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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is dispersal

A

movement of organisms from their point of origin

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2
Q

What is dispersion

A

patial distribution of individual organisms within a local population

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3
Q

does dispersal or dispersion happen more

A

dispersal occurs more have to look at fossil records for dispersal

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4
Q

What needs to happen for an organism to expand range

A

Must travel to a new area,
survive harsh conditions during its passage
finally establish a viable colony

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5
Q

What is jump dispersal

A

Rapid transit of individual organisms across large distances. Happens in a short period

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6
Q

What is diffusion

A

range expansion that is accomplished over generations by individuals spreading out from the margins of the species range e.g. rabbit Aus

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7
Q

what are the three stages to diffusion

A
  1. Invasion and range expansion starts slow
  2. once established range expands at exponential rate
  3. range expansion then slows when physical, climatic or ecological barriers are encountered
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8
Q

What is Secular migration

A

takes a fucking long time and things evolve on route. e.g. camels alpaca lama.

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9
Q

What is Active dispersal (vagility)

A

movement of an organism from one point to another by its own motility (swimming flying) rather than being carried by another force

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10
Q

What is passive dispersal

A

movement of an organism from one location to another by a means of a stronger force

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11
Q

What are the different types pf passive dispersal

A

anemochore- wind dispersal
thalassochore- sea dispersal
hydrochore- water dispersal
anmohydrochore- mixture of wind and water dispersal
brochure- transportation through organisms (digested fruit)

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12
Q

What’s a diaspore

A

any part or stage in the life cycle of an organism that is adapted for dispersal (e.g. seeds with hooks jellyfish with sails)

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13
Q

What is a barrier

A

any terrain that hinders or prevents the dispersal of organisms weeds are more tolerant and better at dispersal

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14
Q

what is a physiological barrier and an example

A

limitation within the body not physically possible. e.g salinity and water temp

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15
Q

what are ecological and psychological barriers

A

having the ability to disperse but not doing so and physicalshit like mountains

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16
Q

what is a corridor

A

a route that permits the direct spread of many or most taxa from one region to another. Provides a similar environment to that of the two source areas e.g. land bridges of the maxima

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17
Q

what is a filter

A

geographic or ecological barrier that blocks the passage of some froms but not others. Often form transition zones between two biogeographic regions

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18
Q

what is a sweepstake route

A

dangerous pathway for migration potential deadly.island hopping

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19
Q

what are the three things that are needed for dispersal to be successful

A

habitat selection and a propagule (any part of the organism, or group of organisms that can reproduce the species thus establish a new population.
survival in a new habitat

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20
Q

What is an endemic

A

a taxon that is restricted to the geographic areas specified. Only live in one place

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21
Q

what is provincialism

A

coincident occourance of large numbers of well differentiated endemic forms in an area, regional or provincial distinctiveness

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22
Q

what is disjunction

A

cases in which two or more closely related taxa occur in widely separated regions but are absent from intervening areas. they reflect past events e.g. flightless birds

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23
Q

what are the two reasons organisms are endemic to a location

A

they originated in that place and never left or they now survive in only a small part of their former range

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24
Q

what is a micro endemic

A

species that have an extremely restricted distribution, living as a single population in a small area. e.g. devils hole pupfish in a single spring pool

