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ANTH 2301: Into to Cultural Anth > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

4 major subfields of anthropology

A

cultural anth, biological anth, linguistic anth, archaeology

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2
Q

culture

A

a learned set of values / behaviors among a group of people

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3
Q

culture is…

A

learned, symbolic, integrated, shard, holistic, changing

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4
Q

habitus

A

knowledge that is absorbed, not taught

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5
Q

enculturation

A

the sharing and learning of culture

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6
Q

Nacierma

A

shows how we can judge other cultures. If we take a step back from our own culture, we can see how it is “strange”

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7
Q

how do anthropologists study culture?

A

doing fieldwork and ethnography, they surround themselves in the culture by living there and learning the language. they have informants to understand symbols and less obvious aspects of the culture

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8
Q

emic perspective

A

insiders perspective

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9
Q

etic perspective

A

outsiders perspective

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10
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own culture is better than others (other cultures are “weird” or “strange”)

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11
Q

cultural relativism

A

no one culture is better than another

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12
Q

ethnography

A

the process and result of research (essay, book, film, etc)

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13
Q

dialogic

A

idea that enthography should be a dialogue between anthropologists and the culture they’re studying)

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14
Q

intersubjective

A

anthropologists should take different fields into account. there isn’t one way to look at a culture

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15
Q

reflexivity

A

when an anthropologist falls back on their own culture

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16
Q

participant observation

A

first hand research, the anthropologist lives with informants and does everything they do

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17
Q

thin description

A

being very literal about a description (i.e. wink=closing one eye)

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18
Q

think description

A

asking “why” questions, what is the deeper meaning

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19
Q

interview

A

strategy of ethnography (formal vs informal)

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20
Q

culture shock

A

feeling of panic when in an infamiliar culture / environment

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21
Q

language

A

a symbolic way of communication (voice, writing, gesture)

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22
Q

phonology

A

the sounds of a language

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23
Q

morphology

A

the study of the form of words

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24
Q

syntax

A

how units of speech are put together to create sentences

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25
Q

signs

A

something that stands for something else

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26
Q

index signs

A

the meaning is very clear/ straightforward (street signs)

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27
Q

symbols

A

stands for something else, but the meaning is up for interpretation (winking)

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28
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language absolutely determines your worldview / how you think. if a concept/word does not exist in a language, those people can not understand it

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29
Q

language and color percpetion

A

how people who speak a certain language or look a certain way for perceived

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30
Q

linguistic competence

A

anthropologists ability to be grammatically fluent in a language

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31
Q

communicative competence

A

a deep understanding of a language and its symbols/signs/nuances

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32
Q

linguistic relativity

A

(the sapir-whorf hypothesis) language has the power to effect how we see the world

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33
Q

language ideology

A

belief that one language/ dialect is more superior than another

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34
Q

mock spanish

A

use of spanish words in English as a way to mock/joke

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35
Q

religion

A

belief in a supernatural being(s) beyond the observable world

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36
Q

monotheistic religion

A

belief in one god

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37
Q

polytheistic

A

belief in multiple gods/ godesses

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38
Q

how is religion symbolic

A

religion was made to find pattern to explain the unexplainable

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39
Q

ritual

A

something done repeatedly in a specific way for a specific purpose (magic and baseball magic)

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40
Q

3 phases of rite of passage

A

1) separation
2) transition
3) incorporation

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41
Q

what is the relationship between religion and politics?

A

we want to believe that they are separate, but they usually aren’t. many movements and laws are motivated by religion (civil rights, social discourse)

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42
Q

functions of religion

A

intellectual, political, emotional, economical, instilling values, building community (but can also divide community)

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43
Q

nuclear family

A

parents and children (1 or 2 generations) living together. formed around a married couple and children

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44
Q

extended family

A

larger group around nuclear family, often living in the same household (joint family)

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45
Q

matrilocal

A

husband joins wife’s family

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46
Q

patrilocal

A

wive joins husband’s family

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47
Q

clan

A

group of relatives that claim to descend from single ancestor (assumed, not known). descended from animal/god

