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herpetology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what type of respiration do frogs do?

A

two stroke buccal pumping

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2
Q

explain the difference in pressure in frogs breathing.

A

they exhibit positive pressure ventilation so when the buccal regions expands, that it negative pressure and when it contracts, it is positive pressure

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3
Q

amphibian ___ ___ require alot of oxygen because of their low metabolism

A

do not

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4
Q

describe the 3 chambered heart

A

2 atria and 1 ventricle, right is pulmonary and left is systemic

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5
Q

____ divers blood and reduces mixing in 3 chambered heart

A

spiral valve

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6
Q

describe cloacal pumping and the two organisms that do it

A

water is pulled into cloaca and tissue of cloacal lining picks up oxygen and released carbon dioxide. murray and fitzroy river turtle

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7
Q

describe locomotion of lizards

A

lizards cannot breathe and run at the same time so gular pumping helps by pushing air into their lungs

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8
Q

describe snake lungs

A

gas exchange occurs in vascular lung and air flow is regulated in saccular lung

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9
Q

describe 4 chambered heart

A

2 sides of ventricle separated by ventricular septum, turtles have this, and blood stays separate

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10
Q

describe toe pads of frogs

A

circumferential groove w/ mucus pore and epithelial cells

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11
Q

describe salamander locomotion

A

lateral bending of vertebral column keeps their center of gravity

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12
Q

lizards can run ____

A

bipedally

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13
Q

geckos have ______

A

scansor pads

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14
Q

describe turtle locomotion

A

they fall foward into each step

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15
Q

describe snake locomotion

A

undulatory (basic)
undulatory swimming
concertina (waves)
sidewinding
rectilinear

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16
Q

describe rectinlinear locomotion

A

superior con. muscles = pulls skin forward
inferior con. muscles = pulls ribs & body forward

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17
Q

name the 3 diff types of falling

A
  1. falling
  2. gliding
  3. parachuting
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18
Q

describe spermatophores

A

its what the male leaves on the ground for then the female to pick up with their cloaca. it allows for internal fertilization (cap filled with serpmatozoa & gelatinous base)

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19
Q

describe pattern of spermatophores in salamnders

A

scramble competition. they scatter large numbers of spermatophores around the female

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20
Q

____ is what happens the female salamnders picks up more than 1 spermatophore from dif males

A

sexual interference

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21
Q

define salamanders reproductive mode 1 and 2

A

laying eggs in water

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22
Q

describe salamanders reproductive mode 3

A

laying eggs out of water

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23
Q

define kleptogenesis

A

female “steals” genomes from males of other species

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24
Q

describe kleptogenesis in unisexual ambystoma

A

populations are all female, individuals may be diploid, triploid (most common), tetraploid, or pentaploid, production of new unisexual ambystoma is not ongoing

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25
Q

do the offspring of amystoma pass off the genomes to the next generation?

A

no, they pick new genomes in each generation

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26
Q

describe the different reproduction position of frogs

A

inguinal = male grasp waiste
axillary = male grasp front legs
cephalic = male grasp jaw

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27
Q

in some frog species eggs are layed on ____ and then …

A

land and then deposited into water

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28
Q

give examples of frogs who brood outside of reproductive tract

A

darwins frog = vocal tract
marsipual = enclosed on back
pipa pipia = holes on their back
gastric brooding frog = in stomach

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29
Q

direct development =

A

no larval stage

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30
Q

what do male glass frogs do?

A

guard the eggs until hatching which provides benefits

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31
Q

define hybridogenesis

A

egg only contain maternal genome – hybrids produced

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32
Q

red sided gartner snakes mate following

A

hibernation

33
Q

austrilian sleepy lizards are about ___ monogamous

A

80%

34
Q

lekking behavior of mariune galapogos iguana

A

lek = an area in which two or more males of species perform courtship displays
males fight for territory

35
Q

do galapagos iguana feed during mating szn?

A

no

36
Q

side botched lizards colors?

A

orange = aggressive w/ large terrioties and several females
blue = small territory with one female
yellow = no territorial but attempt to sneak mating

37
Q

describe interial suction feeding by salamanders

A

expanded buccal cavity causes rush of water which is also carrying prey, and the water is expelled through branchial slits

38
Q

describe how tadpoles gather food particles

A

buccal pumping creates flow of water in which carries small food particles into pharyngeal cavity, mucus is secrete by the cells on VENTRAL VELUM and food gets trapped there, and water is passed through spiracle

39
Q

name the 6 tadpole mouths

A

surface-feeding tadpole
midwater suspension feeding tadpole
broad footed tadpole
egg eating tadpole
carnivorous tadpole
stream dwelling tadpole

40
Q

salamanders use the _______ to catch prey

A

sticky dorsal surface of their tongue

41
Q

seal & ensatina salamanders have their tongue..

