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Principle of Biology 198 > Ecology and Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecology and Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment

A

ecology

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2
Q

Three Basic Parts of Ecology

A

Interactions, organisms, environment

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3
Q

any attribute of the surroundings of an organism with which it interacts in any way.

A

environment

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4
Q

all living organisms in an area and their interactions with their abiotic environment

A

ecosystem

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5
Q

understand the distribution and abundance of living things in the physical environment

A

goal of ecology

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6
Q

how energy flows through them; minerals, such as nutrients, are reused over and over.

A

important aspects of ecosystems

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7
Q

consists of the physical characteristics of the area.

A

abiotic environment

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8
Q

composed of the resident organisms

A

biotic environment

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9
Q

_________ of the energy entering the system is lost as heat from one trophic level to the next.

A

90%

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10
Q

light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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11
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Solar Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water —-> Carbohydrate + Oxygen

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12
Q

What can convert solar energy into usable chemical energy

A

photosynthetic organisms or producers

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13
Q

Who can use solar energy?

A

Producers can convert solar energy into chemical energy.

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14
Q

Who makes food for abiotic environments?

A

Producers/Autotrophs

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15
Q

energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, it can be converted into different forms (light, chemicals)

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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16
Q

How does the first law influence energy use and the availability within an ecosystem?

A

Organisms use energy to remain organized and carry out life activities. Taking in energy and caring out life processes require changes in the form of energy. When the form of energy changes, some energy is lost.

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17
Q

When energy is transferred, some of the energy is lost as heat.

A

Second Law of Thermodynamic:

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18
Q

How does the second law influence energy used and the availability within an ecosystem?

A

The transformation of other forms of energy into heat constitutes a net increase in the randomness of the universe.

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19
Q

90% of the energy entering the system (sunlight - carbohydrates) is lost as heat from one trophic level to the next. Only 10% of the energy in a lower trophic level is transferred to the next. The higher trophic levels don’t get as much energy so there are less of them because there isn’t enough to support viable populations.

A

Energy Flow

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20
Q

5 common elements associated with organic molecules:

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus

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21
Q

Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycling

A

Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between tropic levels.
The matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled.

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22
Q

Geological processes (weathering, erosion, water drainage, and subduction of continental plates)

A

recycling of materials

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23
Q

What drives biogeochemical cycles?

A

Energy Flow

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24
Q

the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment.

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

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25
Q

convert solar energy into useable chemical energy, photosynthesis organisms.

A

Producers

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26
Q

Produce their own food from inorganic materials.

A

Autotroph

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27
Q

break down waste or dead organic matter. Fungi and bacteria.

A

Decomposer/detritivores

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28
Q

Organisms that do need to consume other organisms in order to gain energy.

A

Consumer/Heterotroph

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29
Q

linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass.

A

food chain

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30
Q

Plants, Algae, Phytoplankton

A

Primary Producers

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31
Q

organisms that feed directly on producers.

A

Primary Consumers

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32
Q

organisms that feed on primary consumers.

A

Secondary Consumers

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33
Q

carnivores that eat other carnivores.

A

Tertiary Consumers

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34
Q

organisms at the top of the food chain.

A

Apex Consumers

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35
Q

How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

10%

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36
Q

the total amount of energy that primary producers can pass to the second trophic level.

A

Net Primary Productivity

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37
Q

Producers can use some of this energy for their own ______________ and ______________, and also use some to produce __________________ _____________ that they accumulate.

A

maintenance, metabolism, organic compounds

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38
Q

NPP is measure in

A

Biomass

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39
Q

An indirect measure of the amount of energy that was used to produce tissue

A

Biomass

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40
Q

composed of organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

A

Trophic Level

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41
Q

How many tropic levels can a species be assigned to?

A

one or more.

42
Q

a graphic representation of a holistic, non-linear web of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics. Interactions between different species and their complex interconnected relationships with each other and the environment.

A

Food Webs

43
Q

are more flexible for analytical modeling, easier to follow, and are easier to experiment with.

A

Food Chains

44
Q

linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass

A

Food Chain

45
Q

accurately represent ecosystem structure and dynamics, and data can be directly used as input for simulating modeling.

A

Food web models

46
Q

NPP 1912

A

Grassland

47
Q

NPP 550

A

Tundra

48
Q

NPP 3059

A

Forest

49
Q

NPP 271.5

A

Desert

50
Q

NPP 1912, 585, 7648

A

Water Provinces

51
Q

all organisms of one species living in the same area

A

Population

52
Q

a group of organisms of a single species inhabiting the same geographic area.

A

Population Ecology

53
Q

how many individuals of different age groups are in the population? – can lead to differences in present and future growth rates of populations.

A

Age Structure

54
Q

% of female to males – for the population to grow quickly, there must be more females than males.

A

Sex Ratio

55
Q

are individuals randomly dispersed or do they live in groups? Are groups small and dispersed or large and concentrated?