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48
Q

lineage

A

people directly descended from known ancestor

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49
Q

patrilineal lineage

A

members descend from male

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50
Q

matrilineal lineage

A

members descend from female

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51
Q

affinal kin

A

people related by marriage

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52
Q

consanguineal kin

A

people related through blood

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53
Q

monogamy

A

the practice of having one spouse

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54
Q

polygamy

A

practice of having two or more spouses

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55
Q

polygyny

A

man has 2+ wives

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56
Q

polyandry

A

women having 2+ husbands

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57
Q

exogamy

A

marriage partners come from different groups

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58
Q

endogamy

A

marriage partners come from same group

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59
Q

bride price

A

groom’s family gives bride’s family gifts as compensation for her productive and reproductive abilities) (economic exchange)

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60
Q

bride service

A

groom spends time working for brides family

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61
Q

(old) dowry

A

the gift of money/goods from bride’s family to the grooms family to compensate for the loss of their son

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62
Q

(contemporary) dowry

A

a large sum of money/gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband’s family

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63
Q

two sex model

A

male infants -> boys and men
female infants -> girls and women

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64
Q

sex

A

biological and physiological differences (sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structure, external genitalia)

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65
Q

gender

A

the set of social meanigns assigned by culture (internal experiences of their identity)

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66
Q

gender roles

A

the culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society

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67
Q

gender identity

A

one’s sense of self as a masculine or feminine person

68
Q

gender expression

A

external expression of gender (clothing, hairstyle, mannerisms, speech patterns)

69
Q

essentialism

A

sex = gender
view that some things/objects have certain qualities which are timeless and unchangeable (can lead to stereotypes, does not recognize difference and change)

70
Q

biological determinism

A

sex determines what you can/can’t do

71
Q

social constructionism theory

A

meaning and knowledge are socially created

72
Q

outside two sex model

A

at least 5 sexes (hermaphrodites, male pseudohermaphrodites, female pseudohermaphrodites)

73
Q

sexuality

A

refers to attraction (romantic and physical)

74
Q

ethnicity

A

way of classifying people based on common histories and culture

75
Q

caste

A

system of social stratification in Indian society divides people into categories according to Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Valshyas, outcase

76
Q

Brahmans

A

1) priests

77
Q

Kshatriyas

A

2) warriors and rulers

78
Q

Vaishyas

A

3) traders

79
Q

Shudras

A

4) artisans and servants

80
Q

outcaste

A

Harijan, untouchables, street sweepers

81
Q

social stratification

A

systems that categorize peoples

82
Q

class

A

material and culture (inextricably entwined)

83
Q

means of production

A

higher class controls land, capital, labor

84
Q

modes of production

A

everything that goes into production

85
Q

Marx’s theory of class

A

societies are divided by class

86
Q

Veblen

A

conspicuous consumption. rich lifestyles and life structures. difference of products (and symbolic value)

87
Q

problem with sexist essentialism

A

belief that sex=gender, and life path is determined by sex

88
Q

problem with gender essentialism

A

belief that gender determines expression, and that your culture’s gender expression is the only correct one

89
Q

moral selective neglect

A

culture’s moral following is determined by their environment

90
Q

Bourdieu

A

social capital, economic capital is used to purchase symbolic distinctions, then re-convertible into economic capital

91
Q

migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another

92
Q

displacement

A

forced migration

93
Q

push factor

A

why someone leaves their country

94
Q

pull factor

A

reasons why someone wants to go to a specific country

95
Q

hermaphrodites

A

(herms) one testis, one ovary

96
Q

male pseudohermaphrodites

A

(merms) testis and aspect of female genitalia, no ovaries

97
Q

female pseudohermaphrodites

A

(ferms) have ovaries, aspects of male genitalia, lack of testes

98
Q

mixed-status family

A

at least one undocumented member and one with authorized legal status

99
Q

race

A

grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society. NOT biological, socially defined

100
Q

racialization

A

always occurs under a particular set of cultural and historical circumstances

101
Q

system racism

A

racism inforced by a ruling power (laws)

102
Q

productive forces

A

Marx, combination of the means of labor and human labor power

103
Q

relations of production

A

social relations that people enter into through their participation in economic life

