Final Flashcards
1
Q
Need to Belong Theory
A
Humans have a biological need for interpersonal connections
Social isolation can lead to self destruction, lower self-esteem, less happiness, and more proneness to sickness
2
Q
Evolution and Social Behaviour
A
Many social influence processes have been naturally selected. This theory accounts for conformity and obedience that become maladaptive when unquestioned.
3
Q
Social Comparision Theory
A
Upwards comparison: when we want to improve
Downwards comparison: enhancement goal
Lateral comparison: for feedback
4
Q
Mass hysteria
A
Contagious outbreak of irrational behaviour due to social comparison in an ambiguous situation - can lead to collective delusion, ex. UFO
5
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characteristics) on other behaviours, attributing too much to who they are.
We tend to underestimate the value of situational influences.
- Less likely to do this to those in the same situation
- Associated with cultural differences
6
Q
Deindividualization
A
Tendency to participate in atypical behaviour when stripped from unusual identity.
- Feeling of anonymity and lack of individual responsibility leads to deindividualization.
- Flaming: sending hate as a result
6
Q
Asch Line Study
A
Conformity increased as size of majority increased.
Social influences on conformity:
1. Unamity: if all confederates gave the wrong answer, the participant was more likely to conform
2. Difference in Wrong answer: participant was less likely to conform
3. Size: size more majority made a difference only up to 5 or 6 cofederates>
7
Q
Groupthink
A
An emphasis on unanimity at the expense of critical thinking. Groups become so focused on everyone agreeing that they lose the capacity to think critically.
- Groups make good choices when members contribute opinions without peer pressure
- Groups that rely on common knowledge make poor choices
- Groupthink applies to a pathological rather than normative approach to body, appearance, nutrition, and emotional regiments.
8
Q
Inoculation Effect
A
Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing their perspectives and reasons why those perspectives are wrong
9
Q
Groupthink Symptoms and Treatments
A
Symptoms:
1. Illusion of invulnerability
2. Illusion of unanimity
3. Unquestioned belief in moral correctness
4. Conformity pressure
5. Sterotyping nongroup members
6. Self-censorship
8. Mind guards
Treatment: encourage active dissent, appoint a devil’s advocate
10
Q
Milgram’s Paradigm
A
- 2/3 people went to 450V
- Factors that alter obedience: prestige if setting, teacher and learner together, teacher touches learner, teacher and experimenter apart, non-prof in charge, 2 cofedarates rebel.
Lessons:
1 Fundamental Attribution Error
2 Power of situation
11
Q
Bystander Nonintervention
A
Occurs due to pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility
- Pluralistic Ignorance: Error of assuming no one in a group perceives things as we do
- Diffusion of Responsibility: In a crowd, we assume somebody else will intervene. We feel less responsible for the consequences of not taking action.
12
Q
Social Loafing
A
Less productivity in groups
- combat with individual assessment, smaller groups, cohesive groups, and engaging tasks
12
Q
Factors that Reduce the Bystander Effect
A
- Enlightenment effect
- Perceiving self as competent (ex. medical professional)
- Less concern for others opinion
- Extrovesion
13
Q
Altruism
A
Helping others fro unselfish reasons
14
Q
Agression
A
Behaviour intended to harm others
- Interpersonal Provocation: more likely to show aggression when provoked
- Frustration
- Media Influences
- Alcohol: alcohol myopia theory states people are more likely to focus on what makes them angry
- Temperature
- Culture of Honor: men responding with aggression when their honorary image is threatened
15
Q
Relational Aggression
A
Indirect aggression prevalent in girls
16
Q
Cognitive dissonance Theory
A
When two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict (called dissonance)
16
Q
Attitude
A
Belief includes an emotional component.
- Behaviour is not dictated solely by attitude, attitude predicts behaviour when they’re firmly health and stable over time.
- Key influences:
1. Recognition: we are more likely to believe something we’ve heard multiple times
2. Personality
17
Q
Persuasion
A
1 Central Route: Leads us to evaluate argument when we have time and relevant info
- Peripheral Route: we focus on the surface aspects of arguments when distracted
17
Q
Impression Management Theory
A
We don’t change attitudes by cognitive dissonance; we only say so as not to seem inconsistent.
