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Principle of Biology 198 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Ectoderm

A

outside layer: nails, skin, hair

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2
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer: blood, tissues, skeleton, muscles

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3
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer: digestive system, liver, lungs, and some glands

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4
Q

Cellular level

A

one tissue layer

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5
Q

tissue level

A

two tissue layers: no organs

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6
Q

organ level

A

all three tissue layers

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7
Q

radial symmetry

A

many axes, parts arranged around the center, jellyfish, starfish, coral

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8
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

one axis, two mirror images: vertebrates

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9
Q

advantages of a coelom

A

1: flexibility of movement
2: greater complexity
3: can serve as hydrostatic skeleton

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10
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of feeding and sensory organs at the anterior region of an animal: typically, bilateral symmetry animals.

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11
Q

segmentation

A

presence of repeating units in body, independent movement

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal conditions

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13
Q

negative feedback

A

self-regulating mechanism that controls homeostasis; returns system to its regular state

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14
Q

positive feedback

A

amplify small changes to create large changes.

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15
Q

alveoli

A

found in the lungs: location of gas exchange, simple diffusion moves oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of the blood stream.

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16
Q

Lipase

A

enzymes that hydrolyzes fats in the digestive system
hydrolyzes fats –> fatty acids and glycerol

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17
Q

bile

A

helps by emulsifying large fat droplets into smaller ones that are easier for lipase to digest

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18
Q

component of blood that transports oxygen

A

bound to hemoglobin of red bloods cells

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19
Q

component of blood that transports carbon dioxide

A

most as bicarbonate in plasma but some is carried on hemoglobin

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20
Q

small intestine

A

most nutrient absorption takes place; digestion of sugars, proteins and lipids; part of the digestive system.

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21
Q

stomach

A

part of the digestive system; enzymatic digestion of proteins begins, secretes pepsin which hydrolyzes peptide bonds in the 1 structure of proteins; secretes HCl to lower its own pH

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22
Q

glucagon

A

when blood sugar levels are below normal, the pancreas releases this hormone; tells liver to release stored glucose and increases blood sugar

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23
Q

insulin

A

released when blood sugar levels need to be decreased.

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24
Q

steroid hormones

A

receptors for this class of hormones are located inside the target cell; made from cholesterol; pass through plasma membrane; regulate gene expression

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25
Q

peptide hormones

A

bind to cell-surface receptors and have a wide variety of effects on cell behavior

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26
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from sense organs to the CNS; part of the peripheral nervous system

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27
Q

motor neurons

A

carry messages from the CNS to muscle fibers and glands; part of the peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

interneurons

A

part of the central nervous system; process information from sensory neurons and determine response for motor neurons.

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29
Q

sodium channels

A

ion channel that opens first in an action potential; voltage gated sodium channels open first

30
Q

direction sodium ions move

A

diffuses into cell and depolarizes the membrane; inside of cell becomes positive.

31
Q

Flow of Blood Heart

A
  1. Unoxygenated blood from body returns to heart via vena cava.
    1. Unoxygenated blood enters right atrium.
    2. Unoxygenated blood enters right ventricle.
    3. Unoxygenated blood pumped to lungs via pulmonary artery.
    4. Gas diffusion within the lungs.
    5. Oxygenated blood leaves lungs via pulmonary vein.
    6. Oxygenated blood enters left atrium
    7. Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle.
    8. Oxygenated blood pumps out to body via aorta.
    9. Gas exchange occurs in capillaries (brining O2 to cells and removing CO2 waste)
32
Q

what two channels open during active potential

A

sodium first then potassium channels

33
Q

what do the potassium channels do in action potential

A

restore local resting membrane potentials.

34
Q

GnRH

A

positively regulates production of LH and FSH; released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary to make LH and FSH

35
Q

roles of LH and FSH differs

A

Males: testosterone production
Females: estrogen and progesterone production

36
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

type of sensory cell responsible for the senses of touch and hearing; mechanical force; pressure for touch and vibrations for hearing

37
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste and smell; sense specific molecules

38
Q

photoreceptors

A

sight; sense electromagnetic radiation - light

39
Q

function of skin as part of our innate (non-specific) immunity

A

acts as a barrier; skin helps keep invaders or pathogens out of the body

40
Q

functions of th lymphatic system

A
  1. returns interstitial fluid to blood
  2. transport digested fat from small intestine to blood
  3. produce and transport immune cells
41
Q

B-Cells (B lymphocytes)

A

type of immune cell is stimulated by vaccines to produce antibodies, inducing a long-lasting protective adaptive immunity; specific for the vaccines’ antigen will produce protective antibodies and can become memory B cells; help the body respond more rapidly and effectively to that virus

42
Q

Killer T Cells

A

attack and kill infected cells

43
Q

helper T cells

A

activate the immune response

44
Q

hydro skeleton

A

most flexible
requires water
requires less energy

45
Q

endoskelton

A

support the most weight
grows with animal
made of living tissues

46
Q

exoskeleton

A

best leverage for muscles
most protective
replaced periodically

47
Q

adaptation to life on land that prevent the desiccation of gametes or of embryos

A

fertilization in water
spermatophores
internal fertilization
amniotic eggs with shells
placenta allowing internal embryonic development

48
Q

Sarcomere

A

basic contractile unit of muscles

49
Q

myosin

A

motor protein that uses ATP; thick

50
Q

actin

A

structural protein that myosin pulls on; thin

51
Q

cardiac muscles

A

not under voluntary control; heart

52
Q

smooth muscles

A

not under voluntary control; walls of digestive tract and blood vessels

53
Q

skeletal muscles

A

under voluntary control

54
Q

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

A

both require atp and are a process during urine production in nephrons that requires active transport

55
Q

tubular absorption

A

active transport of ions and nutrients back into blood.

56
Q

tubular secretion

A

active transport of urea and other wastes into urine

57
Q

filtration in glomerulus and osmosis

A

don’t require active transport.

58
Q

osmosis

A

mechanism transport water from inside the small intestine into the blood stream.

59
Q

liver

A

bile acids are produced

60
Q

gall bladder

A

bile acids are stored

61
Q

small intestine

A

bile acids perform a digestive function

62
Q

incomplete digestive system

A

a single opening used for both food intake and waste disposal

63
Q

unoxygenated blood

A

flows into the lungs, gas exchange occurs, and oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream through the capillaries

64
Q

oxygenated blood

A

travels through arteries, oxygen diffuses into body cells so they can carry out respiration

65
Q

Gasses

A

transferred by diffusion, no active transport required

66
Q

mouth

A

digestion begins with mechanical breakdown

67
Q

salivary glands

A

several small accessory organs that secrete amylase along with other enzymes and helpful substances.

68
Q

esophagus

A

muscular passage between mouth and stomach that moves food using peristalsis

69
Q

pancreas

A

accessory organ that secretes the major digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic contents of the stomach.

70
Q

stomach

A

muscular sack that produces acid and contributes to the mechanical breakdown of food

71
Q

large intestine

A

where water, ions, and vitamin K are absorbed and wastes are eliminated.

Principle of Biology 198 (3 decks)

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