FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
quantitative and qualitative changes
A
Quan - Gradual, incremental change, as in the growth of a pine tree’s girth.
Qual - Large, fundamental change, as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly; stage theories such as Piaget’s posit that each stage reflects qualitative change relative to previous stages.
2
Q
what are the 4 stages and what happens in them
A
sensorimotor (0-2 years) - motor abilities
preoperational (2-7 years) - conservation error
concrete (7-12 years) - solve problems - cause and effect relationships
formal (12+ years)- abstract reasoning skills
3
Q
continuous and discontinuous development
A
continuous = gradually improving/ refining the same type of skills that were there to being with
discontinuous = new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific time
4
Q
Piaget cognitive development theory
A
cognitive abilities develop in different stages - children of similar ages have similar cognitive abilities
5
Q
concrete vs formal operational stage
A
concrete = can reason if objects are in front of them but have problems with imagined deductive reasoning/abstract thought
formal = not everyone reaches it - the ability to formulate hypotheses and test them in a logical and scientific fashion
6
Q
Vygotsky’s social-cultural theory
A
physical and social environments are important - language drives development not a by-product
7
Q
what is the zone of proximital development
A
when children attempt skills that are just beyond what they can do independently but have guidance from adults who know where they are in terms of their progress
8
Q
exemplar vs prototype theory
A
exemplar: specific remembred instances or examples
prototype: idealised pr average representation of properties within a category
9
Q
what are the 4 emotions infants have at birth
A
interest, disgust, distress and happiness
10
Q
what is intersubjectivity
A
the sharing of subjective states between two or more individuals (e.g. coping facial expressions)
11
Q
what is joint attention
A
ability to share attention towards somethign with others
12
Q
what is social referencing
A
taking cues from others when dealing with an unfamiliar situation
13
Q
what did harlows attachment study show
A
feeling secure was based on physical comfort
14
Q
attachment
A
a strong emotional connection such as the bond between a child and caregiver
15
Q
the 4 stages of attachment
A
stage 1 = pre-attachment - infant are in close contact with caregivers and rely on them for all needs - not distressed when they leave them
16
Q
stage 1 of attachment
A
infant is in close contact with caregivers and relies on them for all needs - not distressed when they leave them
17
Q
stage 2 of attachment
A
infants prefer familiar people but will eventually calm with unfamiliar
18
Q
stage 3 of attachment
A
infants actively seek comfort from caregivers - may show signs of separation anxiety when separated from caregivers
19
Q
stage 4 attachment
A
become more comfortable spending time away from caregivers but will occasionally check in
20
Q
stranger anxiety
A
signs of distress that infants start to show towards strangers
21
Q
the three types of attachment
A
- secure
- insecure - anxious/ avoidant
- disorganized
22
Q
temperment
A
each infants individual pattern of behaviours and emotional reactions
23
Q
what are the 3 temperament types
A
easy, difficult and slow to warm up
24
Q
what are the 9 traits that are considered
A
activity level, rhythmicity, approach, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, attention span, distractibility, adaptability, quality of mood
25
what are the 4 parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, rejecting-neglectful
26
what is authoritaitve parenting style
high warm and high expectations (e.g. zoe)
- explains the reasons behind the rules
- reason with their children
- high degree of freedom within firm boundaries
27
what is an authoritarian parenting style
low warmth and high expectations (e.g. von tramp)
- discipline using threats
- praise obedience and expect children to follow rules without explanation
28
what is permissive parenting style
high warmth and low expectations (mom from mean girls)
- believe children learn best on their own
- allow children a great deal of freedom - regular their own lives
29
what is a regecting/ neglectful parenting style
low expectations and low warmth
- do not set limits or monitor activities
- place own needs above children
30
what type of children so authoritative parents create
- socially competent
- self-confident
- strong academics
- strong impulse control
31
what type of children do authoritarian parents create
- unhappy
- poor social competence
* Poor self-confidence
* Conform to expectations of adults (will
look to authority for moral guidance)
* Physical discip
32
what type of children do permissive parents create
- Poor impulse control
* Poor responsibility
* High self-confidence
* Poor Academics
* Substance abuse
* May react intensely to
conflict
33
what type of children do neglectful parents create
* Poor impulse control
* Poor self-confidence
* Poor competence
* Antisocial & Social difficulties
* Substance abuse
* Depression
* Risky sexual behaviour
34
theory of mind
children are growing to understand the mental states that affect people's behaviour
35
theory of mind
children are growing to understand the mental states that affect people's behaviour
36
adolescence
developmental stage starting with puberty and ending with the transition to adulthood
37
what are the 5 features of emerging adulthood
1. the age of identity explorations
2. the age of instability
3. the self-focused age
4. age of feeling in between
5. age of possibilities
38
intelligence
street smarts - based on experience - think on the spot to overcome obstacles
book smarts - based on school learning - organised, prepared, back-up plans
39
what type is general intelligence
book smart
40
measuring intelligence
IQ
41
how is IQ measured
1. verbal comprehension
(where is this?)
