final

Question 1

what type of respiration do frogs do?

Answer 1

two stroke buccal pumping

Question 2

explain the difference in pressure in frogs breathing.

Answer 2

they exhibit positive pressure ventilation so when the buccal regions expands, that it negative pressure and when it contracts, it is positive pressure

Question 3

amphibian ___ ___ require alot of oxygen because of their low metabolism

Answer 3

do not

Question 4

describe the 3 chambered heart

Answer 4

2 atria and 1 ventricle, right is pulmonary and left is systemic

Question 5

____ divers blood and reduces mixing in 3 chambered heart

Answer 5

spiral valve

Question 6

describe cloacal pumping and the two organisms that do it

Answer 6

water is pulled into cloaca and tissue of cloacal lining picks up oxygen and released carbon dioxide. murray and fitzroy river turtle

Question 7

describe locomotion of lizards

Answer 7

lizards cannot breathe and run at the same time so gular pumping helps by pushing air into their lungs

Question 8

describe snake lungs

Answer 8

gas exchange occurs in vascular lung and air flow is regulated in saccular lung

Question 9

describe 4 chambered heart

Answer 9

2 sides of ventricle separated by ventricular septum, turtles have this, and blood stays separate

Question 10

describe toe pads of frogs

Answer 10

circumferential groove w/ mucus pore and epithelial cells

Question 11

describe salamander locomotion

Answer 11

lateral bending of vertebral column keeps their center of gravity

Question 12

lizards can run ____

Answer 12

bipedally

Question 13

geckos have ______

Answer 13

scansor pads

Question 14

describe turtle locomotion

Answer 14

they fall foward into each step

Question 15

describe snake locomotion

Answer 15

undulatory (basic)
undulatory swimming
concertina (waves)
sidewinding
rectilinear

Question 16

describe rectinlinear locomotion

Answer 16

superior con. muscles = pulls skin forward
inferior con. muscles = pulls ribs & body forward

Question 17

name the 3 diff types of falling

Answer 17

1. falling
2. gliding
3. parachuting

Question 18

describe spermatophores

Answer 18

its what the male leaves on the ground for then the female to pick up with their cloaca. it allows for internal fertilization (cap filled with serpmatozoa & gelatinous base)

Question 19

describe pattern of spermatophores in salamnders

Answer 19

scramble competition. they scatter large numbers of spermatophores around the female

Question 20

____ is what happens the female salamnders picks up more than 1 spermatophore from dif males

Answer 20

sexual interference

Question 21

define salamanders reproductive mode 1 and 2

Answer 21

laying eggs in water

Question 22

describe salamanders reproductive mode 3

Answer 22

laying eggs out of water

Question 23

define kleptogenesis

Answer 23

female “steals” genomes from males of other species

Question 24

describe kleptogenesis in unisexual ambystoma

Answer 24

populations are all female, individuals may be diploid, triploid (most common), tetraploid, or pentaploid, production of new unisexual ambystoma is not ongoing

Question 25

do the offspring of amystoma pass off the genomes to the next generation?

Answer 25

no, they pick new genomes in each generation

Question 26

describe the different reproduction position of frogs

Answer 26

inguinal = male grasp waiste axillary = male grasp front legs cephalic = male grasp jaw

Question 27

in some frog species eggs are layed on ____ and then ...

Answer 27

land and then deposited into water

Question 28

give examples of frogs who brood outside of reproductive tract

Answer 28

darwins frog = vocal tract marsipual = enclosed on back pipa pipia = holes on their back gastric brooding frog = in stomach

Question 29

direct development =

Answer 29

no larval stage

Question 30

what do male glass frogs do?

Answer 30

guard the eggs until hatching which provides benefits

Question 31

define hybridogenesis

Answer 31

egg only contain maternal genome -- hybrids produced

Question 32

red sided gartner snakes mate following

Answer 32

hibernation

Question 33

austrilian sleepy lizards are about ___ monogamous

Answer 33

80%

Question 34

lekking behavior of mariune galapogos iguana

Answer 34

lek = an area in which two or more males of species perform courtship displays males fight for territory

Question 35

do galapagos iguana feed during mating szn?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

side botched lizards colors?

Answer 36

orange = aggressive w/ large terrioties and several females blue = small territory with one female yellow = no territorial but attempt to sneak mating

Question 37

describe interial suction feeding by salamanders

Answer 37

expanded buccal cavity causes rush of water which is also carrying prey, and the water is expelled through branchial slits

Question 38

describe how tadpoles gather food particles

Answer 38

buccal pumping creates flow of water in which carries small food particles into pharyngeal cavity, mucus is secrete by the cells on VENTRAL VELUM and food gets trapped there, and water is passed through spiracle

Question 39

name the 6 tadpole mouths

Answer 39

surface-feeding tadpole midwater suspension feeding tadpole broad footed tadpole egg eating tadpole carnivorous tadpole stream dwelling tadpole

Question 40

salamanders use the _______ to catch prey

Answer 40

sticky dorsal surface of their tongue

Question 41

seal & ensatina salamanders have their tongue..

