Final Flashcards
Name the four elements of motivational interviewing
Reflective listening
Positive affirmations (rather than direct questioning, persuasion, or giving advice)
Neutral (but interested) tone
Suppress your instinct to respond to
questions or requests for advice
Name the two “do-nots” of motivational interviewing
Do not give advice until the client has verbalized their own understanding and come up with their own suggestions to workaround obstacles.
Do not give pre-digested or pre-packaged health messages.
How does motivational interviewing compare to the Information-Motivation-Strategy Model?
Presenting things in a neutral manner in MI, but not neutral in IM
One is more stage oriented, one is more value oriented
What are three key components of reflective listening in motivational interviewing?
Demonstrating Empathy
Affirm the client’s thoughts and feelings
Help client through their self-discovery process
How can one elicit change talk in motivational interviewing and what is its benefit?
Elicit self-motivational statements from the client (On a scale of 0-10, how motivated or interested are you in making a behavior change?)
People are more likely to act on something that they’ve backed up and argued for (change talk)
How does MI compare to Rogerian therapy?
MI is more directive
MI prioritizes resolving discrepancy and building motivation
How does MI compare to TTM?
MI doesn’t prescribe prewritten messages for different levels of
readiness
MI assumes greater fluidity in stages (readiness can fluctuate within
minutes in either direction)
Designed for in-person vs. automated delivery
How does MI compare to CBT?
MI rarely involves direct confrontation of maladaptive beliefs
But open to integrating CBT if the client expresses an interest in
learning a specific CBT strategy
Name three psychological and behavioural factors known to increase one’s risk of developing a chronic health problem
Stress
Lifestyle
Personality characteristics
Diseases of “long duration and generally slow progression”
Chronic disease
What are the three main avenues through which health psychologists can intervene in chronic disease?
Prevention and health-promotion work with at-risk populations prior to the onset of medical conditions
Helping patients with adherence to recommended regimens (e.g., diet, medications)
Helping patients with adjustment to a new life situation
List 8 potential consequences of chronic disease
Loss of life
Fatigue
Pain
Sleep Problems
Physical disability
Psychological distress
Inability to work
Relationship challenges
Name 5 specific lifestyle choices that can increase one’s risk of chronic disease
Tobacco smoking
Physical inactivity
Poor sleeping habits
Unhealthy eating
Excessive consumption of alcohol
Name four factors affecting adherence to treatment regimens
Is the medication regime too complicated?
Did health-care providers offer insufficient instruction?
Did the patient forget?
Does the patient have a good attitude toward treatment?
What are the three facets related to adjustment to a new life situation related to chronic disease identified by Stanton and colleagues?
- Chronic disease affects multiple domains of functioning and consequently adjustment must occur across these multiple domains (e.g., lifestyle, relationships, mental health).
- Adjustment is not a static process, but one that unfolds over time.
- Every individual will adjust differently.
Name 7 personal and situational characteristics have been found to be predictive of adjustment to chronic illness
Comorbid psychological disorder
Gender
Personality
Social support
Cultural background
Socio-economic status
Personal coping resources
Process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve, their health (WHO)
Health promotion
Name 5 ways in which health psychologists can be involved in health promotion
Help patients better manage their stress
Enhance patients’ motivation to make healthier choices and improve the management of their health conditions (e.g., identify barriers and solutions)
Promote health in groups at high risk for disease (e.g., provide educational sessions re: risk, prevention and mental health in those with HIV).
Be involved in policy making, media campaigns, and program development
Be engaged in research to identify risk factors for disease and strategies for the promotion of wellness
What are the two main streams of therapy relevant to chronic disease?
CBT
Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches
Name four key influences on our attitudes towards sexuality
Where do we get our information?
How do these messages change our behaviour, thoughts, and feelings?
When is this information being received in relation to developmental milestones (e.g. puberty)?
Heteronormativity, stigmnatized identities, related impacts
What four dimensions does sexual activity include?
Behaviour
Culture
Psychology
Biology
Name four factors involved in sexual health (WHO)
Access to comprehensive, good-quality information about sex and sexuality;
Knowledge about the risks they may face and their vulnerability to adverse consequences of unprotected sexual activity
Ability to access sexual health care;
Living in an environment that affirms and promotes sexual health.
Name the 10 dimensions of the sexual health model
- Talking about sex
- Culture and sexual identity
- Sexual anatomy and functioning
- Sexual health care and safe sex
- Challenges
- Body image
- Masturbation and fantasy
- Positive sexuality
- Intimacy and relationships
- Spirituality
Describe the genderbread person/gender unicorn models
Gender and sexuality are considered across 5 dimensions…
1. Gender identity
2. Gender expression
3. Anatomical sex/sex assigned at birth
4. Physical/sexual attraction
5. Emotional/romantic attraction
Each dimension has associated scales
The assignment and classification of people as male, female, intersex, or another sex based on a combination of anatomy, hormones, chromosomes
Anatomical sex/sex assigned at birth
One’s internal sense of being male, female, neither of these, both, or another gender(s).
Gender identity
The physical manifestation of one’s gender identity through clothing, hairstyle, voice, body shape, etc.
Gender expression
Give examples of results from two studies supporting the idea that a healthy sex life is associated with better overall health
Higher presence of IgA antibodies in people who had relatively frequent sex (compared to low and higher frequencies)
Moderate frequency (a few times per month) of sex is positively related to later risk of cardiovascular events for men but not women, whereas good sexual quality seems to protect women but not men from cardiovascular risk in later life.
Both studies see positive effects for “moderate” groups
Name 5 reasons as to why adolescents are more at risk for contracting STIs behaviourally and biologically
Increased risky sexual behaviours
Prefrontal cortex development (related to decision making) is not complete
Less likely than adults to access and use sexual health resources
Differences in access to diagnosis and treatment
Adolescent females are more likely to contract certain STIs due to less cervical mucus
Viral infection that weakens immune system and causes AIDS
HIV
Diagnosed when individual has HIV and an opportunistic infection or illness
AIDS
Who are the most vulnerable populations in Canada for contracting HIV?
Men who have sex with men
Injection drug users
Street youth
Indigenous individuals
What are the three stages of HIV?
Acute HIV infection:
HIV multiplies in the body\
Flu-like symptoms in first 2-4 weeks, High risk of transmission
Chronic HIV infection: Asymptomatic, where HIV is still multiplying but lower levels, can still spread but the probability depends on viral load - Can stay in this stage for up to 10 years without medication
AIDS: Final stage of HIV infection, immune system is severely damaged (CD4* T-cell count less than 200) - Without adequate treatment people typically survive about 3-4 years*
The devalueing or discrediting of an individual or group considered to have an undesirable attribute
Stigmatizing
List 6 psychiatric diagnoses seen to be more prevalent for people with HIV/AIDS
Depression
Anxiety
PTSD
Insomnia
Schizophrenia
Substance use
Name 10 STIs and indicate which are curable
HIV
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)
Genital herpes
Hepatitis A, B, and C (Hep C is possibly curable, Hep A is curable)
Chlamydia (Curable)
Gonorrhea (Curable)
Syphilis (Curable)
Trichomoniasis (Curable)
Pediculosis (pubic lice, curable)
Scabies (Curable)
List the psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with sexual health
Protective: Good knowledge, good condom use, good communication, internet/social media use (occasionally)
Risk Factors: High number of sexual partners, poor communication, substance use, personality factors (sensation-seeking and impulsivity), health disparities, internet/social media use (generally)
What is the most common STI?
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)