2. perceptual reasoning scale
(puzzles)
3. working memory scale
(repeat digits given, adding numbers)
4. processing speed scale
(search for symbol)
42
what is IQ
intelligent quotient
- best test of measure
43
what is the formula for IQ
mental age / chronological age x 100
44
what is the bell curve
the normal distribution of scores for standardized intelligence
45
what are 4 things that makes us smart?
brains that work well, smart genes, shared environmental factors, other factors
46
avilability heuristic
the tendancy to estimate how frequently something occurs based on the ease with which examples come to mind
47
base rate fallacy
tendency to ignore generall information about the requence of events in favour of specific salient information
48
false consensus effect
the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people whp share thier beliefs and behaviours
49
conjunction rule
mutiple specific conditions cannot be more liekly than a single general one
50
reasons for puberty starting easrlier
- absent father during childhoof
- less supportive and more harsh family interactions
- both nature VS nurture
51
biggest puberty change
height
52
neurological changes in adolescence
1. synaptic pruning - removes half of all synapses - mostly in the frontal lobe
2. myelination - formation of a myelin sheath around the axon of a neuron - last part of the brain where neurons are completeyly myelinated is the frontal lobe
53
resuls of synaptic pruning
* Less grey matter in regions responsible for
higher cognition
* Decline in outgrowth of new cortical
synapses
* Decreased total synapses on pyramidal
neurons
Brain is more refined and efficient;
connectivity between brain regions is
more established
54
cognitive changes in adolescence
1. shift from concrete to abstract thinking
2. enhancements in exploration, sensation seeking and sensitivity to novelty
3. learning from experience over time rom imperfect feedback
4. learning from negative feedback
5. shaping behaviours based on positive and negative peer interactions
55
what way does the cognitive control region move
linear fashion
56
what are some social influences on adolescent behaviour
- greater sensitivity to social feedback than children or adults
-deviant peer contagion
- importance of status or motivation to gain status
57
what is deviant peer contagion
peer approve negative/risky behaviour increased its likelihood
58
what age is there behavioural changes
a spike at 20
59
how do adolescent mental health change
- spikes in mental health problems
- higher suicide
60
adolescent social development
- shift from spending time with family to friends
- family conflict peaks at 15 yo and then declines
- friendships are more intimate than in childhood - private thoughts/ secrets
- seek loyalty - friends are social support
- popularity highly valued
61
what are cliques made of
- 5-6 people
- usually same sex
- more personal
62
what are crowds made of
- large group
- based on reputation
- revolve around the types of activities that you engage in
63
what are the 5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
1. identity exploration - different jobs, love relationships
2. age of instability - temporary home, jobs
3. self focused - maturing cognitive abilities - preparing for future
4. in between - kids and adults table
5. age of possibilities - what are the best choices for you
64
what are "bell curves"
find the score of IQ tests
65
bell curve scores
50-70 : intellectual disability
130+ : gifted
150+: extremely smart - einstien
115: university students
66
whats wrong with IQ tests
- prone to racial and cultural bias
67
motivation
a general term for phenomena that affect the nature, strength and persistence of an individual behaviours
- desires, needs and interest
68
drives
reversible internal conditions that affect the nature, strnegth and persistance or bahaviour
- specific for the body
69
what are some regulatry drives
1. homeostatis
2. attention
70
what is homeostasis
the tendency of an animal to regulate its internal conditions
e.g. temperature, dehydration
71
what part of the brain controls the homeostasis
hypothalamus - above the brain stem - primary function is to control the homeostatis
72
how is homeostasis regulated
- restore when deviations are detected
-regulate it
73
how is attention a regulatory drive
- focus on drive -congruent information
- collapsing of time perspective
- inward focus - hangry
74
what are some non-regulatory drives
- indirect evolutionary purpose
- safety, reproduction, cooperation, education
75
what was the research done by cannon & wshburn
hunger - balloon inside stomach - removal of the stomach does not prevent hunger - must be more involved when it comes to hunger
76
what are the hunger drive internal cues
1. neural sensors -
2. blood glucose
3. stomach pressure sensors
4. fat stores
77
what are hunger drive external cues
1. meal time - 3 times a day
2. social factors - with other people?
