Final Flashcards
1
Q
4 major subfields of anthropology
A
cultural anth, biological anth, linguistic anth, archaeology
2
Q
culture
A
a learned set of values / behaviors among a group of people
3
Q
culture is…
A
learned, symbolic, integrated, shard, holistic, changing
4
Q
habitus
A
knowledge that is absorbed, not taught
5
Q
enculturation
A
the sharing and learning of culture
6
Q
Nacierma
A
shows how we can judge other cultures. If we take a step back from our own culture, we can see how it is “strange”
7
Q
how do anthropologists study culture?
A
doing fieldwork and ethnography, they surround themselves in the culture by living there and learning the language. they have informants to understand symbols and less obvious aspects of the culture
8
Q
emic perspective
A
insiders perspective
9
Q
etic perspective
A
outsiders perspective
10
Q
ethnocentrism
A
the belief that one’s own culture is better than others (other cultures are “weird” or “strange”)
11
Q
cultural relativism
A
no one culture is better than another
12
Q
ethnography
A
the process and result of research (essay, book, film, etc)
13
Q
dialogic
A
idea that enthography should be a dialogue between anthropologists and the culture they’re studying)
14
Q
intersubjective
A
anthropologists should take different fields into account. there isn’t one way to look at a culture
15
Q
reflexivity
A
when an anthropologist falls back on their own culture
16
Q
participant observation
A
first hand research, the anthropologist lives with informants and does everything they do
17
Q
thin description
A
being very literal about a description (i.e. wink=closing one eye)
18
Q
think description
A
asking “why” questions, what is the deeper meaning
19
Q
interview
A
strategy of ethnography (formal vs informal)
20
Q
culture shock
A
feeling of panic when in an infamiliar culture / environment
21
Q
language
A
a symbolic way of communication (voice, writing, gesture)
22
Q
phonology
A
the sounds of a language
23
Q
morphology
A
the study of the form of words
24
Q
syntax
A
how units of speech are put together to create sentences
25
signs
something that stands for something else
26
index signs
the meaning is very clear/ straightforward (street signs)
27
symbols
stands for something else, but the meaning is up for interpretation (winking)
28
linguistic determinism
language absolutely determines your worldview / how you think. if a concept/word does not exist in a language, those people can not understand it
29
language and color percpetion
how people who speak a certain language or look a certain way for perceived
30
linguistic competence
anthropologists ability to be grammatically fluent in a language
31
communicative competence
a deep understanding of a language and its symbols/signs/nuances
32
linguistic relativity
(the sapir-whorf hypothesis) language has the power to effect how we see the world
33
language ideology
belief that one language/ dialect is more superior than another
34
mock spanish
use of spanish words in English as a way to mock/joke
35
religion
belief in a supernatural being(s) beyond the observable world
36
monotheistic religion
belief in one god
37
polytheistic
belief in multiple gods/ godesses
38
how is religion symbolic
religion was made to find pattern to explain the unexplainable
39
ritual
something done repeatedly in a specific way for a specific purpose (magic and baseball magic)
40
3 phases of rite of passage
1) separation
2) transition
3) incorporation
41
what is the relationship between religion and politics?
we want to believe that they are separate, but they usually aren't. many movements and laws are motivated by religion (civil rights, social discourse)
42
functions of religion
intellectual, political, emotional, economical, instilling values, building community (but can also divide community)
43
nuclear family
parents and children (1 or 2 generations) living together. formed around a married couple and children
44
extended family
larger group around nuclear family, often living in the same household (joint family)
45
matrilocal
husband joins wife's family
46
patrilocal
wive joins husband's family
47
clan
group of relatives that claim to descend from single ancestor (assumed, not known). descended from animal/god
48
lineage
people directly descended from known ancestor
49
patrilineal lineage
members descend from male
50
matrilineal lineage
members descend from female
51
affinal kin
people related by marriage
52
consanguineal kin
people related through blood
53
monogamy
the practice of having one spouse
54
polygamy
practice of having two or more spouses
55
polygyny
man has 2+ wives
56
polyandry
women having 2+ husbands
57
exogamy
marriage partners come from different groups
58
endogamy
marriage partners come from same group
59
bride price
groom's family gives bride's family gifts as compensation for her productive and reproductive abilities) (economic exchange)
60
bride service
groom spends time working for brides family
61
(old) dowry
the gift of money/goods from bride's family to the grooms family to compensate for the loss of their son
62
(contemporary) dowry
a large sum of money/gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family
63
two sex model
male infants -> boys and men
female infants -> girls and women
64
sex
biological and physiological differences (sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structure, external genitalia)
65
gender
the set of social meanigns assigned by culture (internal experiences of their identity)
66
gender roles
the culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society
67
gender identity
one's sense of self as a masculine or feminine person
68
gender expression
external expression of gender (clothing, hairstyle, mannerisms, speech patterns)
69
essentialism
sex = gender
view that some things/objects have certain qualities which are timeless and unchangeable (can lead to stereotypes, does not recognize difference and change)
70
biological determinism
sex determines what you can/can't do
71
social constructionism theory
meaning and knowledge are socially created
72
outside two sex model
at least 5 sexes (hermaphrodites, male pseudohermaphrodites, female pseudohermaphrodites)
73
sexuality