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25
what is a cosmopolitan taxa
organisms that are widely distributed throughout the world
26
how many truly cosmopolitan species are their
1 humans
27
what are examples of cosmopolitan species
rats and mice, peregrine falcon , dogs and wolves, killer whales, bats
28
what are the two types of endemics
autochthonous- having originated in the area in which it presently occurs allochthonous- having originated outside the area in which it now occurs
29
what are the two kinds of relics
taxonomic relics- sole survivor of a once diverse taxonomic group. e.g. Aus lungfish biogeographic relics- are the narrowly endemic descendants of a once widespread taxa
30
how can you classify endemics by age
paleoendemic- endemic that evolved in the distant past neoendemic- recently formed endemic species within last 10,000 years
31
what are the 5 biogeographical regions and where are they
holarctic Asia Europe North America neotropical-central and south America Ethiopian- Africa south of Sahara oriental- Southeast Asia Australian
32
what are biogeographic lines
rapid turnover of taxa at the boundaries between regions e.g. lines of Indonesian islands
33
what is the difference between continental islands and oceanic islands
continental islands- closely related to animals nearby the mainland. often considered of the same species to mainland oceanic islans- well differentiated from their nearby continents
34
what are disjunctions
are those distributions in which closely related organisms live in widely separated areas
35
what process' took place for disjuncts to occur
1. continental drift 2. proadly populated then went extinct in all but a few secluded areas 3. one lineage dispersed a long distance from area where its ancestors originally occurred
36
why hasn't biotic interchange been more complete
barriers, predation, food
37
what are the two functional groups that follow provincialism
limited dispersal powers and specialised adaptions to a particular habitat small land birds that are long distance migrants
38
what is convergence evolution
if physical environ are similar, distantly related organisms in isolated regions may independently evolve similar adaptations. kangaroo mice
39
who is Charles Lyell and what did he do
used fossil records to propose earth experienced cycles of global climate. therefore earths surface and its biota are dynamic
40
what did F.B Taylor do
discovered continental drift but attributed it to tidal movement and solar and lunar shit
41
who is Alfred wegnar
meteorologist that created the right continental drift theory
42
what were the initial backlashof continental drift
too many assumptions with no evidence to many errors 36m compared to 2-12cm
43
evidence for continental drift
good fit Gondwanaland shit should be together (fossils glaciers)
44
how did paleomagnetism help discover the earths past
due to pole flipping rocks with magnetism within would be directed in different ways
45
what is the great American exchange
animals moving from south to north visa versa due to a land bridge
46
what advantages did northern forms havein the great american exchange
better migrators, better survivors and spectators and better competitors
47
during a glacial maxima Pleistocene how much of the earths crust was covered in ice
1/3 2-3km thick
48
what are the three changes of the earth that may cause glaciation
eccentricity (changes in orbit obliquity (orbit tilt) precession (orientation pole wandering
49
3 effects on non glaciated areas
temp (Wisconsin caused drop of 5 deg) Shifts in climatic zones (north south) Sea level changes
50
triggers of biogeographic dynamics
1-changes in location, extent and configuration of their prime habitat 2-changes in the climatic dynamics and environmental zones 3-formation and loss of dispersal routes
51
responses from biota to biogeographical change
1-ability to “float” along with their optimal habitat as it changed in altitude & latitude 2-remained & adapted to altered conditions 3-experienced range reduction & went extinct
52
what is a nunatak
refugia that persisted within or adjacent to the ice sheets (piece of rock)
53
what were the three refugee during the Wisconsin
Nova Scotia coastal regions of pacific north west iceless areas of beringia
54
what's a pluvial lake
a lake that id formed now in desert area e.g. great salt lake and lake chad
55
what is the overkill hypothesis
humans as responsible for off of large herbivores after Wisconsin
56
arguments against overkill hypothesis
human populations may not have been big enough. aggressive hunters did coexist with large mammals for a long time
57
What is Areography
subdiscipline that describes patterns and their processes influencing the sizes, shapes & locations of geographic ranges
58
what is rapport rule
tendency for range size to increase when latitude increases
59
what are the three phases of the range size
small large then small to extinction
60
what did brown and Maur discover
NA birds and mammals North south where as Europe is east west
61
What is Bergmanns rule
bigger individuals are found farther north due to surface area and mass ratio keep warm
62
what's Allens rule
among closely related endothermic vertebrates, those forms living in hotter environment tend to have longer appendages (ears)
63
what's glogers rule
dark colours found mainly in tropics. avoid predators
64
what is species richness
of species in a census (sample) from a geographical region or local area
65
What is diversity on the local scale
alpha diversity- species richness of local ecological community beta diversity- the change (or turnover) in spices composition over a small distance
66
What is diversity on the global scale
gamma- total species richness of a large geographic area. Alpha+beta delta- comparing species list for large geographic area
67
what is the peninsula pattern
species richness drops as you travel further down the peninsula

biogeography (2 decks)

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