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Life Span Development PSYC > Exam 2 (chapters 7-12) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (chapters 7-12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical growth?

A

Changes in height and weight and are slower in preschool years than in infancy.
Bodies become more proportional.

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2
Q

What are some influences on physical growth and health?

A

Heredity and hormones
Nutrition
Illness
Injury

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3
Q

Heredity?

A

Children’s physical size and growth are related to those of their parents.

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4
Q

Hormones?

A

The pituitary gland releases hormones that induce growth.

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5
Q

Nutrition?

A

Many children become picky eaters
A nutritionally deficient diet is associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems

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6
Q

Illness?

A

The majority of US preschoolers are reasonably healthy
Minor illness help build immunity and empathy

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7
Q

Injury?

A

Accidents are the leading cause of death in the industrialized nations
Factors related to
Lack of judgment
Gender, boys
Temperament
Poverty

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8
Q

Lateralization?

A

The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other, becomes more pronounced during the preschool years.

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9
Q

Cerebellum?

A

AIDS in balance and control of body movements

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10
Q

Reticular formation?

A

Maintains alertness and consciousness

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11
Q

Hippocampus?

A

Memory

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12
Q

What is the pre operational stage?

A

The second stage of Piaget theory
2 to 7
Better able to use symbols

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13
Q

Egocentrism?

A

The inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective

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14
Q

Animism?

A

A belief that inanimate objects have lifeline qualities

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15
Q

Centration?

A

Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

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16
Q

Autobiographical memory?

A

Memory of particular events from one’s own life emerges during this period

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17
Q

What is sociocultural perspective, vygotsky?

A

Children advance when working with someone more skilled

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18
Q

Zone of proximal development?

A

The difference between what one can do with assistance and what one can do alone

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19
Q

Scaffolding?

A

Teacher matched assistance to learners needs

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20
Q

Private speech?

A

Comments used to regulate own behavior

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21
Q

When is word learning?

A

Early on 12 months, slow
By 18 months naming exploding, vocabulary rapidly expands

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22
Q

Fast mapping?

A

Preschoolers will use this to gain new words that are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

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23
Q

What age do children produce longer sentences?

A

By 2

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24
Q

Grammatical morphemes?

A

A minimal unit of meaning

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25
Q

Child center programs?

A

Learning takes place through play

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26
Q

Academic programs?

A

Teachers structure children’s learning of a academic skill through lessons

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27
Q

Self concept in preschool?

A

A set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual

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28
Q

Preschoolers self concept includes?

A

Physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, competencies

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29
Q

Collectivistic orientation?

A

Promotes interdependence

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30
Q

Individualistic orientation?

A

Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

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31
Q

Parallel play?

A

Play alone but interested in what others are doing

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32
Q

Associative play?

A

Engage in similar activities and offer each other toys

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33
Q

Cooperative play?

A

Organize play around a theme and take on roles based on the theme
House
Doctor
School

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34
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?

A

Degree of warmth and responsiveness
And
Control

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35
Q

Authoritarian parent?

A

High control with little warmth

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36
Q

Authoritative parenting?

A

Typically best
A fair degree of control and warmth

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37
Q

Permissive parenting?

A

Warm but little control

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38
Q

Uninvolved parenting?

A

No warmth or control

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39
Q

Types of maltreatment?

A

Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Neglect
Psychological Abuse

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40
Q

What are the consequences of maltreatment?

A

Development is distributed
A cycle of violence hypothesis

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41
Q

Moral development?

A

Refers to change in peoples sense of justice and of what is right and wrong and in their behavior related to moral issues

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42
Q

Piaget stage theory stage 1?

A

No well defined ideas about morality

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43
Q

Piaget stage theory stage 2?

A

Believe that rules are created by adults and they must be followed

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44
Q

Immanent Justice?

A

That idea that breaking a rule always leads to punishment

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45
Q

Piaget stage theory stage 3?

A

Understand that rules are created to help people get along

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46
Q

Aggression?

A

Behavior meant to harm others

47
Q

Instrumental aggression?

A

Use aggression to achieve an explicit goal

48
Q

Hostile aggression?

A

Use aggression to intimidate harass or humiliate others

49
Q

Reactive aggression?

A

One’s behavior leads to another’s aggression

50
Q

Relational aggression

A

Girls, undermining of social relationships

51
Q

What are the roots of aggression?

A

Parents approach to discipline and exposure to violence on the media

52
Q

Overweight children often?

A

Have lower self esteem and are at risk for medical problems

53
Q

What are contributors to childhood obesity?

A

Heredity
Environment
Parents

54
Q

What is one of the most common illnesses experienced during middle childhood?

A

Asthma

55
Q

What factors contribute to asthma?

A

Heredity
Environmental factors

56
Q

The rate of injury increased or decreased?

A

Increased

57
Q

Learning disabilities are characterized by?

A

Difficulty mastering an academic subject
Normal intelligence
Not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance

58
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.

A

Inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity
More in boys
Heredity and environmental factors

59
Q

What are some treatments for adhd?