17
Q
Self Perception Theory
A
We acquire attitudes by observation
18
Q
Foot-in-the-door
A
Asking a small request before a large one
19
Q
Door-in-the-face
A
We ask a large request then a small one
20
Lowball
Starting with a lowprice and slowly adding costs after agreement
21
But-you-are-free
We convince someone to do us a favour by telling they are free to not do it
22
Personality
Typical way of thinking, feeling, and behaving
23
Nomothetic Approach
Scientific approach seeking general principles rather than specific individual principles when studying personality
23
Trait
Relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour across many situations
24
Idiogenic Approach
Scientific approach that focuses on identifying unique characteristics and history of a person when studying personality
25
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalystic Theory
No action is meaningless, all psychological events have causes.
Unconscious motivation: We rarely understand why we do what we do as we are not conscious of our psyche's personality, which is significantly important in personality
ID: reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression that operates in means of pleasure principle (tendency of ID striving for immediate gratification)
Superego: Our sense of morality with expectations too high.
- overly developed superegos are guilt-prone
- guilt free people are at risk of developing psychopathic personalities
Ego: Primary task is to interact with the real world and find ways to resolve competing demands of the other two psyches
- governed by the reality principle: tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until an appropriate outlet is found
- His theory had limited external validity therefore cannot be gerneralized
26
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
The principal function of the ego is to extend to threats from the outside world. When danger arises, the ego experiences anxiety and signals for corrective action.
27
Molecular Genetic Study
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
28
Reality Principle
Tendency of ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
28
Psychic Determinism
The assumption all psychological events have a cause
29
Psychosexual Development
1. Oral Stage (12-18 months): babies relieve sexual frustration by sucking and drinking
2. Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years): young ego develops and baby's learn to use the toilet
3. Phallic Stage/Oedipus Complex (3-6 years): focuses on genitals and attraction to the opposite sex/desire to eliminate same-sex rival
4. Latency Stage (6-12 years): sexual impulses are submerges into unconscious, children find the opposite sex unappealing.
5. Genital Stage (12 years): sexual impulses reawaken and mature relationships can form
30
Neo-Freudism
1. Less emphasis on sexuality as a social drive, and more emphasis on culture
2. Optimistic about change after childhood, unlike Freud
31
Behavioural Theories of Personality
Differences in personality is due to differences in experiences. Behaviourists reject the notion that the first few years are especially critical to development.
Radicals: believe conditioning bundles our personalities.
Observable = overt behaviours
Unobservable = covert behaviours
Determinism: They believe that all of our actions are products of pre-existing causal influences (similar to psychoanalysts)
32
Socialist Learning Theories of Personality
These theorists emphasized thinking as a cause of personality. How we interpret our environments affects how we react to them; if we perceive others as threatening, we’ll typically be hostile and suspicious in return. According to social learning theorists, classical and operant conditioning are cognitively mediated. As we acquire information in classical and operant conditioning, we’re actively thinking about and interpreting what it means.
Reciprocal Determinism: Tenency of two people to equally influence each others behaviour
33
Observational Learning
Key form of learning neglected by behaviourists.
34
Humanistic Personality Model
Self Actualization: drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest extent
Roger's Model:
1. Organism is our innate blueprint
2. self is our self-concept - set of beliefs about who we are
3. Conditions of Worth: expectations we put on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
Maslow's Model: peak experiences - transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquillity marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
35
Factor Analysis
Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
36
Big 5 Model of Personality
Lexical approach: how big 5 were uncovered
1. Openness
2. Conscientious
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism - neurotic people tend to be tense and moody
37
Physiognomy
Detect personality from facial features
38
Structure of Personality Tests
These are typically paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways. By fixed ways, we mean choosing between true and false answers or by selecting options on a scale with, for example, 1 being “always true,” 2 being “somewhat true,” and so on, until 5, which is “always false.”
Advantages: easy to administer and score, and they allow researchers to collect data from many participants simultaneously.
