Final Flashcards
Biological aging?
The natural physical decline brought about by aging
Secondary aging?
A product of environmental influences and health habits
Physical changes in early adulthood
Physical development is complete
Peaks of physical capabilities
Health during early adulthood
At the age of 35 illness and disease become the leading cause of death
Exercise in early adulthood because
You gain weight as you age
Half Americans are inactive
Frequent exercises…
Enhances the immune response
Provides a mental health benefit
Associated with substantially lower death rates
Reproductive capacity in early adulthood?
Declines with age
Stress is a physical and emotional response to..
Events that threaten or challenge us
Primary appraisal?
Assessment of an event to determine whether it’s implications are positive, negative, or neutral
Secondary appraisal?
Assessment of whether ones resources are adequate to overcome the potential stressor
Stress may lead to psychosomatic disorders
Medical problems caused by interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
Coping with stress
Problem focused coping?
Manage stress by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful
Emotion focused coping?
Involves the conscious regulation of emotions
Defensive coping?
Involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation
Impacts on attending college?
Become better at reasoning and attitude and values broaden
The economic value attending college
More then half of college students are woman and women have slightly higher graduation rate why?
Study time
Study strategies
Choice of major
Behavior outside of the classroom
Many older nontraditional students are taking college courses why?
Economics
Maturation reform, refers to less risk taking and more focus on supporting family
Emerging adulthood is…
A transitional period that occurs between the ages of 18 to mid to late 20s
Social clock is…..
The age related expectation for major life events, all societies have such timelines
Factors that influence friendship development..
Similarly
Proximity
Personal qualities such as loyalty and supportiveness
Sternbergs triangular theory of love?
3 components:
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment
Intimacy
Relates to closeness, affection, and connectedness
Passion
Relates to sex, physical closeness, and romance
Commitment
Contains the cognitive that one loves another person and the determination to maintain love
Selecting a mate?
People often marry according to homogamy, the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age race and other basic demographic characteristics
Marriage gradient refers to…
The tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger and lower in status and woman to marry men who are slightly older and higher in status
Cohabitation..
Refers to couples living together without being married, can. Be serves as a preparation for marriage or an alternative to marriage
Couples who cohabit before they are married are more likely to…
Get a divorce also if there parents are divorce
The average age of first marriage has risen..
27 women, 29 men
Why are people marrying later?
Economic concerns
Commitment to establishing a career
Traditional marriage…
Involve a clear division of roles, the husband is head of household and the wife is the caregiver and homemaker
Egalitarian marriage
Partners relate as equals sharing power and authority
Most well educated women expect this form of marriage?
Egalitarian
Men fail to comment this marriage?
Egalitarian
Who is happier in the marriage?
Men
Partners who hold positive with others attributes are…
Happier
Parenthood
There is a pattern of delayed childbearing and family has declined
Transition to parenthood
The arrival of a baby is associated with mild declines in relationship satisfaction but down not cause martial strain
Postponing childbearing
Eases the transition
Single hood refers to…
Living alone without an intimate partner
Reasons for single hood…
May view marriage negatively
May view marriage as too restrictive
May not encounter anyone with whom they wish to spend the remainder of their lives with
Fantasy period
Career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or job opportunities
Tentative period
Begin to think about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them
Realistic period
Explore specific career options through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession
Selecting a vocation
Personality can influence one’s vocational choice
Intellectual vocation
Oriented toward the theoretical and abstract
Social vocation
Strong verbal and interpersonal skills
Realistic vocation
Practical problem solvers
Conventional vocation
Prefer highly structured tasks
Tentative period
Begin to think about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit them
Realistic period
Explore specific career options through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession
Why do people work?