3. aesthetic factors - yummy looking food
78
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
applying small electrical shocks to different parts of the brain
79
dophamine
neurotransmitter associated with excitement and anticipation
80
how many emotions are there and what are they
1. happiness
2. sadness
3. surprised
4. fear
5. anger
6. disgust
7. contempt
81
what is the series of neural responses to threat
eyes - thalamus - visual cortex - amygdala
82
the limbic system
emotions survival instinct and memories
amgdala - perceptions of emotions - if its happened before
hypthalamus - command centre - mobalizes autonomic nervus system - fight or flight
peridquaural grey - specific role in freezin response
83
prefrontal cortex
evaluates the salience of emotional information
84
too much of a good thing?
if we dont have fear - recklessness
85
context
1. goodness-of-fit
2. emotional coherence
3. other emotions - mixed emotions - rapid recovery among people - development of awareness
86
trigger warnings study what were the results
1. TWs are not benefiting people in the way they are thought to
2. it may be increasing anxiety and negativity
87
health psychologu
how psychological, social, behavioural and environemntal factors impact health
88
what are the three parts of the biopsychosocial modesl of health
biological, psychological, sociological
89
what does the more modern example of the biopsychosocial model of health
- complex interplay between the factes of the model
- some elements have a strong influences on health dont fall into just one circel
90
what is stress
a reactions that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands
91
what are the 3 models of stress
1. response model of stress - at the end
2. stimulus model of stress - as a start
3. transactional model of stress - the middle
92
what does the yerken-dodson law show
theres an optimal stress - help our performance
93
what are the response model of stress
fight or flight response - short term
chronic stress - increased risk of tension headaches, cancer etc
94
what is the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm stage: fight or flight
resistance stage: body adjusts to stressor
exhaustion stage: after prolonged exposure to the stressor the body wears out
95
stress and immune function study
1. quarantine 2 days
2. higher stress with a cold
96
stress and wound healing study
wound healed less quickly among caregivers
97
what is the stimulus model of stress
42 life events and the rating of the social readjustment of them
e.g. death of spouse 100
marriage 50
98
flaw with the stimulus model of stress
positive and negative emotional factors for each events
people react differently to stress
99
difference between stressful life events which are dependant or independant
dependant: partially your fault - argument with friend
independent event: relative illness
100
what is primary appraisal
concerns relevance to our well-being
1. personal stake
2. significance of situation
101
what is secondary apprasial
do we have the ability to meet this harm
internal coping options and external options
102
what ar interal coping options
self-efficacy: an individual's belief about his or her ability to perform a specific task
optimism
placebo effect
103
what are the 4 internal coping options categories
1. problem-focused: existing stressful situation by eliminating it - time manegemtn
2. emotionally focused: reduces our emtional reaction - exercise
3. proactive coping: reduce future stressful events -taking notes
4. stress inoculation: mild stressors before - mock exams
104
what are some external coping options
- quality of social connections over quantity
- companionship support - social belonging
- emotional support
- tangible support
- informational support
105
whats the difference between trait vs state
trait: a person's habitual patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
state: a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
106
personality
a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another
107
how do we measure personality traits
personality tests - in different ways
108
what is heterotypical stability?
