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Technology In Society > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define technology transfer.

A

Development of a technology product or process in one setting, which is then transferred for use in another setting.

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2
Q

List four generic elements that may be used to determine a majority of the activities of technology transfer.

A
  • Transfer item itself
  • Technology supplier
  • Recipient
  • Technology transfer channel
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3
Q

Describe how foreign direct investment works in relation to technology transfer.

A
  • Primary channel for transport of technology (usually commercial)
  • U.S. manufacturing plant establishes an offshore or overseas subsidiary in order to reduce contribution cost, avoid import tariffs, or decrease labor cost
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4
Q

What is a turnkey plant?

A

When a technology provider construct a fully operational production plant for the recipient nation

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5
Q

What is involved in a licensing agreement?

A

Patented process, trade secret, manufacturing permit, a trademark, or sales distribution rights

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6
Q

Define entrepreneurial science.

A

A trend in which there is a convergence between basic and applied research, such that commercial opportunities emerge.

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7
Q

Define reverse engineering.

A

Purchasing agent carefully disassembles, examines and eventually copies imported the technological device.

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8
Q

What is meant by informal channels of technology transfer?

A

Noncommercial avenues for technology transfer

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9
Q

What is meant by technology gap?

A

When some nations are leading the world in technology per suits while the rest are falling behind

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10
Q

What five industries are identified by the OECD as high technology?

A

Aerospace, computer and office, machinery, communication equipment, pharmaceuticals, and scientific instruments

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11
Q

What is the most commonly referenced statistic used to measure the development of a country?

A

Gross National Products (GNP)

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12
Q

Define appropriate technology.

A

A technology that fits the cultural or social situation for which it is intended, without causing more problems than it solves.

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13
Q

What are maquiladoras?

A

A foreign owned and operated assembly plant, most often along the U.S. - Mexico boarder, that imports components into Mexico, assembles them and reexports them to the U.S.

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14
Q

Discuss imitation lag.

A

Time it takes foreign countries to obtain production capabilities to produce a new device, after lead nation begins producing the device.

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15
Q

Discuss demand lag.

A

Time it takes for a technology to gain acceptance in foreign markets after it is introduced

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16
Q

What countries did the PRC rely on for technology transfer in the 1950’s and then in the 1960’s?

A
  • 1950—- Soviets

- 1960—- Japan and Western Europe

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17
Q

What was India’s political position during the cold war?

A

They were independent outside the cold war struggle.

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18
Q

What is/was the general feeling of the U.S. about selling technology to communist countries?

A

Against.

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19
Q

In what two sectors do the Russians possess the potential for competitive advantage over the U.S.?

A

Aerospace and Space

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20
Q

Through the 1980’s, the Indian government emphasized its preference for technology transfer investments in what forms?

A

Sales or licensing of technology

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21
Q

What are three ways of evaluating the appropriateness of technology?

A
  • Technical
  • Cultural
  • Economic
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22
Q

Define appropriate technology.

A

Solves social problems without many adverse negative effects.

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23
Q

Define renewable energy.

A

Sources of energy that are always available because we cannot run out.

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24
Q

List seven forms of renewable energy.

A
  • Thermal
  • Biomass
  • Geothermal
  • Solar Photovoltaic
  • Wind
  • Hydroelectric
  • Ocean
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25
Q

Define biomass energy.

A

Organic material used to supply energy

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26
Q

Currently, what percentage of the electricity produced in the U.S. is produced by hydropower?

A

7%

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27
Q

Which country has the highest percentage of power generated from geothermal source?

A

USA

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28
Q

Who leads the world in wind power?

A

Germany

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29
Q

List three methods, which have been reviewed seriously, for extracting energy from the seas.

A
  • Wave power
  • Tidal power
  • Ocean thermal-energy conservation
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30
Q

What unique property do semiconductors have?

A

Can turn sunlight directly into electric current

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31
Q

Where was the thermal solar power project called Solar One constructed?

A

Mohave Desert in California

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32
Q

Define smart growth.

A

Development accommodating the needs of a community with out sacrificing the environment

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33
Q

Define new urbanism.

A

Middle-class movement into town living

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34
Q

What is the smartest city in terms of development?

A

Portland, Oregon

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35
Q

What are the main considerations of a green building?