refers to attraction (romantic and physical)
74
ethnicity
way of classifying people based on common histories and culture
75
caste
system of social stratification in Indian society divides people into categories according to Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Valshyas, outcase
76
Brahmans
1) priests
77
Kshatriyas
2) warriors and rulers
78
Vaishyas
3) traders
79
Shudras
4) artisans and servants
80
outcaste
Harijan, untouchables, street sweepers
81
social stratification
systems that categorize peoples
82
class
material and culture (inextricably entwined)
83
means of production
higher class controls land, capital, labor
84
modes of production
everything that goes into production
85
Marx's theory of class
societies are divided by class
86
Veblen
conspicuous consumption. rich lifestyles and life structures. difference of products (and symbolic value)
87
problem with sexist essentialism
belief that sex=gender, and life path is determined by sex
88
problem with gender essentialism
belief that gender determines expression, and that your culture's gender expression is the only correct one
89
moral selective neglect
culture's moral following is determined by their environment
90
Bourdieu
social capital, economic capital is used to purchase symbolic distinctions, then re-convertible into economic capital
91
migration
the movement of people from one place to another
92
displacement
forced migration
93
push factor
why someone leaves their country
94
pull factor
reasons why someone wants to go to a specific country
95
hermaphrodites
(herms) one testis, one ovary
96
male pseudohermaphrodites
(merms) testis and aspect of female genitalia, no ovaries
97
female pseudohermaphrodites
(ferms) have ovaries, aspects of male genitalia, lack of testes
98
mixed-status family
at least one undocumented member and one with authorized legal status
99
race
grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society. NOT biological, socially defined
100
racialization
always occurs under a particular set of cultural and historical circumstances
101
system racism
racism inforced by a ruling power (laws)
102
productive forces
Marx, combination of the means of labor and human labor power
103
relations of production
social relations that people enter into through their participation in economic life
104
agency
having power over your circumstances
105
resilience
perseverance shown in adversity
106
transnational spaces
amount of space between tow countries borders (blurs) (Rio Grande Valley)
107
citizenship
status where you are supposed to receive the full opportunities of the country (has full paperwork and is seen as a citizen by the government)
108
disclosure
how and when and to who people share their legal status
109
precarity
as existence that lacks predictability, unstable, can change at any time
110
neoliberalism
calls for the reduction of the state influence in the economy
111
securitization
increased reliance on detention, border enforcement, and deportation as strategies to control unauthorized mobility
112
surveillance
increased monitoring within communities
113
social production of labor
taking of the labor of undocumented people who are therefore, vulnerable
114
social inequality
ethnoracial prejudices and social limitations that fall onto people that don't fit traditional cultural boxed
115
borders and barriers can be...
political, geographic, physical, socail
116
modes of incorporation
integration, subordination, marginalization
117
social mobility
1) pathways to status change
2) performance pressure
118
biopower
a technology of power used to control populations and large groups of people
119
healthcare limitations
patient and provider biases, availability of treatment, expenses (time and financial), health care eligibility, ideas of deservingness
120
morality and ethics
faking symptoms to get treatment for family members, sharing prescriptions, equality within the household
121
social class
difficulty to work to change social class due to not having access to healthcare
122
stigmatized biology
coverage is not included in most plans, more stress which then effects health
123
public health
risk of spread of disease, ill labor forces, risky behavior
124
birth tourism
traveling to another country to give birth so they child obtains birthright citizenship
125
anchor babies
child born to non-citizen in a country so the parents can gain citizenship
126
chain migration
US citizens and greencard holder can sponsor other family to immigrate
127
Anthropological studies of kinship examine…
Forms of affiliation and connections, sex, birth, and nurturance, and forms of marriage
128
Perspective on new reproductive technologies and surrogacy offered by the documentary that we watched in class
Law, hospital policy, and transnational economies may shape what counts as family
129
People who live in the Pirá-piraná river basin believe that they should marry someone who comes from outside of their village. This rule is best described as an example of…
Exogamy
130
Before she can get married, Selina’s parents are expected to give a refrigerator and a new truck to her fiancé’s family. These gifts are best described as a form of
Dowry
131
Which of the following statements is Anne-Fausto-Sterling, the author of “The Five Sexes” most likely to agree with
Our classification of people as male and female draws on culture as well as biology
132
Which best described the way in which sex and gender were addressed in the lectures
Gender refers to the socially constructed masculine and feminine characteristics whereas sex describes socially agreed upon physiological specification, which means that our understanding of both of these attributes is shaped by culture
133
After getting married to a Hopi women, a Hopi man moves into the longhouse of his wife’s family and their children would belong to the mother’s descent. This is an example of
Matrilocal residence pattern and matrilineal lineage
134
If the members of a class do not have —— they may fail to recognize what they have in common and may fail to develop the kind of solidarity that could lead them to revaluation
Agency
135
What best describes the definition of “race” used in our class?
