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POLI 150 F23 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

12 human rights

A

rights everyone has regardless of who they are

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2
Q

12 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

A

-soft law
-common standard of achievement for all people
-foundation of modern HR law

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3
Q

12 Pillars of UDHR (4)

A
  1. dignity: timeless + shared by all
  2. liberty: freedom of speech; equal protection of the law
  3. equality: political, social, & economic; employment rights, standard of living, education
  4. brotherhood: communal + national solidarity
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4
Q

12 Int’l Bill of Rights (3 parts)

A

-UDHR
-int’l covenant on civil + political rights
-int’l covenant on economic, social, & cultural rights

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5
Q

12 Int’l Covenant on Civil + Political Rights

A

details basic civil + political views of individuals + nations

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6
Q

12 Int’l Covenant On Economic, Social, & Cultural Rights

A

specifies basic economic, social & cultural rights of individuals + nations

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7
Q

12 why HR are controversial (4)

A
  1. based on western ideals
  2. Asian values based on families and communities instead of individuals
  3. states want to keep current rights w/o adding new ones
  4. states want sovereignty + not other states getting involved
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8
Q

12 nonderogable rights

A

rights that can’t be suspended no matter what

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9
Q

12 prisoners of conscience (POC)

A

imprisoned bc of peaceful expression of beliefs

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10
Q

12 how to enforce HR (3)

A
  1. invade country + topple regime
  2. sanctions
  3. smart sanctions
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11
Q

12 democide

A

-deaths from intentional gov’t killings + unintentional gov’t policies
-states may the biggest threat to HR bc they’re most frequent + deadliest form of violence

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12
Q

12 TANs

A

creates pressure to enforce laws

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13
Q

12 when states take actions for HR (3)

A
  1. faced w domestic pressure
  2. it serves larger political interests
  3. sovereignty + int’l rights law can be bridged
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14
Q

12 individual petition

A

-improvement to HR institutions
-right to petition int’l legal bodies if they feel violated

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15
Q

12 Int’l Criminal Court (ICC)

A

-improvement to HR institutions
-can only act if state won’t

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16
Q

7 absolute advantage

A

can produce most of smth w same resources + time

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17
Q

7 comparative advantage

A

lowest opportunity cost bc resources efficiently used

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18
Q

7 trade protection types (5)

A
  1. tariffs
  2. quotas
  3. subsidies
  4. prohibitions
  5. non tariff barriers
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19
Q

7 protectionism

A

using barriers to restrict imports… makes things relatively scarce

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20
Q

7 trade barriers

A

gov’t limitations on int’l exchange of goods

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21
Q

7 tariffs

A

-tax on imports
-increases domestic price + protects domestic producers

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22
Q

7 quota/quantitative restriction

A

limits number of goods sold domestically

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23
Q

7 non tariff barriers to trade

A

regulations that require gov’ts to buy domestic

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24
Q

7 factors of production (4)

A

aka factor endowments
1. land
2. labor (unskilled)
3. capital
4. human capital (skilled)

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25
Q

7 Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory

A

country exports goods that mainly use factors of production they’re high in (what countries export)

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26
Q

7 Stolper-Samuelson theorem

A

trade protection benefits the scarce factor of production (winners + losers of trade)

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27
Q

7 Ricardo-Viner (specific-factors) model

A

some factors of production are industry specific so trade related interests of individuals are based on industry they’re employed in

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28
Q

7 factors that affect trade (5)

A
  1. currency (ex. Euro)
  2. investments (in each other)
  3. geography (closer)
  4. military relations (more friendly)
  5. policies (voters have opinions)
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29
Q

7 reciprocity

A

mutual agreement to lower tariffs + trade barriers

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30
Q

7 national constituency

A

president favors free trade if protection only helps small local industry + harms many consumers

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31
Q

7 most favored nation (MFN) status

A

countries that give favorable trade policies to 1 MFN status country, it applies to all MFNs

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32
Q

7 dispute settlement body

A

enforces trade rules by allowing states to punish each other

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33
Q

7 specialization

A

division of labor that increases productivity

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34
Q

8 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

A

-committed to reducing trade barriers
-preceded WTO

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35
Q

7 World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

-encourages + polices reduction of trade barriers
-oversees resolution of trade disputes
-replaced GATT
-all countries have equal vote
-but largest trading states still dominate

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36
Q

7 regional trade agreements (RTAs)

A

agreements among 3+ states in a region to reduce regional trade barriers

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37
Q

8 types of foreign investment (3)

A
  1. portfolio investment
  2. foreign direct investment
  3. sovereign lending
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38
Q

8 portfolio investment

A

-investor doesn’t manage
-stocks, corporate bonds, sovereign debt

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39
Q

8 foreign direct investment (FDI)