104
Q

agency

A

having power over your circumstances

105
Q

resilience

A

perseverance shown in adversity

106
Q

transnational spaces

A

amount of space between tow countries borders (blurs) (Rio Grande Valley)

107
Q

citizenship

A

status where you are supposed to receive the full opportunities of the country (has full paperwork and is seen as a citizen by the government)

108
Q

disclosure

A

how and when and to who people share their legal status

109
Q

precarity

A

as existence that lacks predictability, unstable, can change at any time

110
Q

neoliberalism

A

calls for the reduction of the state influence in the economy

111
Q

securitization

A

increased reliance on detention, border enforcement, and deportation as strategies to control unauthorized mobility

112
Q

surveillance

A

increased monitoring within communities

113
Q

social production of labor

A

taking of the labor of undocumented people who are therefore, vulnerable

114
Q

social inequality

A

ethnoracial prejudices and social limitations that fall onto people that don’t fit traditional cultural boxed

115
Q

borders and barriers can be…

A

political, geographic, physical, socail

116
Q

modes of incorporation

A

integration, subordination, marginalization

117
Q

social mobility

A

1) pathways to status change
2) performance pressure

118
Q

biopower

A

a technology of power used to control populations and large groups of people

119
Q

healthcare limitations

A

patient and provider biases, availability of treatment, expenses (time and financial), health care eligibility, ideas of deservingness

120
Q

morality and ethics

A

faking symptoms to get treatment for family members, sharing prescriptions, equality within the household

121
Q

social class

A

difficulty to work to change social class due to not having access to healthcare

122
Q

stigmatized biology

A

coverage is not included in most plans, more stress which then effects health

123
Q

public health

A

risk of spread of disease, ill labor forces, risky behavior

124
Q

birth tourism

A

traveling to another country to give birth so they child obtains birthright citizenship

125
Q

anchor babies

A

child born to non-citizen in a country so the parents can gain citizenship

126
Q

chain migration

A

US citizens and greencard holder can sponsor other family to immigrate

127
Q

Anthropological studies of kinship examine…

A

Forms of affiliation and connections, sex, birth, and nurturance, and forms of marriage

128
Q

Perspective on new reproductive technologies and surrogacy offered by the documentary that we watched in class

A

Law, hospital policy, and transnational economies may shape what counts as family

129
Q

People who live in the Pirá-piraná river basin believe that they should marry someone who comes from outside of their village. This rule is best described as an example of…

A

Exogamy

130
Q

Before she can get married, Selina’s parents are expected to give a refrigerator and a new truck to her fiancé’s family. These gifts are best described as a form of

A

Dowry

131
Q

Which of the following statements is Anne-Fausto-Sterling, the author of “The Five Sexes” most likely to agree with

A

Our classification of people as male and female draws on culture as well as biology

132
Q

Which best described the way in which sex and gender were addressed in the lectures

A

Gender refers to the socially constructed masculine and feminine characteristics whereas sex describes socially agreed upon physiological specification, which means that our understanding of both of these attributes is shaped by culture

133
Q

After getting married to a Hopi women, a Hopi man moves into the longhouse of his wife’s family and their children would belong to the mother’s descent. This is an example of

A

Matrilocal residence pattern and matrilineal lineage

134
Q

If the members of a class do not have —— they may fail to recognize what they have in common and may fail to develop the kind of solidarity that could lead them to revaluation

A

Agency

135
Q

What best describes the definition of “race” used in our class?

