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A&P > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

ECF

A

Outside cell - 37% of tot. water vol
high concentrations of Na, Ca, Cl, and HCO3

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2
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

water between cells, 25% tot. water vol.

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3
Q

ICF

A

inside cells, 63% tot. water vol.
high concentrations of K, Mg, PO4, and SO4.

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4
Q

Blood water vol. ____ and Osmolarity ____

A

Increases and increases

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5
Q

Hyponatremia

A

plasma Na ≥ 145 mEq/L

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6
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

plasma Ca ≥ 5.8 mEq/L will result in problems in nerve tissue; Plasma Ca ≥ 12 mEq/L may result in cardiac arrhythmia

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7
Q

Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid system

A

When Carbon dioxide is exhaled, this reaction moves to the left and the acid condition of the blood is neutralized; When blood pH is too high, the kidneys secrete bicarbonate (HCO3) into the blood and the alkaline condition is neutralized.

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8
Q

Semiferons are ______ tissue

A

ciliated stratified columnar

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli cells support and nourish spermatogenic cells

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10
Q

Spermatogonium

A

further in the cell line (mitosis)

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11
Q

Spermatogonium B

A

undergoes meiosis to sperm

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12
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

plasma K ≥ 5.5 mEq/L

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13
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

plasma Cl ≥ 105 mEq/L

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14
Q

Phosphate system

A

Very important in the renal tubules (PCT, Loop of Henle and DCT)

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15
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

when H concentration increases, the depth and rate of breathing increases (Kussmaul respiration, see Chapter 19) to exhale carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

due to an increase in non; respiratory acids from prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea. May be a sign of kidney damage

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17
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

due to hyperventilation and loss of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood. Effects people at high elevations, or on some medications and Sousaphone/Tuba players.

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18
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

loss of H due to vomiting, overproduction of gastric juice, etc. Can be caused by consuming too many antacids. Treatment for metabolic alkalosis is an intravenous solution of Cl.

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19
Q

Crossing Over

A

8 million chromosomes possibilities, 70 million different phenotypes

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20
Q

Cryptorchidism hernia

A

lack of descending of the testes

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21
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

intestines descending with testes

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22
Q

Testes gestation

A

descend from abdominal cavities to the scrotum from inguinal canal

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23
Q

What makes testosterone in spermatogenesis cells?

A

Leydig

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24
Q

What does a spermocyte mature to

A

Spermatotiods with flagellum and losses flagellum

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25
Q

What is left in the spermatotoids

A

Nucleus, centriole, mitochondria

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26
Q

Epididymites

A

connects testes to ductus deferens; ciliated pseudostratified columnar; sperm is moved by peristaltic and glycogen secreted along tubule

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27
Q

Ductus differentia

A

tube 45 cm long, pseudostratified columnar, passes through abdominal cavity; behind bladder and merges with seminal vesicle

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28
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

5 cm long, secretes alkaline fluid for sperm survival in the vagina with fructose and prostaglandins

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29
Q

Prostate gland

A

almond shape: smooth muscle: secretes fluid to ejaculatory duct (contains citrate and mucus

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30
Q

Bulbourethral or Cowper’s Gland

A

secrets mucus; transparent lubrication fluid

31
Q

Semen

A

contains sperm cells, fructose, citrate, and alkaline mucus

32
Q

Sperm count

A
  1. X 10^6 per mL (decreases with age)
33
Q

How long does sperm survive?

A

6 days; fertilize within 48 hours

34
Q

Scrotum

A

skin pouch, lacks fat but contains smooth muscle (contracts when cold and expands when hot

35
Q

Septum has two chambers

A

serous membrane covers testes and aids in movement

36
Q

Erectile tissue

A

2 corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

37
Q

GnRH

A

FSH increases meiosis and LH increase testosterone

38
Q

Inhibin

A

negative feedback due to increase LH levels and go to hypothalamus to decrease GnRH

39
Q

Effects of Testosterone

A

hair growth, larynx enlargement, thick skin, increase muscle mass, and thicken bones

40
Q

Parasympathetic inputs

A

sacral plexus; nitric oxide to dilation of arteries to erection

41
Q

Ovaries

A

3.5 x 2 cm ovals; ovarian fossae of ilium attach to peritoneum by three ligaments

42
Q

Broad ligament

A

carries blood vessels and nerve

43
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

holds ovaries on the upper end

44
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

holds ovaries on the lower end

45
Q

Oogenesis

A

primordial follicles develop during gestation in the fetus; don’t mature until puberty; unicell sperm

46
Q

Ovulation

A

spike in LH; released into infundibulum of uterine tube; if not fertilized it degenerates

47
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

10 cm; held by broad ligament pass to uterus; fimbriae is there to catch eggs

48
Q

Infundibulum

A

funnel shaped

49
Q

Labia majora

A

enclose and protects vestibule; adipose tissue; separated by pudenda cleft and merges at anus

50
Q

Vestibula

A

area between clitoris and vaginal orifice; contains bartin olins glands and secretes mucus for lubrication

51
Q

Uterus

A

held by broad ligament; body is upper 2/3 and cervix is lower 1/3 and extends to vagina

52
Q

menses step 1

A

Anterior pituitary secretion of LH and FSH

53
Q

menses step 2

A

FSH- development of secondary sex characteristics

54
Q

menses step 3

A

Granulose cells of ovarian medulla secrete estrogen and progesterone

55
Q

menses step 4

A

pike in LH: increase in progesterone = ovulation

56
Q

menses step 5

A

Follicle cells become corupus lueterum and increases progesterone
a. Endometrium= increase vasculation
b. Inhibition of LH and FSH

57
Q

menses step 6

A

If egg isn’t fertilized, corpus luteum decreases and decreases progesterone

58
Q

menses step 7

A

Blood vessels in endometrium decreases

59
Q

menses step 8

A

uterine lining decreases and menses occurs

60
Q

Menopause

A

decrease estrogen and lack of progesterone stops menses; decrease in secondary sex characteristics; 80% of people by 50 and 85% by 52

61
Q

HIV

A

viral causes; signs; fever weakness and secondary infections can be fatal

62
Q

Chlamydia

A

bacterial, painful urination, mucus discharge with pelvic inflammation; leads to infertility and babies can be born blind

63
Q

Herpes

A

lysogenic viral; cannot get rid; genital sores, fever and risk of cervical cancer; still born

64
Q

Genital warts

A

HPV virus, increase risk of cervical cancer

65
Q

Gonorrhea

A

male (painful urination) no signs in females; bacterial; can cause still or blind babies

66
Q

Syphilis

A

mycobacteria; chancre sores in genitals and mouth/ damage to heart, brain and liver; increase dementia

67
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

bacterial; itching and irritation of genitals; painful urination and mucus discharge

68
Q

Ductal carcinoma

A

confined tumor, noninvasive of mammary glands; blood discharge from nipples; radiation and lumpectomy

69
Q

rare, tumor blocks lymph vessels; red and swollen; unilateral and changes in appearance (discoloration) and nipple flattens

A

Inflammatory breast Cancer

70
Q

starts in breast tissue and swells unilateral; change in skin texture and inverted nipple

A

invasive Lobular Carcinoma

71
Q

metastic; 80% of all cases; invades other tissue; lumps, pain, and change in appearance

A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

72
Q

Detection/Prevention of Breast Cancer

A

mammograms (after the age of 40); self checks for lumps; genetic test: brac;1 brac2, p53, herz

73
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

plasma Ca ≥ 5.8 mEq/L will result in problems in nerve tissue; Plasma Ca ≥ 12 mEq/L may result in cardiac arrhythmia

A&P (4 decks)

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