A

Population Distribution

56
Q

Population Size (N)

A

number of individuals currently in the population

57
Q

Number of Births (B)

A

number of individuals born into the population

58
Q

Number of Deaths (D)

A

number of individuals who die in the population.

59
Q

Per Capita Growth Rate (r)

A

a measure of how much each individual in the population changes the population size.

60
Q

Population Size Equation

A

r = B-D/N

61
Q

if something is increasing quickly, the quantity present gets larger faster with each increment of time.

A

Exponential growth

62
Q

Exponential Growth Curve Shape

A

J Shaped Growth Curve

63
Q

Exponential Growth Circumstances

A

Populations grow like this if they have unlimited resources. The population growth (G = the number of organisms added in each reproductive generation) is increasing at a greater and greater rate.

64
Q

Equation for calculating future population size

A

population size in the future = population size now + change in population size

65
Q

Exponential Growth Equation

A

G (population growth) =r (B-D) N (population size) G=rN

66
Q

r = 0
r > 0
r < 0

A

Unchanged
Increasing
Decreasing

67
Q

population size that represents the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

A

Carrying Capacity (K)

68
Q

How K limits population growth

A

If a population is at the maximum population size, then there can’t be anymore that are added to this population. There aren’t enough recourses to keep those additional organisms alive. Mathematical sanitization of the realities of famine, disease, and other causes of death.

69
Q

Logistic Population Growth Curve Shape

A

S Shaped Curve

70
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

growth rate slows as it approaches carrying capacity.

71
Q

Logistic Population Growth Circumstances

A

When resources are limited. When the number of individuals gets large enough, resources will be depleted, slowing the growth rate.

72
Q

Logistical Population Growth Equation

A

G = rN * ((K – N) / K)

73
Q

When N is very small, (K-n)/K is closer to

A

K/K or 1

74
Q

Affect all individuals the same, no matter what the population size.

A

Density-Independent Factors

75
Q

Affect individuals differently depending on population size.

A

Density-Dependent Factors

76
Q

Density-Independent Factors Influence

A

All of the individuals are receiving the same factors no matter the population size, which allowed them to grow exponentially.

77
Q

Density-Dependent Factors Influence

A

Some individuals are more dependent on these resources which makes it difficult for the population size to grow.

78
Q

Why is human population growth look to be exponential and the implications of this for the future population?

A

It is taking less time to add a particular number of humans to the Earth. We are increasing rapidly. Because humans are increasing rapidly, people are worried that the ability of the earth’s environment to sustain this population will end up having potential risks of famine, disease, and large-scale death.

79
Q

a group of species that are commonly found together.

A

Ecological Community

80
Q

how species interact with each other and what processes determine the patterns of species coexistence, diversity, and distribution.

A

Community Ecology

81
Q

all populations of all species interacting within a particular environment.

A

Community

82
Q

Two factors that describe a community

A

Composition and Diversity

83
Q

Richness: How many different species?
Evenness: How many individuals are in each population?

A

Diversity

84
Q

What species are present?

A

Composition

85
Q

interactions that occur between the population of the different species.

A

Interspecific Interactions

86
Q

interactions that occur between the population of the same species.

A

Intraspecific Interactions

87
Q

one species is benefited (+) and one species is neither harmed or benefited (O) (Remoras: + Sharks: O)

A

Commensalism

88
Q

both species benefited (+,+) (Termites: + Non-Woody Vascular Plants: +)

A

Mutualism

89
Q

both species are harmed (-,-) (Myrtle Warbler: - Cap May Warbler: -)

A

Competition

90
Q

One species benefited (+) and one species harmed (-) (Cat: + Mouse: -)

A

Predation

91
Q

parasite benefit (+) and host are harmed (-)

A

Parasitism

92
Q

one individual harmed (-) and the other isn’t harmed or benefited (O

A

Amensalism

93
Q

the subdivision of some category of similar resources.

A

Resource Partitioning

94
Q

Resource partitioning can reduce competition because

A

it allows organisms to realize that they have to share the resources with others. There has to be a carrying compacity so that there are enough resources for all of the organisms.

95
Q

the reciprocal genetic charge over time of two or more interacting species and it can take many forms.

A

Coevolution

96
Q

Examples of Coevolution

A

Predator/Pray
Bats vs Frogs
Frogs use songs to attract female frogs. One song (simple song) keeps the frogs safe from the bats, but it doesn’t attract as many females. The other song (sexy song) makes the frogs at risk from the bats, but it attracts more females.

97
Q

developmental process of communities.

A

Succession

98
Q

the process that occurs in an area that begins with no living organisms.

A

Primary Succession

99
Q

Examples of Primary Succession

A

newly created volcanic island or bare rock exposed after the retreat of glaciers.

100
Q

existing ecological communities are distributed and then allowed to return to their original state

A

Secondary Succession

101
Q

Examples of Secondary Succession

A

fires, human activities

Principle of Biology 198 (3 decks)

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