Final Flashcards
disabitato
Who: n/a
What: unoccupied or abandoned part of town, historical name in Rome to the zone between the urbanized center and ancient boundary of the aurelian wall, ruins and empty space where people used to live
Where: In Rome
When: 18th century
Larger significance/importance: the vast majority of the city is abandoned so these become open-air quarries
greek cross
Who: Bramante, hired to help build St Peter Basilica, he had the idea of the Greek cross design, Michelangelo returned to this design even though Rafael changed the plan to a Latin cross
What: cross with the bar directly in the center, arms at equal length
Where: seen St. Peter’s Basilica
When: 14th century when Bramante came up with the design for st peters,
Why: Different type of cross compared to the Latin cross, different architects had different plans when it came to designing a building based on the cross
Larger significance/importance:
church militant
Who: Christians on earth make up this part of the church
What: one of the 2 major modes of the church, is the church in struggle mode, this is when the church is fighting, which signifies our life on earth, church in militant mode when protestants began their reformation under martin luther in 1517, counter reformation began in retaliation to this, show cased their power by setting up grand and beautiful churches
Where: St. Peters Basilica (had to do with the design plans here, the new seat of power
When: 16th century
Larger significance/importance: the “box” at the bottom of the church is considered militant and the top would be triumphant, considered a metaphor for heaven and earth, example is during reformation and counter reformation church show cased their power during the counter reformation by setting up grand and beautiful churches
obelisk
Who: Caligula brought one, somewhere the ones brought by Augustus from Egypt, Bernini designed the one in St. Peters square
What: some obelisks resurrected during the renaissance, obelisk brought by Caligula to dedicate to the sun god it is in the center at st peters square (this is the only intact one left in Rome, only one not knocked down) 13 ancient obelisk in Rome, 8 are egyptian and 5 are roman,
Where: one outside lateran (was found outside circus maximus, brought in as last obelisk added to city of rome by Constantious 2nd) one in st peters square
When: existed in first century bc, during renaissance moved around and resurrected ?
Larger significance/importance: existed in rome but are resurrected, move to new locations during this rebirth of rome, signifies conquest or an important battle
possesso
Who: Popes
What: triumphal procession when pope dies and a new one starts, means taking possession of something, pope leaves Vatican and comes to the lateran which is his seat of power, where he is crowned
Where: Via papalis, papal rode, travels in front of roman community to his throne and back to Vatican
When: dates back to 6th century?
Why: pope didn’t need a triumph like in ancient Rome but they created there own type of triumph different the original
Larger significance/importance: he was close to the ultimate predecessor Peter when at the Vatican but the pope holds power as bishop of Rome at the lateran basilica where he holds his spiritual power so the pope goes here to be invested with full powers
latin cross
Who: Rafael wanted this to be the design of St. Peters
What: cross where the bar is a little bit higher up, used as an architectural design, originally designed for crucifixion in rome, used as a sign of chirsts resurrection for catholics
Where: seen inside catholic churches, also part of some floor plans of churches, example seen in the shape of Saint Ignatios Loyola Church
When: probably seen in 2nd century but wasn’t used in art until after Constantine
Larger significance/importance: represents Christianity
cosmatesque
Who: made by the cosmatti family
What: the style of flooring in church floors, style of decorative stone work, more and more of this seen during the counter reformation
Where: current version of St. Clement and many other church floorings
When: 12th century
Larger significance/importance:
church triumphant
Who: Members of Christianity in heaven
What: church victorious, one of 2 major modes of the church, enemy is defeated
Where: St. Peters Basilica (had to do with the design plans here)
When: renaissance, 14th century?? Around the time of designing new st peters
Larger significance/importance: metaphor of heaven and earth, dome of the church is triumphant, represents heaven, church will again become triumphant after the second coming of christ
castel sant angelo
Who: Hadrian original commissioner, popes converted into a castle
What: Hadrian’s mausoleum, made of travertine, became a papal fortress in the middle ages, circular drum shape, based off of Augustus mausoleum, wanted a place for his remains and his successors remains, Pope Nicolas III connected it to St. Peters
Where: west bank of the Tiber
When: 2nd century
Larger Significance: There is fortress surrounding it, could protect the pope since close to st peters basilica, the pope had rooms in here for protection. Existed already but renewed as part of the renaissance
pantheon
Who: Hadrian (rebuilt multiple times but hadrian was the last one)
What: eastern Roman emperors property, pope turns it into a church, now it is for mary and all the martyrs, huge dome, open at the center,
Where: campus martius
When: 2nd century
Larger Significance: influential design in architecture history, many different uses over the years, largest concrete dome in the world
lateran complex
Who: Built by Constantine, owned by Laternus Family
What: where pope holds his power as bishop of rome, oldest catholic church, walls of rome right next to it, in a very bad position, it was dedicated to Jesus upper balcony for papal blessings, obelisk stands outside of it, last obelisk added to the city of Rome by Constantious 2nd, includes a baptisty next to it, symbols of papal sponsorship on top, baptismal font for adults to be baptized, paintings with scenes of constantines conversion
Where: right along the walls of Rome
When: 4th century
Larger Significance: pope holds power here but in a very bad position, unsafe
via papalis
Who: Popes
What: the papal road the pope takes for the triumph procession when one pope dies and a new one starts
Where: road from st peters basilica in roman community to his throne and back
When: 16th century ??
