Exam 2 (chapters 7-12) Flashcards
What is physical growth?
Changes in height and weight and are slower in preschool years than in infancy.
Bodies become more proportional.
What are some influences on physical growth and health?
Heredity and hormones
Nutrition
Illness
Injury
Heredity?
Children’s physical size and growth are related to those of their parents.
Hormones?
The pituitary gland releases hormones that induce growth.
Nutrition?
Many children become picky eaters
A nutritionally deficient diet is associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems
Illness?
The majority of US preschoolers are reasonably healthy
Minor illness help build immunity and empathy
Injury?
Accidents are the leading cause of death in the industrialized nations
Factors related to
Lack of judgment
Gender, boys
Temperament
Poverty
Lateralization?
The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other, becomes more pronounced during the preschool years.
Cerebellum?
AIDS in balance and control of body movements
Reticular formation?
Maintains alertness and consciousness
Hippocampus?
Memory
What is the pre operational stage?
The second stage of Piaget theory
2 to 7
Better able to use symbols
Egocentrism?
The inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective
Animism?
A belief that inanimate objects have lifeline qualities
Centration?
Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Autobiographical memory?
Memory of particular events from one’s own life emerges during this period
What is sociocultural perspective, vygotsky?
Children advance when working with someone more skilled
Zone of proximal development?
The difference between what one can do with assistance and what one can do alone
Scaffolding?
Teacher matched assistance to learners needs
Private speech?
Comments used to regulate own behavior
When is word learning?
Early on 12 months, slow
By 18 months naming exploding, vocabulary rapidly expands
Fast mapping?
Preschoolers will use this to gain new words that are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
What age do children produce longer sentences?
By 2
Grammatical morphemes?
A minimal unit of meaning
Child center programs?
Learning takes place through play
Academic programs?
Teachers structure children’s learning of a academic skill through lessons
Self concept in preschool?
A set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Preschoolers self concept includes?
Physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, competencies
Collectivistic orientation?
Promotes interdependence
Individualistic orientation?
Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
Parallel play?
Play alone but interested in what others are doing
Associative play?
Engage in similar activities and offer each other toys
Cooperative play?
Organize play around a theme and take on roles based on the theme
House
Doctor
School
What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?
Degree of warmth and responsiveness
And
Control
Authoritarian parent?
High control with little warmth
Authoritative parenting?
Typically best
A fair degree of control and warmth
Permissive parenting?
Warm but little control
Uninvolved parenting?
No warmth or control
Types of maltreatment?
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Neglect
Psychological Abuse
What are the consequences of maltreatment?
Development is distributed
A cycle of violence hypothesis
Moral development?
Refers to change in peoples sense of justice and of what is right and wrong and in their behavior related to moral issues
Piaget stage theory stage 1?
No well defined ideas about morality
Piaget stage theory stage 2?
Believe that rules are created by adults and they must be followed
Immanent Justice?
That idea that breaking a rule always leads to punishment
Piaget stage theory stage 3?
Understand that rules are created to help people get along
Aggression?
Behavior meant to harm others
Instrumental aggression?
Use aggression to achieve an explicit goal
Hostile aggression?
Use aggression to intimidate harass or humiliate others
Reactive aggression?
One’s behavior leads to another’s aggression
Relational aggression
Girls, undermining of social relationships
What are the roots of aggression?
Parents approach to discipline and exposure to violence on the media
Overweight children often?
Have lower self esteem and are at risk for medical problems
What are contributors to childhood obesity?
Heredity
Environment
Parents
What is one of the most common illnesses experienced during middle childhood?
Asthma
What factors contribute to asthma?
Heredity
Environmental factors
The rate of injury increased or decreased?
Increased
Learning disabilities are characterized by?
Difficulty mastering an academic subject
Normal intelligence
Not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.
Inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity
More in boys
Heredity and environmental factors
What are some treatments for adhd?
Drug therapy
Behavior Therapy
Piaget concrete operational stage?