39
Rational/Theoretical Method of Test Construction
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization
- not all track strong validity
40
Projective Tests
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
41
PT Barnum Effect
tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate
- demonstrating personal validation with subjective language
41
Projective Hypothesis
This hypothesis assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people inevitably project aspects of their personality onto these stimuli. Test interpreters can then work in reverse by examining people’s answers for clues concerning their personality traits
42
Thematic Apperception Tests
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
43
Illusionary Correlation
Perception of nonexistent correlations
44
Biological Dysfunction
Many mental disorders probably result from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems.
Ex. schizophrenia is often marked by an underactivity in the brain’s frontal lobe
44
Failure Analysis Approach
Psychopathology researchers examine breakdowns in adaptation to help them understand healthy functioning.
45
Psychopathy
mental illness
46
Family resemblance view
Mental disorders don’t all have one thing in common. Just as brothers and sisters within a family look similar but don’t all possess exactly the same eyes, ears, or noses, mental disorders share a loose set of features.
46
Impairment
Most mental disorders interfere with people’s ability to function in everyday life. These disorders can destroy marriages, friendships, and jobs.
47
Phobias
Intense, irrational fears that are learned by experience
48
Demonic Model
View of mental illness in the middle ages, in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
49
Medical Model
View of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
These individuals were placed in asylums
50
Moral Treatment
Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
51
Psychiatric Diagnostics Across Cultures
Come conditions are culture-bound
51
Deinstitutionalization
Governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals. This is due to the founding of chlorpromazine.
52
Psychiatric Diagnostics
1. They pinpoint the psychological problem a patient has
2. They make it easier for mental health professionals to communicate
53
Psychiatric Diagnostic Misconceptions
1. Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing—that is, sorting people into different “boxes.”
2. Diagnostics are unreliable
3. Diagnostics are invalid
4.Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
54
Valid Psychiatric Diagnostic
1. Distinguishes that diagnosis from other, similar diagnoses
2. Predicts diagnosed individuals’ performance on laboratory tests, including personality measures, neurotransmitter levels, and brain-imaging findings (Andreasen, 1995)
3. Predicts diagnosed individuals’ family history of psychiatric disorders
4. Predicts diagnosed individuals’ natural history—that is, what tends to happen to them over time
5. Predicts diagnosed individuals’ response to treatment
54
DSM5
- Thinking organically: considered physical conditions that might cause psychological effects
- prevalence: percentage of people in a population with a disorder
- biopsychosocial approach: interplay between biological, physical and social influences
55
Comorbidity
Co-occurance of 2 or more diagnoses
56
Dimensional Model of Psychopathy
Mental disorders differ in degree
57
Categorical Model of Psychopathy
Mental disorder is either present or absent, no in between
58
Medicalize Normality
To classify mild psychological disturbances as pathological
59
Involuntary Commitment
The procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others or their inability to care for themselves
59
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness but that are actually psychological in origin
60
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
60
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
- More likely to be female than male
61
Panic Attack
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
- peak in less than 10 minutes
- occur in every anxiety disorder
62
Panic Disorder
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
63
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
64
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
65
PTSD
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
- avoidance of thought, feeling, or place or trauma
- panic attacks
- nightmares
66
Manic Episode
Markedly inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, greatly decreased need for sleep, much more talkative than usual, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased activity level or agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that can cause problems (like unprotected sex, excessive spending, reckless driving)
66
OCD
Obsessions: persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress.
Compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts that they undertake to reduce or prevent distress or relieve shame and guilt
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
67
Catastrophize
People catastrophize when they predict terrible events—such as an airplane crash—despite their low probability
67
Major Depressive Disorder
Symptoms:
Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
68
Bipolar I
Presence of one or more manic episodes
69
Bipolar II
Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode.
70
Depression and Life Events
Individuals who had early losses are more prone to depression
71
Interpersonal Model of Depression as a Social Disorder
When people become depressed, they seek excessive reassurance, which in turn leads others to dislike and reject them.
72
Behavioural Model Depression as a Loss of Reinforcement
when people with depression try different things and receive no payoff for them, they eventually give up. They stop participating in many pleasant activities, affording them little opportunity to obtain reinforcement from others.