Larger Significance: pope lives in one place but he holds certain power in another so this was a way to signify a new pope and where he gets his power
st peters basilica
Who: Constantine originally built it, Bramante and Michelangelo, Julius requested it be rebuilt
What: shrine to St. peter, new basilica, arms equal in length each ending with an apse, source of the popes authority, The basilicas in Rome were the first public places for Christian worship. Eventually a new basilica was made because the left wall was leaning a bit. Julius the 2nd decided to tear it down section by section and replaced it that way so that they could still make money from tourism. The architect for the new basilica was Bramante. Also the new basilica was bigger than the old one so they had to move the obelisk by leaning it, dragging it and then putting it back up in the new spot. He makes a new square plan with a Greek cross. He also wanted to put the dome of the Panthenon on top. The project took 150 years to complete and Rafelli eventually took over. He decided to change the plan to have a Latin cross instead. The colonnade symbolizes the embrace of the church around the world.
Where: Vatican City, over the tomb of st peter
When: 4th century by Constantine,14th century is when michealangelo changes the plan back to Greek cross and completes the design?
Larger Significance: Peter is special because he is given control of the church by jesus, building is old but no one wants to destroy the shrine of st peter, Julius 2nd take the challanege and decides to replace it a little bit at a time, major project of the renaissance in Rome, Julius wanted to gain control of Italy and felt the rebuilding of this was a start
column of trajan
Who: Trajan
What: column that has a statue of St. Paul on top, built for Trajan when he was emperor, a product of warfare, a symbol of victory, Trajan buried inside, 128 ft tall, topped with statue of the emperor at one point, statue of st peter replaced it, reliefs all down the column, repackaged as a christian vicotry monument
Where: Roman Forum
When: 2nd century
Larger Significance: Most people buried outside of town, big deal that trajan was buried here, reliefs covering the column, low reliefs here showing the war, symbolizes warefare and victory
counter reformation
Who: Pope Paul III
What: period of Catholic Revival or resurgence following the protestant reformation after Martin Luther nailed his 95 thesis to the door, problems and abuses elinanted during this time such as indulgences
Where: Rome
When: 16th-17th century
Larger Significance: spent this time to solidify doctrines that the protestants were opposed to, catholic churches rebuttal to the protestant reformation by building grand and beautiful churches
donation of constantine
Who: Pope Sylvester
What: Constantine is told to pray to peter and paul, they appear and tell hi to see the pope, Sylvester baptizes constatine and he springs back and his healthy, the story is fabricated, papacy makes deal with Frankish kingsom pope is given land in northern and central italy, pope takes this story and uses it to make it look like Constantine gave him the crown,
Where: Hall of constantine, oratory of saint sylvester
When: 8th century story was made up in early middle ages
Larger Significance: story that makes it look like constatnine gave his crown to the papacy
baroque
Who: Urban VIII, Innocent X, Alexander VII, Bernini considered father of this art
What: increase in religious art, upsurge in Roman Catholic Church, highly elaborate and decorative style of architecture
Where: Rome
When: 1600-1750, 17th-18th century
Larger Significance: art was being used as a type of propaganda, cultural movement but rome was at the center of it