A

Drug therapy
Behavior Therapy

60
Q

Piaget concrete operational stage?

A

7-11
Begin to use mental operations, strategies and rules
Limited to the tangible and real

61
Q

Information processing in middle childhood?

A

Memory improves significantly and begin to use memory strategies

62
Q

Rehearsal?

A

Involves repeating the information to oneself

63
Q

Organizations?

A

Strict material so that related information is placed together

64
Q

Emergent literacy?

A

Knowledge about literacy that children acquire before learning to read

65
Q

Phonological awareness?

A

Ability to heard distinctive sounds of letters

66
Q

Influences on reading achievement?

A

Phonological awareness
Environment
Socioeconomic status

67
Q

Dyslexia?

A

Characteristics by problems such as letter reversals, slow reading, and reduced comprehension

68
Q

Potential causes of dyslexia?

A

Phonological processing
Heredity
Neurological problem

69
Q

Phonics?

A

Focuses on letter names, then letter sounds, and then syllables and words

70
Q

Whole word?

A

Recognize whole words on sight

71
Q

Whole language?

A

Immerses child language

72
Q

Intelligence?

A

The ability to solve problems and to adapt to learn from experience

73
Q

Wechsler intelligence scale for children WISC?

A

Used with 6-16 year olds
Tests verbal ability and performance

74
Q

Fluid intelligence?

A

Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities reasoning and memory

75
Q

Crystallized intelligence?

A

Accumulated intelligence

76
Q

Levels of intellectual disability?

A

Profound
Severe
Moderate
Mild

77
Q

IQ scores higher then 130 is?

A

Giftedness

78
Q

Self consent becomes more complex and includes?

A

Membership in social groups
Social comparisons

79
Q

Self esteem?

A

Refers to a persons judgment and feeling about his or hers own worth

80
Q

Kohlberg moral reasoning?

A

Pre conventional, punishment and rewards
Conventional, rules and approval of others
Post conventional, abstract principles

81
Q

Gender self segregation?

A

Peer group interactions in middle childhood are gender segregated

82
Q

Sibling rivalry?

A

When siblings compete or quarrel with one another, tends to increase in middle school

83
Q

The impact of divorce?

A

Changes in family life that affect children
After 2 years the children begin to adjust

84
Q

Adolescence?

A

Is the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood

85
Q

Puberty?

A

Is the period during which the sexual organs mature

86
Q

Puberty is earlier for which gender?

A

Girls

87
Q

Primary sex characteristics?

A

Refer to organs that are directly involved in reproduction

88
Q

Secondary sex characteristics?

A

Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to the reproductive organs

89
Q

Anorexia nervosa?

A

Marked by refusal to eat and an irrational fear if being overweight

90
Q

Bulimia nervosa?

A

Alternate between binge eating and purging

91
Q

Both anorexia and bulimia?

A

Primarily affect females
Emerge in adolescence
Risk factors, heredity, over concerned about body and weight

92
Q

Adolescent egocentrism?

A

Self absorption

93
Q

Imaginary audience?

A

Belief that others are constantly watching

94
Q

Personal fable?

A

A belief that experiences and feelings are unique

95
Q

Reasons for using drugs?

A

Effects from using them
Escape from everyday life
Thrill seeking
Enhance academic performance

96
Q

STI

A

sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is spread through sexual contact
AIDS are deadly
Most common is HPV

97
Q

Self concept in adolescence?

A

Attitudes
Personality traits
Situation specific and role specific personality traits and behaviors

98
Q

Diffusion?

A

Not committed to an identity and not searching

99
Q

Foreclosure?

A

Committed to an identity without searching first

100
Q

Moratorium?

A

Not committed to an identity but exploring options

101
Q

Achievement?

A

Have chosen an identity after a period of searching

102
Q

Phases of achieving identity?

A

Most adolescents are in a state of diffusion or foreclosure

103
Q

Depression in adolescence?

A

Involves feeling sad, frustrated, hopeless about life

104
Q

Factors that relate to depression?

A

Heredity and biology
Serious loss ,disappointment, failure
Gender

105
Q

Suicide?

A

One of the leading causes of death for adolescents

106
Q

Factors related to suicide?

A

Gender
Depression
Family conflict and relationship difficulties
Exposure to the suicides of others

107
Q

Generation gap?

A

Divided between parents and children in attitudes and valves
Most adolescents and their parents get along well

108
Q

Cliques?

A

A group of 4 to 6 kids who are friends similar interests

109
Q

Crowds?

A

Larger mixed sex groups
Jocks
Nerds
Popular

110
Q

Peer pressure?

A

Is the influence of one peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes

111
Q

Delinquency?

A

Refers to adolescent behavior that violates the law

112
Q

Childhood onset delinquency?

A

Begins in childhood before 10 and includes high levels of aggression disobedience and threatening behavior

113
Q

Adolescent one set delinquency?

A

11 or older problems are milder

114
Q

Teenage pregnancy has delinced why?

A

Comprehensive sex education programs
Celine in sexual intercourse
Use of contraception
Substitute for sexual intercourse may be more patient

Life Span Development PSYC (2 decks)

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