Extrinsic motivation drives people to obtain tangible rewards
Intrinsic motivation causes people to work for their own enjoyment
Element in people’s social lives
Status
Changes in height
Loss
Osteoporosis
Results in loss of bone mass and causes brittle bones
Prevention of osteoporosis
Increase calcium and vitamin D intake and exercise in earlier years
Vision in middle adulthood
Loss of visual acuity
Glaucoma
A condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eyes increases
Hearing
Undergoes a gradual decline in acuity
Presbycusis
The ability to hear high frequency sounds typically declines first
Causes of hearing loss
Environmental factor
Aging
The most notable sign of the female reproductive change is
Menopause
Phases of menopause
Presmenipausal
Perimenopausal
Postmenopausal
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy administer estrogen and progesterone to alleviate the worst of the menopausal symptoms but there are risk involved
Chronic diseases you can get older
Arthritis and diabetes and hypertension
Risk factors for heart disease
Genetics
Environment and lifestyle choices
Personality
Type a
Characterized by competitiveness, impatience and tendency towards frustration and hostility
Type b
Characterized by no competitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression
What type is associated with heart disease
Type a
Risk factors for cancer
Genetics, environmental factors
Intelligence
Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age but crystallized intelligence holds steady and may improve
Episodic memories
Are recollections of personal events or episodes
Semantic memories represent
memory for general knowledge
Adults who engage in intellectually challenging activities show
Fewer losses in cognitive skill
Normativeocrsis
Sees personality development in terms of universal stages, tied to a sequence of age related crisis
Life event
The events in adult life, rather than age per se determine the corse of personality development
Levinson midlife crisis
A stage of uncertainty and indecision that is brought about by the realization that life is finite and they are getting close to the end
Sources of martial satisfaction
View marrow as a long term commitment
Sexual satisfaction
Why do marriages unravel?
Concerned with personal happiness
Feelings of romantic, passionate love subside
Infidelity
Stress
Midlifers adapt more easily to divorce then…
Younger people
Do many who are divorce end up marrying again?
True
Divorce rates are higher in second marriages than in first marriages because….
Stress
Less commitment
Personality characteristics
The empty nest syndrome refers…
To the unhappiness loneliness, and depression parents may experience from their children departure
Helicopter parents…
Intrusively interfere in their children’s lives
Boomerany children
Are young adults who return to live in the homes of their parents
Sandwich generation refers to..
Middle adults who feel squeezed between the needs of their children and their aging parents
Gender and ethnic differences exist in…
How much care one provides to aging parents
Grandparent roles
Remote
Do not see often
Grandparent roles
Maintain frequent contact and warmth
Grandparent roles
Involved
Directly involved in the everyday care
Factors related to grandparenting are..
Proximity and
Gender
Some form of violence happens in … of all marriages
1/4
Marital aggression
Tension building stage
The beater becomes upset and shows dissatisfaction through verbal abuse
Marital aggression
Acute beater incident stage
Physical abuse occurs
Marital aggression
Loving contrition stage
Beater expresses remorse
Why stay with beater?
Loving contrition
Fear
History of abuse
The factors that make a job satisfying change during middle age
More concerned with the here and now qualities of work
Job satisfaction increases in…
Midlife
Burnout occurs when…
Worker’s experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, and weariness from their jobs
Glass ceiling …
Is an invisible barrier to advancement
Who faces a glass ceiling?
Woman and ethnic minorities
Why do woman and ethnic minorities face a glass ceiling?
Less access to mentors
Stereotype and doubts about women career commitment
Prejudice due to deviating from traditional gender roles
Midlifers show a shaper decline in…
Physical and mental health, remain jobless longer, and seldom duplicate pay from the previous position
The number of friends in middle adulthood
Decline
Functional age refers to…
Actual competence and performance
Average life expectancy refers to…
The number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect to live
What are variations in life expectancy
Ethnic and socioeconomic
Gender , woman live longer
Changes occur in the internal function of the organ systems
The brain becomes…
Blood flow is…
Several bodies systems work…
Smaller and lighter
Reduced within the brain
At a lower capacity
With age, individuals begin to have difficulty carrying out
Activity of daily living, basic self care task
Bathing
Brushing teeth
Feeding
Vision in late adulthood
Increased risk for cataracts
Arthritis
Inflammation of one or more joint
One prevalent psychological problem in late adulthood is
Depression
Dementia is a set of disorders in which…
Serious memory loss is accompanied y declines i other mental functioning
The most common form of dementia is…
Alzheimer’s disease
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease
Severe memory problems
Deficit in communication
Purposeful movements disintegrate
Difficulty processing emotions
Depression
Structural changes occur in the brain..