A

attached to their mouth so limit extension

42
Q

red and false salamdners have their tongue

A

not attached to their mouth to they have great extension

43
Q

salamanders extension of their tongue is due to?

A

movement of hyobranchial skeletal movements

44
Q

crypsis of anuras

A

avoid being seen and avoid being eaten

45
Q

venom vs posion

A

venom is injected, posion is secreted

46
Q

toads, newts, posion dart frogs produce what type of poison

A

toad - bufadienolides (parotoid glands)
newts - tetrodotoxin (unken reflex)
posion dart frog - lipophilic alkaloids

47
Q

describe the vomerofactory system of snakes

A

olfaction = detection of volatile molecules
by receptors in olfactory epithelium.

gustation = detection of chemical dissolved in
water by receptor cells (taste buds) on
tongue or epithelium of the mouth.

vomerolfaction = detection of nonvolatile
molecules using tongue and paired
vomeronasal organs (Jacobson’s organs)

48
Q

pitvipers have what?

A

infrared-sensitive organs

49
Q

describe the 3 fangs

A

solenoglyph = moveable front fangs
proteroglyph = fixed front fangs
opistoglyph = rear fangs

50
Q

define stenophagus

A

limited diet

51
Q

euryphagus

A

broad diet

52
Q

constiction does what?

A

stops blood from flowing into heart and kills them

53
Q

the asian keelback does what?

A

spreads its neck to expose its nuchal glands (where toxin is stored) and warns predators

54
Q

do eastern hog nose snakes have nuchal glands?

A

no but it does spread its neck too

55
Q

what is death feigning?

A

pretend to be dead -darwins frog and hognose snake do this

56
Q

3 ways of preventing consumption?

A

playing dead, spines, roll into a ball

57
Q

Chemical cues from the environment are mainly detected and processed by a snake’s __________.

A

vomeronasal organs

58
Q

The nerves from the pit organs of rattlesnakes go to the ________.

A

optic lobe of brain

59
Q

do garter snake have pit organs?

A

nO

60
Q

model v mimic is?

A

batesian mimicry

61
Q

both animals are models =?

A

mullerian mimicry

62
Q

Which of the following amphibians would be considered venomous?
a Brazilian treefrog (Aparasphenodon brunoi)
b Spanish ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl)
c. Golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis)
d. all of the above
e. both a and b, but not c

A

e

63
Q

In some areas of gartersnakes are capable of consuming rough skinned newts with impunity because:

A

the gartersnakes have developed genetic mutations that prevent toxins from exerting their effect of cellular sodium
channels

64
Q

Venomous snakes that have enlarged fangs at the posterior end of their maxilla are termed:

A

opistoglyph

65
Q

Marine Iguanas have _______________ while
Loggerhead Sea Turtles have _______________

A

nasal salt glands; lachrymal salt glands

66
Q

Humans ventilate their lungs using a __________ pressure system. Frogs ventilate their lungs using a ________ pressure syst

A

negative,positive

67
Q

The three chambered heart of amphibians:

A

provides the ability to divert blood from pulmonary to cutaneous systems for respiration

68
Q

Which of the following is considered one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species?
a. Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)
b. Jefferson’s Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum)
c. Unisexual Ambystoma
d. Ball Python (Python regius)

A

a

69
Q

undulatory, lateral bending of the body by turtles while walking or running:

A

is not possible because of their rigid thoracic region

70
Q

In forward rectilinear locomotion of snakes the ____________ muscles move the _________ first.

A

superior costocutaneous; skin forward

71
Q

In most frogs the duration of larval development

A

varies with environmental conditions such as water level

72
Q

Male Galapagos Marine Iguanas establish sites called ________ where they display to attract females and exclude subordinate
males.

A

leks

73
Q

hich of the following reptiles are known to build nests and guard their eggs
until hatching?
a. American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
b. King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah)
c. European Adder (Vipera berus)
d. all of the above
e. a and b, but not c

A

e

74
Q

describe wallace

A

process of evolution by natural selection, coauthred w/ darwin, flying tree frog

75
Q

describe aggasiz

A

polygenism, described genus Trachemys, Saturday club, statue fell

76
Q

describe kennicott

A

academ, telegraph expedition, qt syndrome

77
Q

describe rossman

A

definite work on gartnersnake

78
Q

shaw

A

linnean society, platapus

79
Q

noble

A

eleutherodactlyus ruthae

herpetology (3 decks)

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