Final Flashcards
1
Q
What Causes Cerebral palsy
A
Congenital before or at birth
2
Q
What is cerebral palsy?
What occurs
A
Neurological and non-progressive
May have: muscle tightness/spasms, involuntary movements, perception and sensation, gross and fine motor.
Googled: a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture.
3
Q
Types of cerebral palsy?
what each means?
What is the most common?
A
Spastic (most common): tense contracted muscles
Athetoid: constant, uncontrolled motion of limbs, head and eyes
Ataxic: core sense of balance, often causing falls and stumbles
Rigidity: tight muscles that resist efforts to make them move
Tremor: Uncontrolled shaking, interfering this coordination
4
Q
Cerebral palsy
Topographic types and meaning
A
Hepiplegia: one side of the body is affected (arm more than leg)
Monoplegia: only one limb is affected (usually arm)
Tripleglia: three limbs are involved (usually both arms and leg)
Qudriplegia: all four limbs are involved
Diplegia: all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severely affected than arms.
5
Q
Common with cerebral palsy
A
Fixed wrist and hand
Often flexed on tippy toes
Inward turned knees
6
Q
What equipment may be used for children with cerebral palsy
A
Braces and splint
7
Q
What is the comorbidity with cerebral palsy?
A
Epilepsy and seizure disorders
8
Q
What is TBI
+define
A
Traumatic brain injury: a term that describes sudden and physical damage, and trauma to the brain
9
Q
Who is at high risk for TBI
A
Children, adolescents/young adult men, elderly
10
Q
What is a Concussion
A
A concussion is a violent jarring of shaking the results in a disturbance of brain function
11
Q
Signs of TBI
A
Headaches or neck pain that don’t go away
difficulty, remembering, concentrating, or making decisions
slowness in the thinking, speaking acting, or reading
Getting lost or easily confused
12
Q
Types of TBI
A
Penetrating brain injuries
Closed head injuries
13
Q
Scalp hematoma
A
Google
A scalp hematoma typically appears as a bump on the head. The damage is to the external skin and muscle, so it will not affect the brain.
14
Q
Epidural hematoma
A
Google
occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater
15
Q
Hemorrhagic contusion
A
a “brain bruise”
16
Q
A device to reduce intracranial pressure from swelling
A
ICP monitor
17
Q
What is a secondary closed head injury
A
Evolves overtime after trauma has occurred
Brain swelling
Increased pressure inside the skull
Seizures
Intracranial infection
Fever
Hematoma
18
Q
What is spina bifida?
A
“Split spine” caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube usually in lower back
19
Q
What is spina bifida Occulta?
A
The boney vertebrae is open, but the spine is within the spinal canal
“Hidden”
20
Q
What is spina bifida-meningocele
A
The boney vertebrae is open part of the meninges is protruding out of the spinal canal
21
Q
What is spina bifida myelomeningocele
A
The boney vertebra is open part of the meninges and part, or all of the spinal cord, is protruding out of the spinal canal
22
Q
What is a shunt/ catheter
A
Device that removes cerebrospinal fluid build up from brain into the stomach
23
Q
What can help prevent spina bifida?
A
Folic acid
24
Q
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is
A
Arthritis in children under 16 years old with inflammation lasting at least six weeks
25
Arthritis is
A disease in a persons joints that causes swelling and pain where the bones meet each other
26
JRA Etiology
Immune mediated disease
Complex genetic predisposition‘s
Environmental triggers: infections, trauma stress
27
Difference between JRA and adult RA
Many people with JRA outgrow the illness while adults usually have lifelong symptoms
JRA may affect bone development
28
A damaged joint from JRA may have
Destruction of cartilage 
29
What is meningitis?