A

Race is a worldview, a cosmological ordering system structured out of the political, economical, and social realities of people. Race is a category of social differences whose boundaries allegedly correspond to biological attributes based on the phenotype of skin color

136
Q

How was gender roles and “doing gender” addressed in the lectures

A

Gender roles are the culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society. One in not born, but rather becomes a man or woman. Gender is about performing certain activities and thereby creating differences between girls and boys and women and men

137
Q

What is systemic racism

A

It is defined as policies and practices that exist throughout whole society that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and harmful treatment of others based on race. Racism that systematically runs within public and private institutions and organizations

138
Q

What is ethnicity

A

Ethnicity is a way of classifying people based on common histories, cultural patterns, social ties, language use, and symbolic shared identities. Ethnicity is created by historical processes that incorporate distinct groups into a single political structure based on shared experiences

139
Q

How was caste dest described in lecture

A

The system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral conception of purity and pollution. People often “see” caste in other’s occupations, the clothes they wear, how they talk, even their mannerisms. Caste divisions are upheld by rigid rules that regulate social and physical contact between groups and subdivisions

140
Q

What is true of “relations of production”

A

If refers to the social structures that regulate the relation between humans in the production of goods.
In capitalist society relations of production is based on Bourgeoisie and Working class

141
Q

How does Bourdieu conceptualize social capital

A

Actual or virtual resources acquired by individuals or groups through the possession of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintances and recognition. It is manifested through benefits derived from social networks

142
Q

In the ethnography Borders of Belonging, the author Heide Castañeda explained push and pull factors of the migration. Which of the following is true of push and factors

A

Migration is often not just a personal choice. People migrate to ensure their personal safety due to increasing violence in their home country. Push and pull factors are often linked

143
Q

In the ethnography Borders of Belonging, the author Heide Castañeda examined marginalization as one of the modes of incorporation of the migrants in the mainstream society. What is true of marginalization?

A

A process that not only deny migrants’ status as the members of the community but also refuse to allow them to have their basic rights and dignity

144
Q

How can we define class

A

Class is a form of social stratification based on economy. But the material and cultural aspects of class are inextricably entwined, as all material relations are marked symbolically

145
Q

Globalization

A

Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever intensifying scale

146
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Market-orientated reform policies, eliminating prize control reducing state influence in the economy. Relies on international institutions

147
Q

Circulation of people, objects, and capitals

A

Globalization and neoliberalism have introduced the flow of capital, images, people, things, and ideologies (Tuna, globalization of regional industry)

148
Q

Shrinking power of nation states

A

Flow of capital, images, people, things, and ideology unleashed by globalization have determined the power of nation states (not self-governed)

149
Q

The True Cost

A

Sweat shops, physical and environmental (humanitarian) effects of fast fashion

150
Q

Anthropocene Era

A

Geological and environmental era which humans have drastically changed the plant as a whole

151
Q

Causes of natural disaster

A

Denial of the natural disaster is no way a denial of natural process (not divorced from social global warming)

152
Q

Vulnerability of Natural disaster

A

Some people more vulnerable than others. Racial, gender, and class inequality interest with natural hazard. Government market orientated policies make poorest more vulnerable

153
Q

Preparedness of natural disasters

A

Communication gaps between scientists and government officials. Lack of enthusiasm and empathy

154
Q

Disaster capitalism

A

Making profit from misfortune, exploitation from man-made disasters

155
Q

Environmental sustainability

A

Ability of the environment to renew resources and accommodate waste

156
Q

Social sustainability

A

Ability of social systems to provide for needs of their people. Attain stable and healthy standard of living

157
Q

Medical anthropology

A

Holistic view to examine ideas about disease, illness, healing, and the body

158
Q

characteristics of globalization

A

introduction of neoliberalism, circulation of people, objects, and capital, social inequality, shrinking power of nation-states

159
Q

New sense of belonging

A

social media and new technology have created a new sense of belonging (Hashtag anthropology and activism)

160
Q

Imagined community

A

connections based on shared experiences instead of face to face encounters

161
Q

structural violence

A

social structures perpetuate inequity, thus causing preventable suffering

162
Q

reconstruction of Natural Disasters

A

reconstructing not the poor houses again, but take advantage and make expensive projects

163
Q

Economic sustainability

A

the practice of conserving natural and financial resources to create long-term financial stability

164
Q

biocultural perspectives

A

the scientific exploration of the relationship between human biology and culture

165
Q

social determinants of health

A

access of healthcare, treatment, and medicine

166
Q

migrant farmworkers

A

essential workers during COVID. having to choose between their health and working to provide for their family

ANTH 2301: Into to Cultural Anth (4 decks)

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