A

-controls investment
-building a factory

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40
Q

8 sovereign lending

A

-loans from private financial institutions in sovereign gov’ts
-goes to developing countries

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41
Q

8 austerity

A

raise taxes + cut spending to reduce consumption

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42
Q

8 recession

A

sharp slowing of economic growth + activity

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43
Q

8 depression

A

fall in business cycle; decline in economic activity; increased unemployment; prolonged

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44
Q

8 default

A

country fails to make payments in debt

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45
Q

8 multinational corporations (MNCs)

A

-enterprise operating in multiple countries
-carries out FDI
-gains access to markets

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46
Q

8 global supply chains

A

network of customers + suppliers involved in production + distribution of product

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47
Q

8 bilateral investment treaty

A

agreement btwn 2 countries ab FDIs

48
Q

8 Bank for Int’l Settlements

A

-established to oversee relations btwn Germany (problematic debtor) + int’l creditors
-does XR transactions

49
Q

8 World Bank

A

-makes loans to promote economic development
-borrows from major financial markets at low rates

50
Q

8 Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

originally for XR + monetary relations, but now mainly helps w debt + currency crises

51
Q

9 exchange rate (XR)

A

how much money it’s worth in diff currency

52
Q

9 appreciation

A

increase in value of currency (float XR)

53
Q

9 depreciation

A

reduction in value of currency (float XR)

54
Q

9 devalue

A

reduction in value of currency (fixed XR)

55
Q

9 lowering interest rates effect

A

borrowing cheaper –> low incentive to save –> more money supply

56
Q

9 raising interest rates effect

A

borrowing more expensive –> more incentive to save –> less money supply

57
Q

9 XR regimes (4)

A
  1. fixed: same in future guaranteed by gov’t
  2. floating: set by market
  3. give up own currency
  4. adjustable peg: pegged to currency
58
Q

9 gold standard

A

-gov’t fixed value to gold
-more int’l investment + trade
-can’t make more money if in recession

59
Q

9 Bretton Woods

A

-encouraged more int’l investment + trade
-US fixed to gold, others fixed to US
-IMF helped determine who can adjust XR

60
Q

9 modern era

A

-based on floating XR of few major currencies
-Euro (attempt at currency stability)

61
Q

9 monetary policy

A

-gov’t tool used to influence economic conditions
-affect money supply by raising + lowering interest rates

62
Q

9 fixed XR benefits (3)

A
  1. stable + predictable
  2. encourages int’l trade
  3. good for ppl who want int’l trade and less inflation
63
Q

9 fixed XR costs (2)

A
  1. gov’t has no monetary policy so can’t help during recession/inflation
  2. producers who compete w imports/exports want gov’t to change value so easier to sell their products
64
Q

9 float XR benefits (1)

A

monetary policy freedom

65
Q

9 float XR costs (2)

A
  1. unstable + volatile
  2. int’l investment, trade, travel, finance difficult
66
Q

9 int’l monetary regime

A

arrangement (formal or not) widely accepted in gov’t relations among currencies + shared by most countries

67
Q

9 commodity standard

A

-benchmark for measuring values
-good w a value

68
Q

9 national paper currency standard

A

-benchmark for measuring values
-gov’t promises that currency won’t lose much value

69
Q

9 Central Bank

A

implements monetary policy by changing interest rates

70
Q

10 less developed countries (LDC)

A

countries at relatively low level of economic dev

71
Q

10 reasons its difficult to obtain universal development (3)

A
  1. geography
  2. domestic policies
  3. domestic institutions
72
Q

10 geography aspects (4)

A
  1. disease env
  2. weather
  3. access to ports vs. landlocked
  4. proximity to markets
    -critique: Zambia + Botswana
73
Q

10 domestic policies (3)

A
  1. infrastructure (physical + social)
  2. institutions (systems)
  3. property rights (so farmers will invest)
74
Q

10 infrastructure

A

-physical: roads, airports, etc. for trade + exchange
-social: public health, education, etc. for better focus in jobs

75
Q

10 resource curse

A

countries w more natural resources tend to have less economic growth

76
Q

10 types of colonialism (2)

A
  1. settler - more infrastructure investment
  2. extractive - less infrastructure investment
77
Q

10 types of products (3)

A
  1. primary: raw materials + agri; not/slightly processed
  2. secondary: industry
  3. tertiary: services
78
Q

10 terms of trade

A

relationship btwn country’s export + import prices

79
Q

10 oligopoly

A

when market/industry dominated by few firms

80
Q

10 import-substituting industrialization (ISI)

A

policies adopted by most developing to decrease imports + encourage domestic manufacturing

