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biogeography > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is dispersal

A

movement of organisms from their point of origin

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2
Q

What is dispersion

A

patial distribution of individual organisms within a local population

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3
Q

does dispersal or dispersion happen more

A

dispersal occurs more have to look at fossil records for dispersal

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4
Q

What needs to happen for an organism to expand range

A

Must travel to a new area,
survive harsh conditions during its passage
finally establish a viable colony

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5
Q

What is jump dispersal

A

Rapid transit of individual organisms across large distances. Happens in a short period

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6
Q

What is diffusion

A

range expansion that is accomplished over generations by individuals spreading out from the margins of the species range e.g. rabbit Aus

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7
Q

what are the three stages to diffusion

A
  1. Invasion and range expansion starts slow
  2. once established range expands at exponential rate
  3. range expansion then slows when physical, climatic or ecological barriers are encountered
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8
Q

What is Secular migration

A

takes a fucking long time and things evolve on route. e.g. camels alpaca lama.

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9
Q

What is Active dispersal (vagility)

A

movement of an organism from one point to another by its own motility (swimming flying) rather than being carried by another force

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10
Q

What is passive dispersal

A

movement of an organism from one location to another by a means of a stronger force

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11
Q

What are the different types pf passive dispersal

A

anemochore- wind dispersal
thalassochore- sea dispersal
hydrochore- water dispersal
anmohydrochore- mixture of wind and water dispersal
brochure- transportation through organisms (digested fruit)

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12
Q

What’s a diaspore

A

any part or stage in the life cycle of an organism that is adapted for dispersal (e.g. seeds with hooks jellyfish with sails)

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13
Q

What is a barrier

A

any terrain that hinders or prevents the dispersal of organisms weeds are more tolerant and better at dispersal

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14
Q

what is a physiological barrier and an example

A

limitation within the body not physically possible. e.g salinity and water temp

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15
Q

what are ecological and psychological barriers

A

having the ability to disperse but not doing so and physicalshit like mountains

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16
Q

what is a corridor

A

a route that permits the direct spread of many or most taxa from one region to another. Provides a similar environment to that of the two source areas e.g. land bridges of the maxima

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17
Q

what is a filter

A

geographic or ecological barrier that blocks the passage of some froms but not others. Often form transition zones between two biogeographic regions

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18
Q

what is a sweepstake route

A

dangerous pathway for migration potential deadly.island hopping

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19
Q

what are the three things that are needed for dispersal to be successful

A

habitat selection and a propagule (any part of the organism, or group of organisms that can reproduce the species thus establish a new population.
survival in a new habitat

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20
Q

What is an endemic

A

a taxon that is restricted to the geographic areas specified. Only live in one place

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21
Q

what is provincialism

A

coincident occourance of large numbers of well differentiated endemic forms in an area, regional or provincial distinctiveness

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22
Q

what is disjunction

A

cases in which two or more closely related taxa occur in widely separated regions but are absent from intervening areas. they reflect past events e.g. flightless birds

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23
Q

what are the two reasons organisms are endemic to a location

A

they originated in that place and never left or they now survive in only a small part of their former range

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24
Q

what is a micro endemic

A

species that have an extremely restricted distribution, living as a single population in a small area. e.g. devils hole pupfish in a single spring pool

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25
Q

what is a cosmopolitan taxa

A

organisms that are widely distributed throughout the world

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26
Q

how many truly cosmopolitan species are their

A

1 humans

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27
Q

what are examples of cosmopolitan species

A

rats and mice, peregrine falcon , dogs and wolves, killer whales, bats

28
Q

what are the two types of endemics

A

autochthonous- having originated in the area in which it presently occurs
allochthonous- having originated outside the area in which it now occurs

29
Q

what are the two kinds of relics

A

taxonomic relics- sole survivor of a once diverse taxonomic group. e.g. Aus lungfish
biogeographic relics- are the narrowly endemic descendants of a once widespread taxa

30
Q

how can you classify endemics by age

A

paleoendemic- endemic that evolved in the distant past
neoendemic- recently formed endemic species within last 10,000 years

31
Q

what are the 5 biogeographical regions and where are they

A

holarctic Asia Europe North America
neotropical-central and south America
Ethiopian- Africa south of Sahara
oriental- Southeast Asia
Australian

32
Q

what are biogeographic lines

A

rapid turnover of taxa at the boundaries between regions e.g. lines of Indonesian islands