Answer 41

attached to their mouth so limit extension

Question 42

red and false salamdners have their tongue

Answer 42

not attached to their mouth to they have great extension

Question 43

salamanders extension of their tongue is due to?

Answer 43

movement of hyobranchial skeletal movements

Question 44

crypsis of anuras

Answer 44

avoid being seen and avoid being eaten

Question 45

venom vs posion

Answer 45

venom is injected, posion is secreted

Question 46

toads, newts, posion dart frogs produce what type of poison

Answer 46

toad - bufadienolides (parotoid glands) newts - tetrodotoxin (unken reflex) posion dart frog - lipophilic alkaloids

Question 47

describe the vomerofactory system of snakes

Answer 47

olfaction = detection of volatile molecules by receptors in olfactory epithelium. gustation = detection of chemical dissolved in water by receptor cells (taste buds) on tongue or epithelium of the mouth. vomerolfaction = detection of nonvolatile molecules using tongue and paired vomeronasal organs (Jacobson’s organs)

Question 48

pitvipers have what?

Answer 48

infrared-sensitive organs

Question 49

describe the 3 fangs

Answer 49

solenoglyph = moveable front fangs proteroglyph = fixed front fangs opistoglyph = rear fangs

Question 50

define stenophagus

Answer 50

limited diet

Question 51

euryphagus

Answer 51

broad diet

Question 52

constiction does what?

Answer 52

stops blood from flowing into heart and kills them

Question 53

the asian keelback does what?

Answer 53

spreads its neck to expose its nuchal glands (where toxin is stored) and warns predators

Question 54

do eastern hog nose snakes have nuchal glands?

Answer 54

no but it does spread its neck too

Question 55

what is death feigning?

Answer 55

pretend to be dead -darwins frog and hognose snake do this

Question 56

3 ways of preventing consumption?

Answer 56

playing dead, spines, roll into a ball

Question 57

Chemical cues from the environment are mainly detected and processed by a snake’s __________.

Answer 57

vomeronasal organs

Question 58

The nerves from the pit organs of rattlesnakes go to the ________.

Answer 58

optic lobe of brain

Question 59

do garter snake have pit organs?

Answer 59

nO

Question 60

model v mimic is?

Answer 60

batesian mimicry

Question 61

both animals are models =?

Answer 61

mullerian mimicry

Question 62

Which of the following amphibians would be considered venomous? a Brazilian treefrog (Aparasphenodon brunoi) b Spanish ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) c. Golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis) d. all of the above e. both a and b, but not c

Answer 62

e

Question 63

In some areas of gartersnakes are capable of consuming rough skinned newts with impunity because:

Answer 63

the gartersnakes have developed genetic mutations that prevent toxins from exerting their effect of cellular sodium channels

Question 64

Venomous snakes that have enlarged fangs at the posterior end of their maxilla are termed:

Answer 64

opistoglyph

Question 65

Marine Iguanas have _______________ while Loggerhead Sea Turtles have _______________

Answer 65

nasal salt glands; lachrymal salt glands

Question 66

Humans ventilate their lungs using a __________ pressure system. Frogs ventilate their lungs using a ________ pressure syst

Answer 66

negative,positive

Question 67

The three chambered heart of amphibians:

Answer 67

provides the ability to divert blood from pulmonary to cutaneous systems for respiration

Question 68

Which of the following is considered one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species? a. Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) b. Jefferson’s Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) c. Unisexual Ambystoma d. Ball Python (Python regius)

Answer 68

a

Question 69

undulatory, lateral bending of the body by turtles while walking or running:

Answer 69

is not possible because of their rigid thoracic region

Question 70

In forward rectilinear locomotion of snakes the ____________ muscles move the _________ first.

Answer 70

superior costocutaneous; skin forward

Question 71

In most frogs the duration of larval development

Answer 71

varies with environmental conditions such as water level

Question 72

Male Galapagos Marine Iguanas establish sites called ________ where they display to attract females and exclude subordinate males.

Answer 72

leks

Question 73

hich of the following reptiles are known to build nests and guard their eggs until hatching? a. American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) b. King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) c. European Adder (Vipera berus) d. all of the above e. a and b, but not c

Answer 73

e

Question 74

describe wallace

Answer 74

process of evolution by natural selection, coauthred w/ darwin, flying tree frog

Question 75

describe aggasiz

Answer 75

polygenism, described genus Trachemys, Saturday club, statue fell

Question 76

describe kennicott

Answer 76

academ, telegraph expedition, qt syndrome

Question 77

describe rossman

Answer 77

definite work on gartnersnake

Question 78

shaw

Answer 78

linnean society, platapus

Question 79

noble

Answer 79

eleutherodactlyus ruthae