Inflammation in the meninges
A disease caused by infection of the protective membranes, covering the spinal cord, known as the meninges
30
Meningitis is usually caused by
Usually caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
31
Meningitis can be ________ or ________
Viral or bacterial
32
Symptoms of meningitis
Fever, neck, pain, sleepiness, vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache, seizures, light sensitivity
33
Possible complications of meningitis
Hearing loss, problems with memory and concentration, problems with coordination and balance, learning difficulties, speech problems, vision loss, epilepsy
34
Cystic fibrosis
Chronic bacterial infection in the airways and sinuses elevated concentrations of chloride in sweat
35
Cystic fibrosis is a ___________ ________ disorder
Recessive genetic disorder
36
Cystic fibrosis
Presentation of disease
Mucus in the airway cannot be easily cleared from lungs
Colon: sticky mucous secretion
Pancreas: ducts are filled with mucus, scarring of tissue
37
Lupus is
Autoimmune disease where your body’s immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal healthy tissue
80% of children diagnosed with lupus are girls
38
Lupus
Skin condition:
Malar (or butterfly) rash across the nose and cheeks
Discoid (disc shaped) rash
Sensitive to light
Oral ulcers
39
Childhood lupus
Starts with fatigue and achiness
Treatable with medication
40
What part of your brain is responsible for: Speech, smell hearing, taste, speech, reading, vision
Speech: frontal lobe (top front)
Smell & hearing: temporal lobe (bottom front)
Speech, taste & reading: parietal lobe (top back)
Vison: occipital lobe (lower back)
41
What are the 5 theories of language
Behavioural: children learn from imitation
Psycholinguistic: children are born to learn language
Semantic/Cognitive: both nature and nurture
Sociolinguistic: both nature and nurture
Interactionist: both nature and nurture
42
Define voice
Is air passing thru
43
Define speech
Changing the sounds to form specific sounds
44
Define language
Modulating your voice, knowing rules, forming words, order
45
What are Common articulation errors
Substitutions: th for s, or k for t
Omissions: syllable or sounds
Distortions: lateral s
Additions:
46
Factors/skills within Communication
Play skills
Receptive language
Nonverbal
Pragmatics (social skills)
Expressive language
Pre language skills
47
Factors/skills within speech and language development
Prelinguistic vocalizations
Receptive/expressive
Echolalic Speech
Holophrastic (speech one word)
Telegraphic speech (speech 2 words)
48
Language environment for infants
Is not solely auditory. Most language exposure comes from face to face interaction with adults
Naming explosion occurs at about 18 months. language builds rapidly at 50-100+ words per month
Same patterns with deaf infants and sign language (babbling still occurs)
49
Under the same ________
Language problems relates to ______ & _____ whereas speech disorders relates too _____
Umbrella
Disorders & Delays
Articulation
50
Speech disorders
Articulation : omissions, substitution, distortion
Voice: pitch: hoarseness, loudness
dysfluencies: stuttering
51
Language problem are
_______ and or _________
Receptive (comprehension) and or Expressive (production)
52
5 Language intervention principles (inf, tod, pre)
1. Early intervention
2. Parental involvement
3. Naturalistic Environment
4. Social interaction
5. Functional outcomes
53
Stages of second language acquisition
Use of home language
Observational/listening period
Telegraphic and formulaic speech
Fluid language use
54
4 speech and language issues
ASD
Intellectual Disabilities
Cerebral palsy
TBI
55
Causes and Risk Factors Dysfluencies
begins for no apparent reason
• Hard to identify, because results from complex interaction of two types of factors:
• Predisposing (nature)
• Precipitating (nurture): developmental and environmental factors that can worsen dysfluency
56
How does Dysfluency Develop
Typically begins between ages 3 and 5
• As the disorder progresses, children are likely to develop reaction to stuttering...
• Tension and struggle in their speech musculature
• More advanced types of speech disfluencies
• Concern or anxiety about their speaking abilities
57
Causes of TBI
45%:
30%:
10%:
10%:
5%:
45%: motor vehicle accidents
30%: falls
10%: occupational accidents
10%: recreational accidents
5%: assault
58
What is Hydrocephalus
(Google)
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull.
59
People with ______________ frequently, have poor hand eye, coordination, and fine motor skills, which is most often reflected in poor handwriting
hydrocephalus
60
Causes of hydrocephalus
(Google)
Spina bifida and other brain and spinal cord (neural tube) defects.
Pregnancy or birth complications
TBI
Stroke.
Brain or spinal cord tumors.
Meningitis or other infections of your brain or spinal cord.
61
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Bacterial meningitis is contagious. The bacteria are spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions (ie. Coughing, kissing).
62
VIRAL MENINGITIS
Outbreaks are rare but if you are around someone with viral meningitis, you may be at risk of becoming sick with the virus that made them sick.
63
How Do We Hear?
Mouse Trap Analogy
• sound comes into ear canal
• vibrates ear drum
• vibrating moves bones in ears
• moving bones push Fluids
• Fluid moves hairs.