A
  • Energy efficiency
  • Renewable energy
  • Water conservation
  • Waste minimization
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36
Q

What is the problem of making a house too air tight?

A

Air pollution inside building

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37
Q

List two materials that are considered Low Impact Materials.

A
  • Rammed earth

- Straw-bale

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38
Q

Honda has developed a fuel cell car. What is its name? What does it run on? And what does it emit?

A

FCX Clarity
Electricity
Water Vapor

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39
Q

What are the three broad goals of sustainable agriculture?

A
  • Farm profitability
  • Improvement of environment
  • Increased quality of life for farmers and community
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40
Q

What are the main differences of integrated pest management as opposed to conventional pest control?

A

-IPM attempts to use ecologically sound non pesticide methods to produce and manage pest

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41
Q

The Electronic Waster Recycling Act was enacted in what year and state which requires a recycling fee on what electronic products?

A

2003, California

Computer monitors, laptops, LCD and plasma tvs

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42
Q

Define agroecology.

A

Promoting sustainability and linking ecology, socioeconomics and culture to design of agricultural systems

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43
Q

What is the focus of ISO 14000?

A

Sustainable development emerging form the UN Conference on Environment and Development in the early 1990s

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44
Q

Define ethnobotany.

A

Science of investigating how indigenous people use plants in their lives as food, shelter, and medicine

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45
Q

Define technology equity.

A

Implies all technologies are available to and used by all socioeconomic segments in society

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46
Q

Define modern environmentalism.

A

Information-based perspective supporting the need for harmony between industrial objectives and environmental goals

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47
Q

What must almost every new construction project in the US include?

A

Environmental-impact analysis

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48
Q

List three common spaces.

A
  • Ocean
  • Antartica
  • Extraterrestrial space
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49
Q

What agency is responsible for the regulation of pesticides in the US?

A

EPA

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50
Q

The Earth is made up of what percentage water and what percentage is fresh water?

A

71%, 3%

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51
Q

Where is most fresh water located?

A

North and South Pole as ice and snow

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52
Q

What gas is the cause of global warming?

A

CO2

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53
Q

Define greenhouse effect.

A

Heating of Earth’s surface due to increased levels of CO2 in the upper atmosphere, which traps solar energy

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54
Q

What was developed in an tempt to standardize air pollution reporting?

A

Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)

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55
Q

What was PSI renamed in 2000 by the EPA?

A

Air Quality Index (AQI)

56
Q

Define acid rain.

A

Presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

57
Q

In what countries is acid rain a serious environmental problems?

A

Canada, Scandinavia, Japan, and United States

58
Q

List five indoor air pollutants.

A
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Radon
  • Formaldehyde
  • Tabacco smoke
  • Asbestos
59
Q

Define Tropical Forest.

A

Forest in the humid, semiarid, and arid regions of the world

60
Q

List three major potential cost of tropical deforestations as discussed by scientific and technical literature.

A

Severe changes in global weather patterns, loss of cultural and biotic diversity, desertification of the forest land

61
Q

Define evapotranspiration.

A

Water removed from the soil by evaporation from leaf and plant surfaces

62
Q

What is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and what is its purpose?

A

Superfund’s purpose is to provide clean up at sites where hazardous water had been abandoned or previous hazardous-waste disposal procedures had already contaminated the environment

63
Q

Define environmental release.

A

Accidental or deliberate release of a contained substance into natural ecosystem

64
Q

Define terrorism.

A

Ability to use easily available technologies as tools of mass destruction

65
Q

Define the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

A

A military strategy denied to be a comprehensive R&D program to explore the possibilities of strategic defense

66
Q

What type of military activity does the US spend a higher percentage of its total research money on?

A

Defense related research

67
Q

What is the main concept of a First Strike?

A

Nuclear attack so powerful it leaves opponents inadequate to inflict substantial damage to the attacker

68
Q

Define counter-force targeting.

A

A defensive strategy in which weapons are aimed at the military forces of the opponent, particularly at strategic or theater nuclear forces

69
Q

Define counter-value targeting.

A

A defensie strategy in which weapons are aimed at soft targets, such as urban population center, industrial areas

70
Q

What is it called when both sides of a conflict has the capability to absorb a first strike and deliver a retaliatory second strike which will inflict an unacceptable level of damage?

A

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

71
Q

Discuss compellance.