81
Q

10 ISI actions (3)

A
  1. trade barriers
  2. gov’t incentives for industry to develop
  3. gov’t supply of industrial services near companies
82
Q

10 export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

A

policies adopted by East Asian states to increase manufacturing of exports

83
Q

10 EOI actions (3)

A
  1. subsidies
  2. incentives for export production
  3. weak currency so cheap products
84
Q

10 Group of 77

A

alliance of LDC in UN

85
Q

10 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

A

LDC oil producers who doubled oil prices several times by decreasing supply

86
Q

10 why OPEC successful (3)

A
  1. few substitutes of oil (same amt consumed)
  2. few members had much of the oil
  3. many Muslim members so shared cultural ties
87
Q

10 commodities

A

raw materials and agri like Cu, coffee, iron, bananas

88
Q

10 commodity cartels

A

associations of commodity producers that decrease global supply of products so prices increase

89
Q

10 dependency theory

A

-core countries taking advantage of cheap products from periphery countries + selling higher value + priced products
-core: rich
-periphery: poor
-justifies ISI in developing countries

90
Q

10 subsidy

A

gov’t helps pay costs of production

91
Q

10 Washington Consensus (4)

A

-policies meant to encourage foreign investment
1. remove trade barriers
2. privatize state-owned industries
3. liberalize banking sector
4. austerity

92
Q

13 global climate change

A

human-induced env change (esp bc GHG) leading to increasing global temps

93
Q

13 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

A

int’l agreement providing framework for intergov’tl efforts on climate change

94
Q

13 Paris Agreement

A

1st agreement to require commitments to control GHG; under UNFCCC (all countries)

95
Q

13 Kyoto Protocol

A

targets for less carbon + GHG emissions; amendment of UNFCCC (developed countries)

96
Q

13 tragedy of the commons

A

resource open to all and no one has incentive to conserve it

97
Q

13 greenhouse effect

A

solar radiation reflected as IR which is absorbed + reemitted by GHG, warming atmosphere

98
Q

13 rival, non-rival, excludable, non-excludable (4)

A
  1. public: non-excludable + non-rival
  2. common-pool: non-excludable + rival
  3. club: excludable + non-rival
  4. private: excludable + rival
99
Q

13 ways to resolve tragedy of the commons (2)

A
  1. create private property rights
  2. regulating behavior thru laws, norms, & agreements
100
Q

13 factors influencing cooperation (5)

A
  1. size (free riding)
  2. problem complexity (simple=cooperation)
  3. iteration (repeated interactions)
  4. join products (public bundled w private goods)
  5. privileged group (few actors will pay)
101
Q

13 CFC limiting by US (2)

A
  1. Vienna Convention: regulates activities of CFCs
  2. Montreal Protocol: int’l treaty to decrease CFCs
102
Q

13 cap-and-trade system

A

-firms can sell credits if they emit less than allotted to others who emit more
-limits emissions over time

103
Q

13 regulation

A

limiting/banning overexploitation of common-pool resources

104
Q

13 externalities

A

-consequence of an action affecting others w/o being directly reflected on own costs/benefits
-connects individual costs/benefits to society’s costs/benefits

105
Q

13 CITES

A

-restricts trade of flora + fauna
-successful but gov’ts have to enforce trade restrictions

106
Q

13 nat’l determined contribution

A

a commitment that each Paris Accord party makes to reduce global warming

107
Q

14 liberal int’l order

A

free trade, increased investment, & macroeconomic stability viewed as essential of economic recovery + peace post WWII

108
Q

14 challenges to postwar order (3)

A
  1. weapons of mass destruction
  2. rise of states
  3. populism
109
Q

14 embedded liberalism

A

int’l economic policy liberalization is needed to serve the interests of citizens

110
Q

14 economic pressures on rich democracies (5)

A
  1. technological change: IT revolution, automation
  2. globalization: policy liberalization w developing world, esp China
  3. financial crises
  4. declining manufacturing employment
  5. stagnant real wages + increased inequality
111
Q

14 populism

A

thin centered ideology that considers society as separated into 2 homogenous + antagonistic groups: pure ppl vs corrupt elite

112
Q

14 authoritarian values

A

-characteristics that indicate preference for order + conformity
-these value outcomes should be brought with force if necessary

113
Q

14 rise of China and pessimistic/optimistic views

A

-stronger economy + military
-China will oppose spread of dem. gov’t + US as central economy… should be stopped
-China will favor growth of int’l institutions + globalization… should be encouraged

114
Q

14 weapons of mass destruction

A

nuclear, chemical, biological, cyber weapons w high costs so increase bargaining range

115
Q

14 mutually assured destruction (3)

A
  1. survivable second strike force
  2. leaders are rational
  3. mutual deterrence (know where it came from)

POLI 150 F23 (2 decks)

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