• hairs send signals to brain
Chain reaction…. Like the mouse trap game
64
2 Kinds of Hearing Loss
Can be differentiated using the Weber and Rinne Tests
1. Conductive
• Problem with outer or middle ear
• blockage of sound conduction to ear inner ear
2. Sensorineural
• problem with cochlea, cochlear nerve, central pathways
65
How is hearing tested?
**Otoacoustic Emissions**
Sounds are presented to the ear canal and a small microphone measures the response in the ear canal
**Auditory brainstem response**
Sounds are presented and surface. Electroid’s measure brain stem activity.
66
When hearing loss diagnosis is delayed…..
Undiagnosed deafness can lead to
impaired language development
A barrier to socialization
Misinterpretation of unresponsive, baby
Social problems with peers
67
Otitis media is
Fluid in the ear
Inflammation of middle ear
68
Levels of Otis media
Some fluid (air fluid levels)
Effusion (full of fluid)
69
What is Grommets/Ventilation Tubes
In a Myringotomy, small tubes are surgically placed in the eardrum Often placed in cases of chronic Otitis Media
70
Device used for sensorineural hearing loss
Cochlear implant surgery
Sends electrical signals directly to auditory nerve, bypassing, the ear canal, middle and inner ear mechanisms
71
Behind the ear aid
(Google)
The main shell houses all of the electronics and the battery. The BTE model hooks over the top of your ear and rests behind the ear. Traditionally a plastic tube connects the hearing aid to a custom earpiece called an earmold that fits in your ear.
72
Hemianopia
Loss of vision on one side
May turtle head in certain positions when looking at objects, advert gays, or seem to be looking beside under or above object of focus
73
Anopsia
Defect in the visual field
74
What is the leading cause of vision impairment in the world?
Uncorrected refractive error
75
Myopic/ myopia
Nearsighted
Eyeball is too long
distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.
May tilt or turn head in certain positions, while looking at an object, hold objects close to eyes
76
Hyperopic
Farsightedness
distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred.
77
Astigmatism
(Google)
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error due to rotational asymmetry in the eye's refractive power. This results in distorted or blurred vision at any distance.
78
Presbyopia
(Google)
progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects. Also known as age-related farsightedness, it affects many adults over the age of 40.
79
Nystagmus
Eyes make repetitive uncontrolled emotions
May tilt or turn head in certain positions, when looking at objects,
80
Central vison loss
Google (idk if right)
Loss of central vision that provides detail division???
81
Blindspot- macular degeneration
Blurred or no vision in the centre of the visual field
82
Peripheral Vision Loss
Loss of side vision leaving only centre vision intact
83
Glaucoma
Progressive loss of vision
84
Cataracts
Symptoms may include faded colours, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and difficulty seeing at night.
85
Amblyopia
Lazy eye
a disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favors the other eye. (Google)
86
Strabismus
Cross eye
a vision disorder in which the eves do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is pointed at an object can alternate. (Google)
87
Adaptation continuum for least to most intrusive
Adapt environment
Adapt, activity, or routine
Adapt materials
Adapt instructions
Provide assistance
88
Inclusion refers to
The provision or quality instruction through an appropriate delivery system and relevant support to students with disabilities so they have access to the general education, classroom and curriculum to achieve positive educational outcomes.
89
Movement can connect to other developmental domains like….
**Physical**
Manipulate objects and gain skills to interact in physical activities
**language**
connecting movements with words
**emotional**
Gain independence and establish self-concept and self-awareness
**social**
Interact in physical movement activities, or games or sports
**cognition**
Understand the relationship between space, movement and language
**learn about self**
Body and ability to move certain body parts
90
Adaptations to the environment…
Change the setting, rearrange furniture, adapt, or add equipment
91
Adaptations to activities or routine
Visuals, selecting specific activities, or adapting to accommodate special needs
92
Adaptations to materials
Specific materials that may help a child participate.
93
Adaptations for requirements or instructions
Changing what is required in an activity or routine, and the way you provide instructions can enable a child to participate
94
Providing assistance
Pair children together, provide physical guidance, and or verbal prompts
95
Ontario.ca lists and early childhood educators responsibilities as
in coordination and cooperation with the classroom teacher:
• plans for and provides education to children in Kindergarten;
• observes, monitors, and assesses the development of Kindergarten children;
• maintains a healthy physical, emotional, and social learning environment in the classroom;
• communicates with families;
• performs duties assigned by the principal with respect to the Kindergarten program.
