movement of skeletal muscle
What are the advantages and disadvantages of single and double circulation?
Single circulation- blood pressure leaving the gills will also be low which limits rate at which oxygenated blood can be delivered to the body. Single blood pressure
Double circulation- two different blood pressures.
What is the direction of blood flow?
Heart> Arteries> Arterioles> Capillaries> Venules> Veins>Heart
Compare and contrast different types of respiratory systems. (Lungs vs. Gills)
Gills- unprotected and subject to damage. Energy is required to wave gills back and forth.
Lungs- receive blood from heart and return oxygenated blood to the heart.
What conditions lower the saturation of oxygen the blood?
Temperature and pH
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of nitrogenous wastes
Uric Acid- Least acidic, less water, more energy
Urea- Moderately acidic, moderate water, moderate energy
Ammonia- Most acidic, more water, less energy
Name the parts and functions of the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries where blood is filtered.
Bowman’s Capsule: surrounds the glomerulus.
Name the different parts of the nephron tubule
-Renal Corpuscle: glomerulus, bowman’s capsule
-Renal Tubule: proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct
Name the parts and functions of the renal tubule
Proximal Tubule: absorbs useful solute
Loop of Henle: involved in concentrating urine
Distal Tubule: reabsorption
Connecting Tubule: connects distal to collecting
Collecting Duct: Carries urine to the renal pelvis
Compare and contrast protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, and kidneys
Protonephridia: simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates
Metanephridia: less simple, needs a lot of water
Malpighian Tubes: tubes lead into stomach/intestine which pump into system and out anus. Less complex
Kidney: more complex, filters urine and blood
In which organisms would you find: protonephridia? metanephridia? Malpighian tubes? kidneys?
Proto: Flatworms
Meta: Annelids
Malpighian: Insects
Kidneys: Vertebrates
