Final Flashcards
What keeps the trachea from collapsing?
Cartilage
How is the respiratory rate affected with hypoxia and hypercapnia?
Increased respirations
What prevents friction between the pleural membrane
Pleural fluid (serus fluid)
Tidal volume
Normal respiration
Which bronchi is more likely to be occluded with aspiration
Right side because it’s bigger ( has 3 bronchi) (left has only 2)
Normal Ph. What values indicate resp. Acidosis and alkalosis.
Normal: 7.35-7.45
Acidosis: lower than 7.35
Alkalosis: higher than 7.45
What sweeps mucus and pathogens out of the larynx and trachea
Cilia
How would the lungs respond to compensate for metabolic acidosis
Increase respiration to release co2
Where does has exchange occur
Alveoli
What is the primary chemical that regulates respiration in a healthy person
Co2
What surrounds the alveoli
Capillarys
Path of air flow
Nose-mouth-pharynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
What is the purpose of the cough reflex
To remove irritants
What are chemoreceptors and where are they located
Chemoreceptors are changes in co2 and o2. Located in Brian (detects o2) And body (peripheral detects co2) (coroided and aortic bodies)
Mediastinum
Area between lungs where heart is
Pleural effusion
Build up of fluid in pleural space. Between visceral and parietal pleural
Tx: thoracentesis
Different blood types
A.B.AB.O.RH+
Donor: O-
Receiver: AB+
What is a thrombus
Blood clot on blood vessel. Forms on ruff area on vessel
Process of clotting. What mineral is needed. what is a clot made of
Process: platelets-prothrombin-thrombin-fibrinogen-FIBRIN
Needs calcium
what blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
Pulmonary artery
What is produced by red bone marrow?
RBC, WBC and platelets
Lymphocytes
WBC that recognize foreign antigens and make antibodies
What types of cell is the precursor to all type of blood cells
Stem cell
What is lymph and where does if flow
Fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
Lymph nodes and where are they located
Cluster of lymph tissue that preform phagocytosis, lymphocytes and macrgocytes
Located: cervical, inganal, thoracic and auxiliary
How does the spleen process old RBCs
By forming billy Rubin
What is hypoxemia and how do the kidneys compensate
Low o2 in blood. So kidneys secret erythropoietin to stimulate RBC
What blood vessels supply the myocardium
Both coronary arteries
What is the cardiac cycle
Atria contracts then ventricles
Sac surrounding the heart and what prevents friction rub
Pericardium and pericardium fluid
Path of blood flow
Lungs (right side)
Body (left side)
What prevents back flow of blood from the pulmonary artery and aorta into the ventricles
Semilunar valves. ( both pulmonary and aortic)
Normal heart sounds and what causes it
Lib dub ( s1 and s2)
S1 ( closure of AV)
S2 (closure of SV)
ANH
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Atria releases ANH when heart is stretched - to stimulate kidneys - to eliminate water and sodium.
-decreases bp and strain on heart
Electrical conduct through heart
SA node - AV node - bundle of his - perkunjie fibers
Systole
Contraction of heart
Diastole
Relaxation of heart
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries. Loss of elasticity
Endocarditis
Inflammation of inner lining of the heart
Hypothalamus
In brain above pituitary
Anterior/posterior Pituitary gland
In brain, hangs from hypothalamus (master gland)
Pineal gland
Brian
Thyroid gland
Neck
Parathyroid gland
On neck, behind the thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Upper thorax
Adrenal gland
Top of kidneys
Pancreas
Abdomen , behind stomach
Ovaries
Uterus
Testes
Scrotum
Hormones
Chemical messengers
What’s the master gland
Pituitary gland
What are glucocorticoids
Cortisol , from adrenal cortex. Increases blood sugar and is an anti inflammatory
What are mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone in adrenal cortex. Effects electrolyte imbalance, sodium reabsorption and decreases potassium
What hormone increases the rate of cell division
Growth hormones
What hormone maintain normal blood pressure by maintaining blood volume
ADH and Aldosterone
ADH reabsorbs water
Aldosterone retains sodium
What hormone increases blood glucose
Glucagon (alpha cells)
What hormone decreases blood glucose
Insulin (beta cells)
Helps sugar be used for energy
What hormone increases and decreases blood calcium levels
Increase: PTH
Decrease: calcitonin
How is body temp regulated
By the hypothalamus.
Vasoconstriction : keeps heat
Vasodilation: sweat and keeps cool
What layer of skin does mitosis takes place
Stratum germinative
2 types of sweat glands
Eccrine (regulates temp)(forehead, palms, feet)
Apocrine (under arm and genital area) ( stressful situations)
2 substances produced when uv rays strike the skin
Vit. D, melanin
Purpose of subcutaneous adipose tissue
Heat, energy, cushion
3 layers if skin
Epidermis
Dermis
SQ
Protein that thickens, waterproofs and protects skin
Keratin
What gives dermis strength
Collegen
Virulence
Ability for a pathogen to cause disease
Sterilization
Destroying all microorganisms and spores
Transient flora
Normal bacteria on the body for a short amount of time
Secondary infection
Infections caused by a primary infection
Contagious
Ability to spread form one person to another
What organ systems the protect body against pathogens
Skin and lymphatic
Hypercapnia
High co2