Neurofibrillary tangles, bindles of twisted threads, paper
Amyloid plaques, Denise’s deposits of a deteriorated protein called amyloid, develop
Risk factors of Alzheimer’s
Genetics
Non genetics factors such as high blood pressure or diet
Memory in late adulthood
Recall is…
Reduced
The reminiscence bump
There is a period of heightened autobiographical memory
Recall the most events that occurred from the ages
10-30
2 aspects of language production slow age related changes:
Word retrieval
Planning what to say and how to say it becomes harder
Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role
Just redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to work roles
Body transcendence versus body preoccupation
Learn to cope with and move beyond physical changes
Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
Come to grips with coming death
Reminiscence involves telling stories about events from the past
No age differences in the amount of reminiscence
More older adults engage in life review
An examination and evaluation of one’s life
Activity theory proposes that successful aging occurs when people maintain interest, activities, and social interactions
More social involvement is linked to better outcomes
Disengagement theory suggests that…
There is a gradual withdrawal from the world
Continuity theory argues
That elders adjusts to aging by engaging in the same kinds of activities that interest them in earlier hears
Types of housing arrangements
Ordinary homes
Specialized living environments
Martial satisfaction is at its peck in
Late adulthood
Who experiences widowhood more
Woman
Widowed men show more
Physical and mental health problems
Elder abuse refers to…
The physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect
Most elder abusers are
Family members
reorientation
Reconsider options and become engaged in or fulfilling activities
Retirement routine
Feel fulfilled in this new phase of life
Termination
Either return to work or termination occurs due to physical deterioration
Lifelong learning
Older participants in continuing education report an array of benefits
Clinical death
Absence of heartbeat and breathing
Brain death
Cessation of all signs of brain activity
For parents the death of a child produces
A profound sense of loss and grief
Childhood conceptions of death
Preschoolers think of death in terms of sleep
Around age 5 Childern have a better understanding of death
Adolescent know about death but…
Don’t think it can happen to them
Adolescents and young adults who learn that they have terminal illness often feel
angry and cheated
Fear about death is at its highest in
middle adulthood
Elderly individuals actively seek death turing to
Suicide
Woman report a higher levels of
Fear and anxiety around death
Proposed that people who are dying move through a series of stages
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Right to die is the view that
Death is a right to be exercised
Euthanasia is the
Practice of ending the life of a person suffering
Passive euthanasia
Life sustaining treatment is withheld
Active euthanasia
One’s acts at a patients request to end suffering before natural end
Physician assisted suicide is
A process in which the doctor provides the means for a terminally I’ll individual to commit suicide
Submissive death
Suicide where people simply let themselves die by not caring for themselves
Suicidal erosion
An indirect form of suicide by engaging in high risk activities
Living will
Designates what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes
Durable power of attorney
Authorities another person to make health care decisions on one’s behalf
Home care
Dying person stays at home and receives treatment
Hospice care
Care for the dying provided in place devoted to those who are terminally ill
Bereavement is the experience of..
Losing a loved one by death
Greif
Intense physical and psychological distress
Mourning
Culturally specified expression of the bereaved person’s thoughts and feelings
Stages of the grief processes
Avoidance
Experience shock and disbelief
Stages of the grief processes
Confrontation
Confront the reality of the death
Grief process
Accommodation
Confront the reality of the death
