Exam 3

Question 1

What are the differences between the GI tract and accessory organs?

Answer 1

GI tract actually digests food.
Accessory organs assist in the digestion process.

Question 2

Explain the function of all the cells in the gastric pit.

Answer 2

They work together to facilitate digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Question 3

Enzymes and location of CARB digestion.
Hint: There are three enzymes

Answer 3

Amylase- Saliva
Pancreatic Amylase- small intestine
Disaccharides- small intestine

Question 4

Enzymes and location of PROTEIN digestion.
Hint: There are four enzymes

Answer 4

Pepsin- stomach
Trypsin- small intestine
Carboxypeptidase- small intestine
Aminopeptidase- small intestine

Question 5

Enzyme and location of FAT digestion.
Hint: There is one enzyme

Answer 5

Pancreatic lipase- small intestine

Question 6

Compare and contrast small and large intestines

Answer 6

Large- does not produce digestive enzymes
Small- does produce digestive enzymes

Question 7

Why is the absorption of fat different compared to proteins and carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Fat is not water soluble and requires extra work to be broken down.

Question 8

Compare and contrast the differences in digestion in carnivores and herbivores.

Answer 8

Carnivores- large small intestine, small large intestine, small cecum
Herbivores- small small intestine, large small intestine, large cecum

Question 9

The steps of the digestive system

Answer 9

ingestion -> digestion -> absorption -> excretion

Question 10

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having multiple sources of energy for the body?

Answer 10

We can use more than one if we are depleted in one. However, in a starvation state, the body will use proteins as a source of energy which is harmful and unsustainable.

Question 11

Compare and contrast glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Answer 11

Glycolysis- breaking up glycogen into glucose so we can use it to get ATP
Gluconeogenesis- making glucose from non-glucose substrates (proteins and fats) to get ATP

Question 12

GLUTs are _______ dependent channels that allow more glucose to be taken into the cell to decrease blood glucose levels

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

GLUT-4 is a specific channel protein that binds to insulin to _____ blood glucose.

Answer 13

Lower

Question 14

Compare and contrast the metabolism of small and large organisms

Answer 14

Small organisms need a faster metabolism due to their small body.
Large organisms have a slower metabolism because they have more muscle where they can store glycogen/triglycerides/proteins.

Question 15

Why is it important that organism regulates the amount of fat tissue in its body?

Answer 15

Too much or too little fat can inhibit an organism’s life. It is important to regulate so the organism can spend energy wisely.

Question 16

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being an endothermic homeotherm and ectothermic heterotherm?

Answer 16

• Endothermic Homeotherm: doesn’t depend on environment for temperature control. However, it costs more energy for us to maintain this level of homeostasis in our body temp.
• Ectothermic Heterotherm: doesn’t require a lot of energy, however, is dependent on environmental conditions.

Question 17

Explain the different mechanisms of heat transfer
(Hint:There are 4)

Answer 17

• Evaporation- water goes into atmosphere
• Conduction- heat goes to cooler surface (heat goes from body to cool water)
• Convection- wind cools or heats the body
• Radiates- heat moves from body into atmosphere

Question 18

What are the ways that endothermic homeotherms regulate their body temperature?

Answer 18

• Panting: in the case of dogs
• Sweating: helps cool down temp
• Shivering: helps to warm up body due to movement of skeletal muscle

Question 19

What are the advantages and disadvantages of single and double circulation?

Answer 19

Single circulation- blood pressure leaving the gills will also be low which limits rate at which oxygenated blood can be delivered to the body. Single blood pressure

Double circulation- two different blood pressures.

Question 20

What is the direction of blood flow?

Answer 20

Heart> Arteries> Arterioles> Capillaries> Venules> Veins>Heart

Question 21

Compare and contrast different types of respiratory systems. (Lungs vs. Gills)

Answer 21

Gills- unprotected and subject to damage. Energy is required to wave gills back and forth.
Lungs- receive blood from heart and return oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 22

What conditions lower the saturation of oxygen the blood?

Answer 22

Temperature and pH

Question 23

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 23

Uric Acid- Least acidic, less water, more energy
Urea- Moderately acidic, moderate water, moderate energy
Ammonia- Most acidic, more water, less energy

Question 24

Name the parts and functions of the renal corpuscle

Answer 24

Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries where blood is filtered.
Bowman’s Capsule: surrounds the glomerulus.

Question 25

Name the different parts of the nephron tubule

Answer 25

-Renal Corpuscle: glomerulus, bowman’s capsule
-Renal Tubule: proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct

Question 26

Name the parts and functions of the renal tubule

Answer 26

Proximal Tubule: absorbs useful solute
Loop of Henle: involved in concentrating urine
Distal Tubule: reabsorption
Connecting Tubule: connects distal to collecting
Collecting Duct: Carries urine to the renal pelvis

Question 26

Compare and contrast protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, and kidneys

Answer 26

Protonephridia: simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates
Metanephridia: less simple, needs a lot of water
Malpighian Tubes: tubes lead into stomach/intestine which pump into system and out anus. Less complex
Kidney: more complex, filters urine and blood

Question 27

In which organisms would you find: protonephridia? metanephridia? Malpighian tubes? kidneys?

Answer 27

Proto: Flatworms
Meta: Annelids
Malpighian: Insects
Kidneys: Vertebrates