Final

Question 1

Hume’s Problem

Answer 1

The challenge of how to give an account of necessary causal connection

Question 2

Kant’s response to Hume’s Problem

Answer 2

Kant’s argument that certain aspects of knowledge are not derived from experience but are inherent in the mind’s structure

Question 3

Transcendental Idealism

Answer 3

Kant’s philosophy that reality includes both empirical and non-empirical aspects, with the latter being shaped by the mind’s inherent structures

Question 4

Synthesis of Rationalism and Empiricism

Answer 4

Kant’s attempt combinethe strengths of both approaches. With the rationalist emphasis on innate ideas with the empiricist focus on experience.

Question 5

The Copernican Turn

Answer 5

The idea that the mind plats an active role in shaping experience, akin to how Copernicus revolutionized

Question 6

Analytic vs Synthetic Judgments

Answer 6

analytic judgments are true by definition, while synthetic judgments add new information

Question 7

Intuitions (Pure and Empirical)

Answer 7

Pure intuitions are a priori and form the basis for synthetic a priori knowledge; empirical intuitions are a posteriori and based on experience

Question 8

Pure Concepts of the Understanding

Answer 8

Basic ideas or categories that kant believed are naturally part of our minds. These are not learned from experience instead kant thought we are born with them.

Question 9

Phenomena vs. Noumena

Answer 9

Phenomena are the appearances of things as they appear to us; noumena are the things as they are in themselves, beyond our perception

Question 10

How are synthetic judgments a priori possible

Answer 10

Kant suggests that our minds have certain built-in ways of understanding the world that let us know things without having to experience them directly

Question 11

Ideas of Pure Reason

Answer 11

refers to certain big concepts or notions that our minds naturally think about. Theyre not things we see or touch; theyre like big abstract thoughts.

Question 12

What does “God is Dead” mean?

Answer 12

Nietzsche’s proclamation of the decline of traditional religious and moral values and the need for new perspectives

Question 13

Nihilism, decadence, and Nietzsche’s critique of Christianity

Answer 13

Nihilismis the belief that life lacks inherent meaning. Decadence refers to the state of decline or deterioration. Nietzsche was critical of certain aspects of Christianity. Their values contributed to what he saw as life-denying culture.

Question 14

The Ubermensch and The Eternal Recurrence

Answer 14

The Ubermensch represents an individual who surpasses conventional morality; Eternal Recurrence is the idea that life endlessly repeats

Question 15

Self-overcoming

Answer 15

Nietzsche’s call for individuals to overcome societal constraints and embrace their authentic self

Question 16

The Will to Power

Answer 16

Nietzsche’s idea that the driving force in human behavior is the will to power, contrasting with the traditional emphasis on the search for truth

Question 17

Life-affirming vs. Life-denying values

Answer 17

Nietzsche’s distinction between values that enhance life and those that inhibit or deny life

Question 18

The Revaluation of Values

Answer 18

Nietzsche’s proposal for the radical reevaluation of societal values to overcome the decadence he perceived

Question 19

Nietzsche’s criticism of Socrates/Plato

Answer 19

Nietzsche’s disapproval of Socratic and Platonic philosophy for their alleged life-denying tendencies

Question 20

Nietzsche’s critique of the “True vs. Apparent World,”

Answer 20

Nietzsche’s rejection of the dualistic view that separates a transcendent, true world from the apparent, everyday world