consistency in the underlying psychological attributes across development regardless of any changes in how the attribute is expressed at different ages
109
what is homotypic stability
consistency of the exact same thoughts, feelings and behaviors across development
110
what are attitudes
learned tendencies to evaluate things in a certain way
111
what are the 2 types o attitudes
1. explicit: you are aware of them and overtly expressed
2. implicit: impact thoughts/ behaviours outside awareness
112
what is the affective component in attitudes
emotions we feel about a certain object
113
what is the cognitive component in attitudes
thoughts, beliefs or knowledge about the topic object - classical music is technical therefore good
114
behavioural component in attitudes
how we act towards a person or object - smiling at dog
115
what is attitude strength
how quickly regularly and easily an attitude comes to mind
116
what are the three ways attitudes become stronger?
1. direct experience with target attitude
2, other experiences
3. when the 3 are in sync
117
what direct experiences strengthen attitudes
puzzle example
stronger attitude who got to play with puzzle before
118
attitude accessibility
attitudes become stronger when
1. we think about them, talk about them and say them out loud
2. our attitudes and self concept are activated simultaneously
119
changing attitudes
- effective persuaders
120
some characteristics of effective communicators
- physical attractiveness
- they give us something
- more similar to us
- actual experts
121
what is the door in the face technique
request so large that it is likely to be rejected so that the real request may seem more reasonable
122
how to seem like an expert
1. speak faster and in a more straightforward manner
2. appear unbiased
3. present both sides of the issue
123
what is the elaboration likelyhood model
model for explaning attitude formation and change
2 processing routes
1. thoughtful processing - central processing route
2. spontaneous processing - peripheral processing route
124
what are the 3 routes which infroamtion is processed
1. motivation
2. ability
3. opportunity
125
motivation
desire to process the message you are receiving shaped by personal relevance
- do you actually want it
126
ability
elaboration is costly
- do u have the skills?
127
opportunity
elaboration is costly in that it takes time to receive a message and process it
don't have the time to make a decision - pick a red car because its pretty and easy to pick
128
what is central route
the degree of attitude change is related to the quality of the argument that is presented
- paying attention to message quality
- deep processing
- understanding of the material
129
peripheral route
less of focus on message content
quality is less important
superficial characteristics
neccessity - dont have the time to central route
attitude change is temporary
130
liking in regards to attitude
increases the chances of complying with requests
131
liking in regards to attitude
increases the chances of complying with requests
132
ways of liking
- putting audience in a good mood
- fear as a form of persuasion
133
what are 3 person-environment transactions
1. active - individuals play a key role in seeking out selecting aspects of their environment
2. reactive - attributes of the individual shape how a person perceives and responds to their environment
3. evocative - attributes draw out a particular responses from other in their environment
134
what are the three things that make a good personality measure
1. standardized - scored the same
2. reliability - scores are consistent over time
3. valid - predict relevant current and future behaviour and differ in magnitude
135
personality test options
1. self-report
2. informant ratings
3. projective tests
4. thematic apperception test (TAT)
5. factor analysis
136
what are a self-report and the advantages/ disadvantages of it
= describing yourself
+ simple
+ cost effective
+ valid, reliabile and standardized
- faking the results to make yourself look better/ worse
- impacted self enhancement biases
137
what are informant ratings and the advantages/ disadvantages of it
someone who knows the person well descibres them
+ lots of information tihout biases of self-report
- practical issues - who
- biases - picking a references
138
what are projective tests
the projective hypothesis which assumes that important information about personality is outside of conscious awareness
139
what is the thematic apperception test
people are shown images and are asked to generate a story about each
140
what is factor analysis
used to group items that people respond to similarly
141
what is the big five (OCEAN)
personality traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, , Agreeableness, Neuroticism
142
what is openness personality trait
tendency to enjoy new things and experiences, attentiveness to inner feelings and independence of judgement
low: practical, conventional
high: curious wide range of interests, independent
143
what is a conscientiousness personality trait
tendency to be reliable and prompt - manage impulses and desires - planning, organisation
low: impulsive, careless, disorganised
high: hardworking, dependable and organised
144
what is the extraversion personality trait
get ones energy from interpersonal interactions - sociable, likely to be interested in enterprising occupations
low: quiet, reserved, withdrawn
high: outgoing, warm, seeks adventure
145
what is the agreeableness personality trait?