Race is a worldview, a cosmological ordering system structured out of the political, economical, and social realities of people. Race is a category of social differences whose boundaries allegedly correspond to biological attributes based on the phenotype of skin color
136
How was gender roles and “doing gender” addressed in the lectures
Gender roles are the culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society. One in not born, but rather becomes a man or woman. Gender is about performing certain activities and thereby creating differences between girls and boys and women and men
137
What is systemic racism
It is defined as policies and practices that exist throughout whole society that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and harmful treatment of others based on race. Racism that systematically runs within public and private institutions and organizations
138
What is ethnicity
Ethnicity is a way of classifying people based on common histories, cultural patterns, social ties, language use, and symbolic shared identities. Ethnicity is created by historical processes that incorporate distinct groups into a single political structure based on shared experiences
139
How was caste dest described in lecture
The system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral conception of purity and pollution. People often “see” caste in other’s occupations, the clothes they wear, how they talk, even their mannerisms. Caste divisions are upheld by rigid rules that regulate social and physical contact between groups and subdivisions
140
What is true of “relations of production”
If refers to the social structures that regulate the relation between humans in the production of goods.
In capitalist society relations of production is based on Bourgeoisie and Working class
141
How does Bourdieu conceptualize social capital
Actual or virtual resources acquired by individuals or groups through the possession of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintances and recognition. It is manifested through benefits derived from social networks
142
In the ethnography Borders of Belonging, the author Heide Castañeda explained push and pull factors of the migration. Which of the following is true of push and factors
Migration is often not just a personal choice. People migrate to ensure their personal safety due to increasing violence in their home country. Push and pull factors are often linked
143
In the ethnography Borders of Belonging, the author Heide Castañeda examined marginalization as one of the modes of incorporation of the migrants in the mainstream society. What is true of marginalization?
A process that not only deny migrants’ status as the members of the community but also refuse to allow them to have their basic rights and dignity
144
How can we define class
Class is a form of social stratification based on economy. But the material and cultural aspects of class are inextricably entwined, as all material relations are marked symbolically
145
Globalization
Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever intensifying scale
146
Neoliberalism
Market-orientated reform policies, eliminating prize control reducing state influence in the economy. Relies on international institutions
147
Circulation of people, objects, and capitals
Globalization and neoliberalism have introduced the flow of capital, images, people, things, and ideologies (Tuna, globalization of regional industry)
148
Shrinking power of nation states
Flow of capital, images, people, things, and ideology unleashed by globalization have determined the power of nation states (not self-governed)
149
The True Cost
Sweat shops, physical and environmental (humanitarian) effects of fast fashion
150
Anthropocene Era
Geological and environmental era which humans have drastically changed the plant as a whole
151
Causes of natural disaster
Denial of the natural disaster is no way a denial of natural process (not divorced from social global warming)
152
Vulnerability of Natural disaster
Some people more vulnerable than others. Racial, gender, and class inequality interest with natural hazard. Government market orientated policies make poorest more vulnerable
153
Preparedness of natural disasters
Communication gaps between scientists and government officials. Lack of enthusiasm and empathy
154
Disaster capitalism
Making profit from misfortune, exploitation from man-made disasters
155
Environmental sustainability
Ability of the environment to renew resources and accommodate waste
156
Social sustainability
Ability of social systems to provide for needs of their people. Attain stable and healthy standard of living
157
Medical anthropology
Holistic view to examine ideas about disease, illness, healing, and the body
158
characteristics of globalization
introduction of neoliberalism, circulation of people, objects, and capital, social inequality, shrinking power of nation-states
159
New sense of belonging
social media and new technology have created a new sense of belonging (Hashtag anthropology and activism)
160
Imagined community
connections based on shared experiences instead of face to face encounters
161
structural violence
social structures perpetuate inequity, thus causing preventable suffering
162
reconstruction of Natural Disasters
reconstructing not the poor houses again, but take advantage and make expensive projects
163
Economic sustainability
the practice of conserving natural and financial resources to create long-term financial stability
164
biocultural perspectives
the scientific exploration of the relationship between human biology and culture
165
social determinants of health
access of healthcare, treatment, and medicine
166
migrant farmworkers
essential workers during COVID. having to choose between their health and working to provide for their family
