Final Flashcards
Ectoderm
outside layer: nails, skin, hair
mesoderm
middle layer: blood, tissues, skeleton, muscles
endoderm
inner layer: digestive system, liver, lungs, and some glands
Cellular level
one tissue layer
tissue level
two tissue layers: no organs
organ level
all three tissue layers
radial symmetry
many axes, parts arranged around the center, jellyfish, starfish, coral
bilateral symmetry
one axis, two mirror images: vertebrates
advantages of a coelom
1: flexibility of movement
2: greater complexity
3: can serve as hydrostatic skeleton
cephalization
concentration of feeding and sensory organs at the anterior region of an animal: typically, bilateral symmetry animals.
segmentation
presence of repeating units in body, independent movement
homeostasis
maintenance of internal conditions
negative feedback
self-regulating mechanism that controls homeostasis; returns system to its regular state
positive feedback
amplify small changes to create large changes.
alveoli
found in the lungs: location of gas exchange, simple diffusion moves oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of the blood stream.
Lipase
enzymes that hydrolyzes fats in the digestive system
hydrolyzes fats –> fatty acids and glycerol
bile
helps by emulsifying large fat droplets into smaller ones that are easier for lipase to digest
component of blood that transports oxygen
bound to hemoglobin of red bloods cells
component of blood that transports carbon dioxide
most as bicarbonate in plasma but some is carried on hemoglobin
small intestine
most nutrient absorption takes place; digestion of sugars, proteins and lipids; part of the digestive system.
stomach
part of the digestive system; enzymatic digestion of proteins begins, secretes pepsin which hydrolyzes peptide bonds in the 1 structure of proteins; secretes HCl to lower its own pH
glucagon
when blood sugar levels are below normal, the pancreas releases this hormone; tells liver to release stored glucose and increases blood sugar
insulin
released when blood sugar levels need to be decreased.
steroid hormones
receptors for this class of hormones are located inside the target cell; made from cholesterol; pass through plasma membrane; regulate gene expression
peptide hormones
bind to cell-surface receptors and have a wide variety of effects on cell behavior
sensory neurons
carry messages from sense organs to the CNS; part of the peripheral nervous system
motor neurons
carry messages from the CNS to muscle fibers and glands; part of the peripheral nervous system
interneurons
part of the central nervous system; process information from sensory neurons and determine response for motor neurons.
sodium channels
ion channel that opens first in an action potential; voltage gated sodium channels open first
direction sodium ions move
diffuses into cell and depolarizes the membrane; inside of cell becomes positive.
Flow of Blood Heart
- Unoxygenated blood from body returns to heart via vena cava.
- Unoxygenated blood enters right atrium.
- Unoxygenated blood enters right ventricle.
- Unoxygenated blood pumped to lungs via pulmonary artery.
- Gas diffusion within the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood leaves lungs via pulmonary vein.
- Oxygenated blood enters left atrium
- Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle.
- Oxygenated blood pumps out to body via aorta.
- Gas exchange occurs in capillaries (brining O2 to cells and removing CO2 waste)
what two channels open during active potential
sodium first then potassium channels
what do the potassium channels do in action potential
restore local resting membrane potentials.
GnRH
positively regulates production of LH and FSH; released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary to make LH and FSH
roles of LH and FSH differs
Males: testosterone production
Females: estrogen and progesterone production
mechanoreceptors
type of sensory cell responsible for the senses of touch and hearing; mechanical force; pressure for touch and vibrations for hearing
chemoreceptors
taste and smell; sense specific molecules
photoreceptors
sight; sense electromagnetic radiation - light
function of skin as part of our innate (non-specific) immunity
acts as a barrier; skin helps keep invaders or pathogens out of the body
functions of th lymphatic system
- returns interstitial fluid to blood
- transport digested fat from small intestine to blood
- produce and transport immune cells
B-Cells (B lymphocytes)
type of immune cell is stimulated by vaccines to produce antibodies, inducing a long-lasting protective adaptive immunity; specific for the vaccines’ antigen will produce protective antibodies and can become memory B cells; help the body respond more rapidly and effectively to that virus
Killer T Cells
attack and kill infected cells
helper T cells
activate the immune response
hydro skeleton
most flexible
requires water
requires less energy
endoskelton
support the most weight
grows with animal
made of living tissues
exoskeleton
best leverage for muscles
most protective
replaced periodically
adaptation to life on land that prevent the desiccation of gametes or of embryos
fertilization in water
spermatophores
internal fertilization
amniotic eggs with shells
placenta allowing internal embryonic development
Sarcomere
basic contractile unit of muscles
myosin
motor protein that uses ATP; thick
actin
structural protein that myosin pulls on; thin
cardiac muscles
not under voluntary control; heart
smooth muscles
not under voluntary control; walls of digestive tract and blood vessels
skeletal muscles
under voluntary control
tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
both require atp and are a process during urine production in nephrons that requires active transport
tubular absorption
active transport of ions and nutrients back into blood.
tubular secretion
active transport of urea and other wastes into urine
filtration in glomerulus and osmosis
don’t require active transport.
osmosis
mechanism transport water from inside the small intestine into the blood stream.
liver
bile acids are produced
gall bladder
bile acids are stored
small intestine
bile acids perform a digestive function
incomplete digestive system
a single opening used for both food intake and waste disposal
unoxygenated blood
flows into the lungs, gas exchange occurs, and oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream through the capillaries
oxygenated blood
travels through arteries, oxygen diffuses into body cells so they can carry out respiration
Gasses
transferred by diffusion, no active transport required
mouth
digestion begins with mechanical breakdown
salivary glands
several small accessory organs that secrete amylase along with other enzymes and helpful substances.
esophagus
muscular passage between mouth and stomach that moves food using peristalsis
pancreas
accessory organ that secretes the major digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic contents of the stomach.
stomach
muscular sack that produces acid and contributes to the mechanical breakdown of food
large intestine
where water, ions, and vitamin K are absorbed and wastes are eliminated.