73
Cognitive Model of Depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
3 major thoughts:
negative views of oneself, the world, and the future. These habitual thought patterns, called negative schemas, presumably originate in early experiences of loss, failure, and rejection. Activated by stressful events in later life, these schemas reinforce people with depression’s negative experiences
74
Learned Helplessness
Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
- parallels between the effects of learned helplessness and depressive symptoms: passivity, appetite and weight loss, and difficulty learning that one can change circumstances for the better.
- persons prone to depression attribute failure to internal as opposed to external factors, and success to external as opposed to internal factors
75
Biology of Depression
Associated with:
- low levels of norepinephrine
- diminished neurogenesis (causing reduced hippocampus volume)
- decreased dopamine
76
Manic Episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
77
Bipolar Disorder
A condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode.
- equally common in both sexes
- produce problems in social situations i.e substance abuse and unrestrained sexual behaviour
- impaired judgement
- genetically influenced
- increased brain activity in amyglada
78
Suicide Risk Factors
- Depression
- Hopelessness
- Substance Abuse
- Schizophrenia
- LGBTQ
- Unemployment
- Family Suicide History
- Old age, especially men
- Recent hospital discharge
79
Borderline Personality Disorder
Condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
- rapidly fluctuating emotions
- self-destructive
- prone to drug abuse
- tend to “split” people and experiences into either all good or all bad
Explanation:
- childhood problems with developing a sense of self and bonding emotionally to others.
-
80
Mental Disorder
- Biological Dysfunction
- Rarity
- Impairment
- Subjective Distress
81
Personality Disorder
Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment
- Least reliably diagnosed disorder
- Comorbidity with depression and GAD
82
Psychopathic Personality Disorder
- majority are male
- guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, and self-centred
- charasmatic
83
Dissociative Disorder
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
84
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization
85
Dissociative Amnesia
inability to recall important personal information—most often related to a stressful experience—that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
86
Disassociative Identity Disorder
condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
- response to trauma
87
Dissociative Fugue
sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
88
DID post-traumatic model
DID arises from a history of severe abuse—physical, sexual, or both—during childhood. This abuse leads individuals to “compartmentalize” their identity into distinct alters as a means of coping with intense emotional pain. In this way, the person can feel as though the abuse happened to someone else.
89
DID sociocognitive model
people’s expectancies and beliefs—shaped by certain psychotherapeutic procedures and cultural influences, rather than early traumas—account for the origin and maintenance of DID
90
Schizophrenia
Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
- disorganized speech
- More than half suffer from serious disabilities, such as an inability to hold a job and maintain close relationships
Catatonic symptoms: motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
Delusions: strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
Hallucinations: sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus
91
Schizophrenia Brain anomalies
One or more ventricles which cushion and nourish the brain, are enlarged in individuals with schizophrenia
- These brain areas frequently expand when others shrink, suggesting schizophrenia is a brain deterioration disorder
- Deterioration in these areas is associated with thought disorder
92
92
Diathesis Stress Model
perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger the vulnerability
93
Autism ASD
Language, social, bonding, imagination, intellectual impairments.
- repetitive/restrictive behaviours
- genetic
- changes in diagnostics have made it seem more prevalent
94
ADHD
- can be evident since infancy
- difficulty processing verbal info
- poor balance
95
Psychotherapy
psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
- women are moe likely to seek treatment
- minority groups and men are less likely
- clients experiencing some anxiety do better in psychotherapy—probably because their distress fuels their motivation to make life changes
- clients with temporal or situational problems also benefit
96
Paraprofessionals
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
97
Insight Therapists
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
98
Humanistic Therapists
Therapies within this orientation share an emphasis on insight, self-actualization, and the belief that human nature is basically positive
- reject the interpretive techniques of psychoanalysis
- strive to understand clients’ inner worlds through empathy and focus on clients’ thoughts and feelings in the present moment.
99
Psychodynamic Therapists
- believe abnormal behaviours stem from traumatic or childhood experiences
- strive to analyze distressing thoughts clients want to avoid
- believe when clients achieve insight into unconscious material, symptom causes will be evident, then will disappear
100
Free Association
As clients lie on a couch in a comfortable position, therapists instruct them to say whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter how meaningless or nonsensical they might seem.