A

Deployment of military power in order to get another nation to change its behavior and make the behavior more satisfactory to the aggressor

72
Q

What is another name for swaggering?

A

Posturing.

73
Q

Define SIOP.

A

Single Integrated Operational Plan
-US plan for the conduct of a nuclear war incorporating weapon- arrival and survival probabilities, weapons characteristics matched to target’s damage criteria routing and timing of weapons, and modeling to reassure the plan’s viability under various conditions

74
Q

Give two specific occurrences of mid-intensity conflicts.

A

Operation Desert Storm & Afganistan

75
Q

List five general examples of low-intensity conflicts.

A

Boarder skirmishes, internal battles, police work, civil uprising, and regional conflicts

76
Q

What are NBC munitions?

A

Nuclear, biological, and chemical

77
Q

What is the primary goal of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program?

A

Prevent widespread acquisition of the NBC weapons

78
Q

What is NATO’s main purpose?

A

Peacekeeping

79
Q

Describe what a cluster bomb unit consists of?

A

Contain 100-1000 bomblets called Bomb Live Units (BLU)

80
Q

Define chemical weapon.

A

Weapon using poisonous, asphyxiating, or other gases affecting humans when they are either inhaled or absorbed through the skin

81
Q

Define biological weapon.

A

Weapon using a living organism, usually a pathogenic microorganism, for hostile purposes

82
Q

List six agents that have been identities by the CDC as posing risk to our nations security.

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Versinia Pestis
  • Variola Major
  • Francisella Turarensis
  • Viral Hemorrhegic fevers
83
Q

List three dual-use chemicals and their dual purposes.

A
  • Sodium sulphide; paper, mustard gas
  • Diethyl phosphite; paint solvents, nerve agent
  • Potassium biflouride; Ceramics, nerve agent
84
Q

Define cyberterrorism.

A

Electronic disruption of military information or information in our homeland

85
Q

List three examples of military projects that were funded by the “black budget.”

A

Military Strategic Tactical and Relay systems and Advanced Cruise Missile

86
Q

What is the name of the treaty that was signed in the early 1990s by President George Bush Sr. and President Boris Yeltsin with made provisions to further reduce intercontinental missiles?

A

START II

87
Q

Define what being technologically illiterate means.

A

Not understanding general science and technology below average grasp of technology terminology in ones field

88
Q

Why do people resist change?

A
  • Too strong of a word

- Might disrupt cultural values

89
Q

List seven words that are less offensive referring to the process of change.

A

Education, training, modification, orientation guidance, indoctoration therapy

90
Q

Social lag is usually brought on by lack of what?

A

Readiness

91
Q

Define information overload.

A

Individuals inability to think clearly due to an excessive amount of cognitive stimulation

92
Q

When a child learns the meaning of “in a few minutes” as opposed to “in a day or two” he/she has reached the ability to determine a length of time Toffler calls what?

A

Durational expectancies

93
Q

What is the name of a concept suggesting it is almost a status symbol in our society to be constantly busy?

A

Busyness syndrome

94
Q

Define instant gratification.

A

Increased conveniences that scientific and technological advancements afford have seemingly produced a culture of quickness

95
Q

Do a majority of US citizens feel that both science & technology have made their lives healthier & easier?

A

YES

96
Q

What is a simple explanation for “Quality of Live”?

A

Balance between what people need and want and the extent to which the environment can provide for them

97
Q

____________ is an aspect of “blind faith” where an individual verbalizes implicit faith in the experts.

A

Immediate Acquiescence

98
Q

____________ is when people go along with changes for fear of what mint happen to them if they resist.

A

Reluctant Acceptance

99
Q

____________ is when people are willing to openly protest the technologies that they oppose.

A

Reactionist Rejection

100
Q

____________ is where people don’t want to be bothered with the boring or gory details.

A

Apathy

101
Q

____________ is an example where people will go to extremes to avoid change.

A

Avoidance

102
Q

____________ is how most of us wold like to respond to change, with agreement and harmony.

A

Accord

103
Q

What is the name of a concept referring to humankind’s dependance on any technological system or device the either is not understood or cannot be controlled?

A

Technology trap

104
Q

Define a risk-benefit analysis.

A

An analysis that attempts to and use ultimately answer the question, “how safe is safe enough?”

105
Q

Which activity or technology was rated as the most risky by experts?

