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1
Q

ECF

A

Outside cell - 37% of tot. water vol
high concentrations of Na, Ca, Cl, and HCO3

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2
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

water between cells, 25% tot. water vol.

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3
Q

ICF

A

inside cells, 63% tot. water vol.
high concentrations of K, Mg, PO4, and SO4.

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4
Q

Blood water vol. ____ and Osmolarity ____

A

Increases and increases

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5
Q

Hyponatremia

A

plasma Na ≥ 145 mEq/L

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6
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

plasma Ca ≥ 5.8 mEq/L will result in problems in nerve tissue; Plasma Ca ≥ 12 mEq/L may result in cardiac arrhythmia

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7
Q

Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid system

A

When Carbon dioxide is exhaled, this reaction moves to the left and the acid condition of the blood is neutralized; When blood pH is too high, the kidneys secrete bicarbonate (HCO3) into the blood and the alkaline condition is neutralized.

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8
Q

Semiferons are ______ tissue

A

ciliated stratified columnar

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli cells support and nourish spermatogenic cells

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10
Q

Spermatogonium

A

further in the cell line (mitosis)

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11
Q

Spermatogonium B

A

undergoes meiosis to sperm

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12
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

plasma K ≥ 5.5 mEq/L

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13
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

plasma Cl ≥ 105 mEq/L

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14
Q

Phosphate system

A

Very important in the renal tubules (PCT, Loop of Henle and DCT)

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15
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

when H concentration increases, the depth and rate of breathing increases (Kussmaul respiration, see Chapter 19) to exhale carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

due to an increase in non; respiratory acids from prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea. May be a sign of kidney damage

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17
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

due to hyperventilation and loss of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood. Effects people at high elevations, or on some medications and Sousaphone/Tuba players.

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18
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

loss of H due to vomiting, overproduction of gastric juice, etc. Can be caused by consuming too many antacids. Treatment for metabolic alkalosis is an intravenous solution of Cl.

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19
Q

Crossing Over

A

8 million chromosomes possibilities, 70 million different phenotypes

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20
Q

Cryptorchidism hernia

A

lack of descending of the testes

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21
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

intestines descending with testes

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22
Q

Testes gestation

A

descend from abdominal cavities to the scrotum from inguinal canal

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23
Q

What makes testosterone in spermatogenesis cells?

A

Leydig

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24
Q

What does a spermocyte mature to

A

Spermatotiods with flagellum and losses flagellum

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25
What is left in the spermatotoids
Nucleus, centriole, mitochondria
26
Epididymites
connects testes to ductus deferens; ciliated pseudostratified columnar; sperm is moved by peristaltic and glycogen secreted along tubule
27
Ductus differentia
tube 45 cm long, pseudostratified columnar, passes through abdominal cavity; behind bladder and merges with seminal vesicle
28
Seminal vesicles
5 cm long, secretes alkaline fluid for sperm survival in the vagina with fructose and prostaglandins
29
Prostate gland
almond shape: smooth muscle: secretes fluid to ejaculatory duct (contains citrate and mucus
30
Bulbourethral or Cowper's Gland
secrets mucus; transparent lubrication fluid
31
Semen
contains sperm cells, fructose, citrate, and alkaline mucus
32
Sperm count
120. X 10^6 per mL (decreases with age)
33
How long does sperm survive?
6 days; fertilize within 48 hours
34
Scrotum
skin pouch, lacks fat but contains smooth muscle (contracts when cold and expands when hot
35
Septum has two chambers
serous membrane covers testes and aids in movement
36
Erectile tissue
2 corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
37
GnRH
FSH increases meiosis and LH increase testosterone
38
Inhibin
negative feedback due to increase LH levels and go to hypothalamus to decrease GnRH
39
Effects of Testosterone
hair growth, larynx enlargement, thick skin, increase muscle mass, and thicken bones
40
Parasympathetic inputs
sacral plexus; nitric oxide to dilation of arteries to erection
41
Ovaries
3.5 x 2 cm ovals; ovarian fossae of ilium attach to peritoneum by three ligaments
42
Broad ligament
carries blood vessels and nerve
43
Suspensory ligament
holds ovaries on the upper end
44
Ovarian ligament
holds ovaries on the lower end
45
Oogenesis
primordial follicles develop during gestation in the fetus; don't mature until puberty; unicell sperm
46
Ovulation
spike in LH; released into infundibulum of uterine tube; if not fertilized it degenerates
47
Fallopian Tube
10 cm; held by broad ligament pass to uterus; fimbriae is there to catch eggs
48
Infundibulum
funnel shaped
49
Labia majora
enclose and protects vestibule; adipose tissue; separated by pudenda cleft and merges at anus
50
Vestibula
area between clitoris and vaginal orifice; contains bartin olins glands and secretes mucus for lubrication
51
Uterus
held by broad ligament; body is upper 2/3 and cervix is lower 1/3 and extends to vagina
52
menses step 1
Anterior pituitary secretion of LH and FSH
53
menses step 2
FSH- development of secondary sex characteristics
54
menses step 3
Granulose cells of ovarian medulla secrete estrogen and progesterone
55
menses step 4
pike in LH: increase in progesterone = ovulation
56
menses step 5
Follicle cells become corupus lueterum and increases progesterone a. Endometrium= increase vasculation b. Inhibition of LH and FSH
57
menses step 6
If egg isn’t fertilized, corpus luteum decreases and decreases progesterone
58
menses step 7
Blood vessels in endometrium decreases
59
menses step 8
uterine lining decreases and menses occurs
60
Menopause
decrease estrogen and lack of progesterone stops menses; decrease in secondary sex characteristics; 80% of people by 50 and 85% by 52
61
HIV
viral causes; signs; fever weakness and secondary infections can be fatal
62
Chlamydia
bacterial, painful urination, mucus discharge with pelvic inflammation; leads to infertility and babies can be born blind
63
Herpes
lysogenic viral; cannot get rid; genital sores, fever and risk of cervical cancer; still born
64
Genital warts
HPV virus, increase risk of cervical cancer
65
Gonorrhea
male (painful urination) no signs in females; bacterial; can cause still or blind babies
66
Syphilis
mycobacteria; chancre sores in genitals and mouth/ damage to heart, brain and liver; increase dementia
67
Trichomoniasis
bacterial; itching and irritation of genitals; painful urination and mucus discharge
68
Ductal carcinoma
confined tumor, noninvasive of mammary glands; blood discharge from nipples; radiation and lumpectomy
69
rare, tumor blocks lymph vessels; red and swollen; unilateral and changes in appearance (discoloration) and nipple flattens
Inflammatory breast Cancer
70
starts in breast tissue and swells unilateral; change in skin texture and inverted nipple
invasive Lobular Carcinoma
71
metastic; 80% of all cases; invades other tissue; lumps, pain, and change in appearance
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
72
Detection/Prevention of Breast Cancer
mammograms (after the age of 40); self checks for lumps; genetic test: brac;1 brac2, p53, herz
73
Hypercalcemia
plasma Ca ≥ 5.8 mEq/L will result in problems in nerve tissue; Plasma Ca ≥ 12 mEq/L may result in cardiac arrhythmia

A&P (4 decks)

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