- done in psychoanalysis
101
Free Association Interpretation
Therapists formulate explanations of the unconscious bases of a client’s dreams, emotions, and behaviours.
They point out the supposedly disguised expression of a repressed idea, impulse, or wish.
Dream analysis:
- latent: hidden content
- manifest: observable content
Resistance: avoidance of repressed thoughts
Transference: project intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto the therapist as analysis continues.
Working through: final stage of analysis, therapists help clients work through, or process, their problems.
therapists must repeatedly address conflicts and resistance to achieving healthy behavioural patterns and help clients confront old and ineffective coping responses as they re-emerge
102
Unconditional Positive Regard
Nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expresses.
103
Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt therapists believe that people with psychological difficulties are excluded from their awareness experiences and aspects of their personalities that trigger anxiety.
- Therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
104
Abstinance Violation Effect
Negative feelings to drinking alcohol cause relapses in alcoholics
105
Family Therapy
- patient isn't one person, rather the family unit itself
Strategic family intervention: designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Structural family therapy: treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
106
Behavioural Therapists
focus on the specific behaviours that lead the client to seek therapy and the current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
- change results from the operation of basic principles of learning, especially classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
107
Ecology momentary assessment
assessment of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that arise in the moment in situations in which they occur in everyday life
- asses race, socioeconomic status, etc
- behavioural therapists
107
Systematic Desensitization
Patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Reciprocal inhibition states that a client cannot experience 2 conflicting responses simultaneously.
Counterconditioning: pairing an incompatible relaxation response with anxiety, we condition a more adaptive response to anxiety-arousing stimuli.
108
Exposure Therapy
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
109
Dismantling
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
110
Flooding Therapy
jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose clients to images of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods
Response prevention: prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
- type of exposure therapy
-OCD
- anxiety disorders
- PTSD
-agoraphobia
110
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
high-tech equipment providing a “virtually life-like” experience of fear-provoking situation
- phobias
- ptsd
111
Participant Modelling
Therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
-schizophrenia
-autism
adhd
-social anxiety
112
Token Economy
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
- behavioural therapy
113
Aversion Therapy
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
- behavioural therapy
114
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Beliefs play a key role in feelings and behaviours.
- equally effective for most problems
Assumptions:
1. cognitions are identifiable and measurable
2. treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
3. Irrational beliefs or catastrophic thinking can be replaced with more rational cognitions
115
Spontaneous Remission
The client’s recovery may have nothing at all to do with the treatment.
116
Anxiety Treatment
CBT, anxiolytic meds, antidepressants, combinations
117
Mood Disorder Treatment
psychotherapy, antidepressants, mood stabilizers (for bipolar), combinations
118
Personality Disorder Treatment
Difficult to treat
119
Schizophrenia Treatments
Behavioural treatments, typical antipsychotics (block dopamine receptors, work well for positive symptoms), antitypical antipsychotics (improve positive and negative symptoms)
120
Ineffective Therapy
1. spontaneous remission
2. placebo
3. self-serving biases (too much money gone into therapy to admit it doesn't work)
4. regression to mean: The client’s recovery may have nothing at all to do with the treatment, fooling the therapy was effective
5. retrospective rewriting the past: beleiveing improvement that didn't happen
121
Empirically supported treatments
Behavioural therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy have emerged as ESTs for depression, anxiety disorders, obesity, marital problems, sexual dysfunction, and alcohol problems
Interpersonal therapy has considerable support for depression and bulimia, as do acceptance-based approaches for borderline personality disorder
122
psychopharmacotherapy
use of medication to treat psychological problems
122
electroconvulsive therapy (ETC)
informally called “shock therapy”—which delivers small electric shocks to people’s brains to lift their mood
- used for depression
- increases serotonin levels
122
psychosurgery
frontal lobes or other brain regions were damaged or removed in an effort to control serious psychological disorders
-major depression
-OCD
-bipolar
123
Medication side effects
nausea, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, and impaired sexual performance (all reversible)
tardive dyskinesia: caused by older meds used to treat schizophrenia cause grotesque involuntary movements of the facial muscles and mouth and twitching of the neck, arms, and leg