96
The CECE, inclusion of children with disability guidelines, refers to children with disabilities in what model?
The social model
Which states that children with disabilities are disabled by barriers within society. Physical, mental, cognitive, emotional or social barriers within the environment
97
The CECE states that in order to promote inclusion it is important that you are _______ and _______
Informed and intentional
98
CECE
Inclusive environments are spaces where….
Children and families feel welcome because the characteristics and identities are respected and reflected in all aspects of the environment
99
CECE inclusive practice
The kindergarten program says that…
Welcome environments are intentionally created in arranged to enhance children’s learning. With colleagues you encourage collaborative communication and inquiry among children in the social environment. Learning materials and experiences are diverse and evolve with children’s growing curiosity and ideas.
100
The accessibility for Ontarians with disability act is an example of….
Legislation that supports the full participation of those with disabilities.
101
Materials and elements that can be included in the environment to enhance accessibility are:
Scissors for both left and right hands
Temporary or permanent ramps
Adaptations to soap, dispensers tables, easels, and chairs to incorporate participation, self-help, and self regulation skills
Kranz markers or pencils that support different hand sizes and fine motor skills
Different sizes of weights of learning materials, such as building blocks in books
Various century materials in all areas of the environment
Appropriate sound music, lighting, and temperatures.
102
NAEYC definition of early childhood inclusion
Embodies the values policies and practises that support the rights of every infant and young child, and his, or her family, regardless of ability to participate in a broad range of activities, and contexts as full members of families, communities and society.
Desired results of inclusive experiences includes a sense of belonging in membership, positive social relationships and friendships development, and learning to reach their full potential for all.
High quality programs, services, access, participation, and supports for all.
103
Examples of Altering the instructional arrangement
• Let your student work in a group of three when most of her classmates work in groups of four or five.
• Have your student team up with a peer partner when most of his classmates are working individually.
• Add variety to small-group work: when most classmates are working in student- directed small groups, have the student and a few selected classmates work in a small group that you sit with and help support.
104
Examples of Altering the physical or social environment
Get your student a larger (or smaller) desk, depending on her preference.
Let students with sound sensitivities work in a particular part of the classroom, such as a "quiet space" or study carrel.
Give easily distracted students the option of sitting at a desk closer to the board. You could even arrange for the student to complete certain tasks in another part of the school campus, such as the media center or outdoors.
105
Examples Alter your methods and materials
Incorporate more visuals to present content in different ways, such as maps, pictures, drawings, objects, or videos.
Use graphic organizers to arrange key points in a way students can easily grasp.
Provide additional models or demonstrations for students who need extra support during the lesson.
Select concrete materials instead of symbolic representations, or illustrate symbolic representations with concrete examples.
Make the most of whatever technology is available to you-enhance your lesson with whiteboards, streaming videos, or remote clickers.
Check for understanding more frequently, using methods that require active responses from your students. For example, try asking questions about the lesson material and have your class vote on the answers.
Provide students with differentiated reading material based on their reading level and/or interests.
Make content easier to learn by giving your student enhanced texts in which key parts are highlighted, pictures or symbols are added, and/or text is enlarged.
106
Example of Altering the process or task
• Have your student follow written, pictorial, or audio-recorded task steps instead of giving them oral instructions.
• Modify essay assignments-instead of writing an essay, your student could demonstrate understanding of the content by completing a chart, developing a text-to-speech presentation, or creating an outline.
• Reduce the number of items students are expected to complete. For example, your student can receive the same math worksheet as the rest of the class, but you can ask him to complete only the odd-numbered items.
Give your student the option of using the same materials as the rest of the class, but in a different way. On a math worksheet, she could locate and mark certain numerals instead of completing problems.
• Suggest note-taking helpmates such as guided notes or a slot-note note format, so students can more easily record and recall key information.
• Allow for more creative ways for students to show what they know. Artistic students might build a model, create a poster, or draw a map a in place of a written assignment.
107
Alter the level of personal assistance
• Have the helper model the steps of a task before the student performs them on her own.
• Encourage helpers to provide additional prompts (verbal, gestural, or partial physical) when students need them.
• Assign the helper to complete some of the task steps with or for the student.
• Ask the helper to give the student immediate feedback and additional encouragement to reinforce successes.
108
Telegraphic speech
The use of short 2-3 word sentences i
109
The meninges
This is the protective membrane of the spinal cord