tendency to be friendly, cooperative and compassionate, more likely to go along with others
low: critical, uncooperative, suspicious
high: helpful, trusting, empathetic
146
what is a neuroticism personality trait
emotional stability, person experiences negative affect
low: calm, even-tempered, secure
high: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
147
what is desire of affiliation
we have a need to live in groups
148
what is desire for acceptance
we have a need to get other people to accept us
149
what is ostracism
ignoring and excluding individuals or groups by other individuals or groups
150
objective vs subjective
objective: the presence of relationships
subjective: one's opinions, feelings and appraisals of their relationships
151
what are the 4 things that define culture
1. versatility
2. sharings
3. accumulation
4. patterns
152
what is versatility
- culture is not fixed
- situational identity: influenced by different aspects of a culture depending on a situation
153
what is sharings
how people transmit information with other members of a culture
154
what is accumulation
how collective knowledge of a culture grows across generations
155
what is patterns
systematic ways of thinking and behaving that members of a culture tend to share - cultural norms
156
vertical vs horizontal societies
vertical: some people are more esteemed or have more privileges than others
horizontal: far less variability in privileges/ respect given to people of these societies
157
collectivism vs individualism
individualism: needs of the person over the needs of the group as a whole
- independence
- standing out
collectivism: value the needs of a group or community above individual needs
158
where to draw the line between atypical and typical behaviour
differs across time and culture
159
defining mental disorder
- mental illness
- statistical infrequency - behaviour is less than the population
- violation of the cultural norm
- personal distress
- dysfunction/disability - harming their ability to function
160
what is wakefields harmful dysfunction
failure of a person's internal mechanisms to perform their functions as evolutionary biology and deemed negative by sociocultural standards
161
what to use to find out if someone has a mental health problem
DSM-5 = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - manual to aid the diagnosis of disorder 2013
162
advantages and disadvantages of the DSM-5
+ provides mental health proff with a reliable method
+ Consistency in diagnosis among different professionals and institutions
- disagreement re the specifics of symptoms
- create bias with labelling
- mild and more severe cases are classified similarly
- bias in term of gender socialization
163
what is the diathesis-stress model
genes and environment interact to produce mental disorders
164
what is diathesis
predisposition, vulnerability or tendacy
165
anxiety disorder
an irrational or disproportionate fear of situations or stimuli that are minimally dangerous or not dangerous at all
166
fear vs anxiety
fear: emotional response to real threats
anxiety: anticipation of future threats
167
how long do anxiety symptoms need to be going on for
6 months of more
out of proportion
168
what are panic attacks and symptoms
the sudden onset of intense fear - around 10 minutes
- chest pain
- tingling
- feeling of loss of control
- sweaty
- feeling like you are choking
- nausea
169
panic disorder
when the panic reaction occurs without being precipitated by a particular fear arousing situation
170
the steps before an anxiety attack
trigger - threat perceived - anxiety - catestrophic
171
specific phobias
extreme, irrational fear or a specific object/ situation
172
4 types of specific phobias
1. animal
2. blood-injury injection
3. situational - small enclosed places
4. the natural environment
other - don't fit into above
173
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive and uncontrollable worrying about everyday events
174
what is the cognitive behavioural model of GAD
situation - what if?
175
PTSD and subtypes
development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events
acute 1-3 mos
chronic +3 month
delayed onset +6 months
176
symptoms of PTDS
1. intrusion symptom - distressing memories, dreams
2. persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
3. anxiety symptoms
177
what is social anxiety disorder
fear and anxiety associated with social situations
178
OCD
A disorder characterized by the desire to engage in certain behaviors excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety. Behaviors include things such as cleaning, repeatedly opening and closing doors, hoarding, and obsessing over certain thoughts.