7-11
Begin to use mental operations, strategies and rules
Limited to the tangible and real
Information processing in middle childhood?
Memory improves significantly and begin to use memory strategies
Rehearsal?
Involves repeating the information to oneself
Organizations?
Strict material so that related information is placed together
Emergent literacy?
Knowledge about literacy that children acquire before learning to read
Phonological awareness?
Ability to heard distinctive sounds of letters
Influences on reading achievement?
Phonological awareness
Environment
Socioeconomic status
Dyslexia?
Characteristics by problems such as letter reversals, slow reading, and reduced comprehension
Potential causes of dyslexia?
Phonological processing
Heredity
Neurological problem
Phonics?
Focuses on letter names, then letter sounds, and then syllables and words
Whole word?
Recognize whole words on sight
Whole language?
Immerses child language
Intelligence?
The ability to solve problems and to adapt to learn from experience
Wechsler intelligence scale for children WISC?
Used with 6-16 year olds
Tests verbal ability and performance
Fluid intelligence?
Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities reasoning and memory
Crystallized intelligence?
Accumulated intelligence
Levels of intellectual disability?
Profound
Severe
Moderate
Mild
IQ scores higher then 130 is?
Giftedness
Self consent becomes more complex and includes?
Membership in social groups
Social comparisons
Self esteem?
Refers to a persons judgment and feeling about his or hers own worth
Kohlberg moral reasoning?
Pre conventional, punishment and rewards
Conventional, rules and approval of others
Post conventional, abstract principles
Gender self segregation?
Peer group interactions in middle childhood are gender segregated
Sibling rivalry?
When siblings compete or quarrel with one another, tends to increase in middle school
The impact of divorce?
Changes in family life that affect children
After 2 years the children begin to adjust
Adolescence?
Is the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood
Puberty?
Is the period during which the sexual organs mature
Puberty is earlier for which gender?
Girls
Primary sex characteristics?
Refer to organs that are directly involved in reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics?
Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to the reproductive organs
Anorexia nervosa?
Marked by refusal to eat and an irrational fear if being overweight
Bulimia nervosa?
Alternate between binge eating and purging
Both anorexia and bulimia?
Primarily affect females
Emerge in adolescence
Risk factors, heredity, over concerned about body and weight
Adolescent egocentrism?
Self absorption
Imaginary audience?
Belief that others are constantly watching
Personal fable?
A belief that experiences and feelings are unique
Reasons for using drugs?
Effects from using them
Escape from everyday life
Thrill seeking
Enhance academic performance
STI
sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is spread through sexual contact
AIDS are deadly
Most common is HPV
Self concept in adolescence?
Attitudes
Personality traits
Situation specific and role specific personality traits and behaviors
Diffusion?
Not committed to an identity and not searching
Foreclosure?
Committed to an identity without searching first
Moratorium?
Not committed to an identity but exploring options
Achievement?
Have chosen an identity after a period of searching
Phases of achieving identity?
Most adolescents are in a state of diffusion or foreclosure
Depression in adolescence?
Involves feeling sad, frustrated, hopeless about life
Factors that relate to depression?
Heredity and biology
Serious loss ,disappointment, failure
Gender
Suicide?
One of the leading causes of death for adolescents
Factors related to suicide?
Gender
Depression
Family conflict and relationship difficulties
Exposure to the suicides of others
Generation gap?
Divided between parents and children in attitudes and valves
Most adolescents and their parents get along well
Cliques?
A group of 4 to 6 kids who are friends similar interests
Crowds?
Larger mixed sex groups
Jocks
Nerds
Popular
Peer pressure?
Is the influence of one peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
Delinquency?
Refers to adolescent behavior that violates the law
Childhood onset delinquency?
Begins in childhood before 10 and includes high levels of aggression disobedience and threatening behavior
Adolescent one set delinquency?
11 or older problems are milder
Teenage pregnancy has delinced why?
Comprehensive sex education programs
Celine in sexual intercourse
Use of contraception
Substitute for sexual intercourse may be more patient