A

Motor vehicles

106
Q

Define “technological accordance.”

A

Social behavior or attitude refers to the extent to which a social group is able to recognize and take advantage of the potential benefits of a technological breakthrough and simultaneous control any of its negative side effects

107
Q

List four examples of “social institutions.”

A

Schools, government, leagues, family

108
Q

Explain what is meant by “family dinner” and indicate if you have to do experience them.

A

Commitment to family, meeting everyday to have supper together

109
Q

What is different between a “family” and a “household”?

A

Family- people living together related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Household- one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or residential unit

110
Q

According to 2000 census data, nuclear families make up what percentage of households in the US?

A

Less than 25%

111
Q

According to the book has childhood become more or less complicated?

A

MORE

112
Q

List an example of how a “labor-saving” device can actually make task more difficult rather than easier.

A

Food processors- Chop food quickly, but by the time you clean it you’ve taken just as long

113
Q

Based on an average from the 2000s do AMericans work more or less than their Western European counterparts?

A

MORE

114
Q

The Vatican document “Instruction on Respect for Human life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation - Replies to Certain Questions of the Day” instructed governments around the world to ban what certain things?

A

Artificial procreation- Sperm banks, embryo banks, post-modern insemination, and surrogate motherhood

115
Q

Science vs. Religion, what do scientist say according to the book?

A

Religion -Skews objective reasoning, fuel repressive moments, and stifles freedom of thought

116
Q

Science & Religion, what do scientist say according to the book?

A

Science-pursued from an agnostic or atheistic base will continue to feed the ever-growing materialism in society and contribute to the violence of the modern age

117
Q

Why do schools exist?

A

To educate and socialize the residents of a community, state, nation, or continent

118
Q

Why is it important to be a “lifelong learner”?

A

Keep up with the changing technology

119
Q

What is given to a computer program that reduces a large amount of information into a form of question-and-answer routines that would lead a learner through a logical progression to the correct response?

A

Expert Systems

120
Q

What tow terms, coined in the 1980s, refer to using the remote control of a television to keep from watching commercials, and are you guilty of doing this?

A

Zapping and Zipping

121
Q

What can a TV network do to contract zipping and zapping?

A

Imbed advertisements into programs

122
Q

What is meant by “industrial recreation”?

A

Social trend that supports adult need for play, but recognizes the importance of organized leisure activities

123
Q

What technology can be used to improve the perforce of duffers, hackers, & tournament players alike?

A

High speed video cameras, heart monitors

124
Q

What is the name of the DuPont fiber that has the feel of cotton with a wicking ability that pulls moisture away from the body?

A

Thermax

125
Q

What is the purpose of technology assessment?

A

Making projection about the future state of specific technologies so we can asses and plan for impacts on society

126
Q

Which of the three types of research is most likely to utilize findings of pervious research and is directed toward the full-scale production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods?

A

Basic research, applied research, development

127
Q

Describe “data mining.”

A
  • Process of finding patterns and correlations in large amounts of data
  • Fields lies behind the future of a fully personalized WWW on the internet and much more
128
Q

Define “biometrics.”

A

Technology that identifies humans based on unique characteristics, including fingerprints and iris scans

129
Q

Define “heuristics.”

A

Rules based on compilation of personal experiences over time, used to help guide problem solving exercises, in AI they are built into computer programs to enable machines to make educated guesses

130
Q

List four examples of engineering ethics.

A

Integrity, honesty, candor, courage

131
Q

Define “risk assessment.”

A

Method of studying the risks of a new technology, material, or device so they can be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed

132
Q

Identify the three phases of cause & effect relationship that the book explains.

A
  1. Analysis figures how much substances there is
  2. How much will people absorb
  3. How much hazard does the substance poses
133
Q

What is the problem with using an animal to determine the toxicity of a chemical to humans?

A

Animals and humans metabolize substances differently

134
Q

Define what a future wheel projection technique is?

A

Entails a small-group brainstorming session in which the participants examine interrelated chains of events that might be consequential to a particular social trend or technology

135
Q

Define what a content analysis is used for?

A

Reviewers keep close track of events as they happen, in order to make an accurate projection of major trends in the future

136
Q

What type of study uses a group of experts and an intermediary to make long-range forecast of technological and societal developments?

A

Delphi Studies

Technology In Society (2 decks)

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