179
what are neural abnormalities in schizophrenia
ventricles are enlarged
180
what is schizophrenia
type of psychosis with disturbed thought, language and behaviour - disconnection between brain and external world it was meant to perceive and act upon 1% of population
181
diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganised speech
4. disorganised
5. negative symptoms
2 or more of these symptoms
must be present for 6 months
182
the positive - excess from normal behaviour vs negative symptoms - subtractive of schizophrenia
positive:
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganised speech/ thoughts
- disorganised behaviours
negative: (five As)
- flattened AFFECT - the absence of behaviour that is normally present
- ASOCIALITY - withdrawal from social situations
- ALOGIA - poverty of speech
- AVOLITION - reduced motivation/ goal directed
- ANHEDONIA - reduced experience in joy
183
the types of delusions
persecutory: harmed by individual or group
referential: certain gestures from someone
grandiose: exceptional abilities
somatic: health and organ
nihilistic: catastrophe will occur
erotomanic: someone is in love with them
184
schizophrenia facts
- highly heritable 50% in twins
- age of onset
male: early to mid 20s
female: late 20s
- three distinct phases
185
the course of illness
premorbid (shaky, jumpy) : prodromal (confused, trouble organising their thoughts) : active (delusional thoughts): 1. residual (no longer strong ones but still some negative symptoms) or 2. recovery (2 years) or 3. chronic
186
mood disorders
- depressive disorders
- bipolar and related disorders
187
what are some major depressive episode symptoms?
1. Depressed mood
2. Loss of interest in activities and/or people
(one of these has to be present)
3. Marked insomnia or hypersomnia
4. Low energy
5. Appetite disturbance
6. Psychomotor retardation or agitation
7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
8. Poor concentration or indecision
9. Thoughts of death and/or suicide
188
statistics of people that have major depressive disorder
lifetime = 20%
length = 6-9 months
average age = early 20s
recurrent course = 50-60%
189
sex differences in depression
higher in females
190
manic episode
distance period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood
191
what are some symptoms of a manic episode
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. Decreased need for sleep
3. Pressured speech
4. Flight of ideas
5. Distractibility
6. Increase in goal-directed activity or agitation
7. Excessive involvement in activities with high
potential for painful consequences
192
hypomanic episodes
similar to manic episodes but its a shorter duration 4days
not associated with severe impairment
193
bipolar 1 disorders
euthymaia - hypomania - mania - drops to moderate depression - major depression - moderate - euthymia
cycles through these stages
194
bipolar 2 disorders
they do not reach the mania stage but a lot of major depression
195
cyclothymia
moderate mania and moderate depression
196
historical treatment
hole in skull
197
how much does mental illness cost in Canada
51 billion
198
psychodynamic therapy
personality and behaviour are shaped by power forces - no mistakes
199
what is Freud's structural model
psychanalytic theory - conscious mind and unconscious mind
there are three parts
1. ID
2. Ego
3. superego
200
what is the ID in the structural model
ID
- represents a collection of basic biological drives
- fueled by libido
- present from birth
201
superego
partly conscious
- values and moral stanards
- forms over time through socialization
202
ego
conscious
- decision-maker
- frequently under pressure/ tension
operates according to tot he reality principle
203
what are some psychodynamic therapy
1. free association - say a word associations
2. dream analysis - repressed feelings and desires
3. transference - redirect feelings of someone to your therapist
4. countertranserence - displays therapist feelings onto a client
5. behavioural therapy
204
what is behavioural therapy
use techniques based on operate and classical conditiions
205
examples of behavioural therapy
1. systematic desensitization - exposing clients to the feared stimulus
- taught relaxation techniques
- very mild
- if they can relax = good
2. flooding = client exposed to the object without actual harm
3. interoceptive exposure or panic disorder generate body conditions - spinning on chair
206
person-centred therapy
assumes people naturally strive towards self-actualization
client is the expert - therapist guides them
207
what are some key therapist features
1. unconditional positive regard
2. genuineness
3. empathy
techniques: active listening
208
cognitive therapy
three types of thought:
automatic: they think I'm stupid
intermediate: if i show my personality they will reject me
core beliefs: I'm unlovable
209
cognitive behavioural therapy
- active therapy
- identify the thought that contribute to emotional distress
210
mindfulness based stress reduction
- focuses on the present moment
- purposeful attention
techniques: body scan - different types of meditation
211
dialectical behaviour therapy
individual therapy
group therapy
- mindfulness
- emotion regulation
- distress tolerance
- interpersonal skills