33
Q

what is the difference between continental islands and oceanic islands

A

continental islands- closely related to animals nearby the mainland. often considered of the same species to mainland
oceanic islans- well differentiated from their nearby continents

34
Q

what are disjunctions

A

are those distributions in which closely related organisms live in widely separated areas

35
Q

what process’ took place for disjuncts to occur

A
  1. continental drift
  2. proadly populated then went extinct in all but a few secluded areas
  3. one lineage dispersed a long distance from area where its ancestors originally occurred
36
Q

why hasn’t biotic interchange been more complete

A

barriers, predation, food

37
Q

what are the two functional groups that follow provincialism

A

limited dispersal powers and specialised adaptions to a particular habitat
small land birds that are long distance migrants

38
Q

what is convergence evolution

A

if physical environ are similar, distantly related organisms
in isolated regions may independently evolve similar adaptations. kangaroo mice

39
Q

who is Charles Lyell and what did he do

A

used fossil records to propose earth experienced cycles of global climate. therefore earths surface and its biota are dynamic

40
Q

what did F.B Taylor do

A

discovered continental drift but attributed it to tidal movement and solar and lunar shit

41
Q

who is Alfred wegnar

A

meteorologist that created the right continental drift theory

42
Q

what were the initial backlashof continental drift

A

too many assumptions with no evidence
to many errors 36m compared to 2-12cm

43
Q

evidence for continental drift

A

good fit
Gondwanaland shit should be together (fossils glaciers)

44
Q

how did paleomagnetism help discover the earths past

A

due to pole flipping rocks with magnetism within would be directed in different ways

45
Q

what is the great American exchange

A

animals moving from south to north visa versa due to a land bridge

46
Q

what advantages did northern forms havein the great american exchange

A

better migrators, better survivors and spectators and better competitors

47
Q

during a glacial maxima Pleistocene how much of the earths crust was covered in ice

A

1/3 2-3km thick

48
Q

what are the three changes of the earth that may cause glaciation

A

eccentricity (changes in orbit
obliquity (orbit tilt)
precession (orientation pole wandering

49
Q

3 effects on non glaciated areas

A

temp (Wisconsin caused drop of 5 deg)
Shifts in climatic zones (north south)
Sea level changes

50
Q

triggers of biogeographic dynamics

A

1-changes in location, extent and configuration of their prime habitat
2-changes in the climatic dynamics and environmental zones
3-formation and loss of dispersal routes

51
Q

responses from biota to biogeographical change

A

1-ability to “float” along with their optimal habitat as it changed in altitude & latitude
2-remained & adapted to altered conditions
3-experienced range reduction & went extinct

52
Q

what is a nunatak

A

refugia that persisted within or adjacent to the ice sheets (piece of rock)

53
Q

what were the three refugee during the Wisconsin

A

Nova Scotia
coastal regions of pacific north west
iceless areas of beringia

54
Q

what’s a pluvial lake

A

a lake that id formed now in desert area e.g. great salt lake and lake chad

55
Q

what is the overkill hypothesis

A

humans as responsible for off of large herbivores after Wisconsin

56
Q

arguments against overkill hypothesis

A

human populations may not have been big enough.
aggressive hunters did coexist with large mammals for a long time

57
Q

What is Areography

A

subdiscipline that describes patterns and their processes influencing the sizes, shapes & locations of geographic ranges

58
Q

what is rapport rule

A

tendency for range size to increase when latitude increases

59
Q

what are the three phases of the range size

A

small large then small to extinction

60
Q

what did brown and Maur discover

A

NA birds and mammals North south where as Europe is east west

61
Q

What is Bergmanns rule

A

bigger individuals are found farther north due to surface area and mass ratio keep warm

62
Q

what’s Allens rule

A

among closely related endothermic vertebrates, those forms living in hotter environment tend to have longer appendages (ears)

63
Q

what’s glogers rule

A

dark colours found mainly in tropics. avoid predators

64
Q

what is species richness

A

of species in a census (sample) from a geographical region or local area

65
Q

What is diversity on the local scale

A

alpha diversity- species richness of local ecological community
beta diversity- the change (or turnover) in spices composition over a small distance

66
Q

What is diversity on the global scale

A

gamma- total species richness of a large geographic area. Alpha+beta
delta- comparing species list for large geographic area

67
Q

what is the peninsula pattern

A

species richness drops as you travel further down the peninsula

biogeography (2 decks)

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