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psych100 > Fall test > Flashcards

Fall test Flashcards

1
Q

key components of a statistical study and description

A
  1. planning the study
  2. examining the data
  3. inferring from the data
  4. drawing conclusions

plan the test of the scatter plot
look at the data of the scatter plot
infer if the scatter plot shows anything
draw a conclusion

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2
Q

what is distributional thinking

A

analysing the patterns of variation and that they reveal insights also that data varies
e.g. patterns of the variations in the scatter plot an what they show us

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3
Q

what is statistical significance

A

the control for as many variables as might affect the responses as possible

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4
Q

what does the probability model help us assess?

A

how much random variation we can expect in our results in order to determine whether our results could happen by chance alone and to estimate a margin of error

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5
Q

why do we use random sampling

A

the generalise our results from our samples to a larger population

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6
Q

define operational definitions

A

how researchers specifically measure a concept in terms of the operations that can be measured

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7
Q

define independent variable

A

the variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment

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8
Q

define dependant variable

A

the variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment

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9
Q

define random assignment

A

using a probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups

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10
Q

what are confounds

A

things that could undermine your ability to draw causal inferences

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11
Q

how do we prevent confounds

A

use a double-blind procedure - neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in
or single-blind where only one of the groups is in the know

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12
Q

define correctional research

A

scientists passively observe and measure phenomena

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13
Q

define correlation coefficient

A

measures the association between two variables or how they go together

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14
Q

what are some quantitative designs

A
  1. participant observation - researcher embed themselves into a group in order to study its dynamics
  2. case studies - intense examination of a specific individual or specific contexts
  3. narrative analysis - centres around the study of stores and personal accounts of people, groups or cultures
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15
Q

what is a quasi-experimental design

A

similarly to random assignment - but we rely on existing group memberships and treat them as independent variables

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16
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A

track the same people overtime

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17
Q

what are surveys

A

way of gathering information using old-fashioned questionnaires

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18
Q

what are some tradeoffs in research?

A
  1. resource availability
  2. ethics of the study
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19
Q

define internal validity

A

the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established

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20
Q

define external validity

A

the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

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21
Q

experience-sampling methods

A

collect in the moment self-report data directly from people as they go about their daily lives

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22
Q

steps to complete an experiment

A
  1. find a research problem
  2. define the independent and dependant variables
  3. obtain the ethical challenges
  4. define the measures and general guidelines
  5. develop a hypothesis
  6. do background research
  7. pick participants
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23
Q

what are some descriptive statistics

A

mean, median, standard deviation

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24
Q

define inferential statistics

A

if in reality there was n effect, there would be a 2.5% probability of us measuring a different

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25
Q

how can we study daily life?

A
  1. ecological momentary assessment - other methods that repeatedly sample the real-world things
  2. diary method - complete a questionnaire at the end of the day about thoughts, feelings or behaviour
  3. day reconstruction method 0 participants describe their experiences
  4. report feelings
  5. go through narrative events
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26
Q

what are some ethical considerations to make in a study?

A
  • informed consent
  • privacy/ confidentiality
  • making sure the benefits outweigh the risks
  • the safety of the participants
  • no coersion between people in the study
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27
Q

define behavioural genetics

A

the empirical science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour

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28
Q

different studies to test genetics

A
  1. adoption study
  2. twin study
  3. identical twin studies
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29
Q

different studies to test genetics

A
  1. adoption study
  2. twin study
  3. identical twin studies
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30
Q

what is the nature vs nurture theory

A

some aspects of our behaviour comes from our genetic makeup and some aspects feel like the result of our upbringing or hard work

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31
Q

what has the nature vs nurture theory taught us

A

there is complete evidence about where traits come from

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32
Q

define quantitative genetics

A

scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree and environmental similarity among organisms

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33
Q

what is natural selection

A

differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritable attributes

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34
Q

what are the two classes of adaptions

A
  1. survival adaptions - shivering mechanisms, developing a craving for fats and sugars, fear of spiders and snakes
  2. reproduction - sexual selection
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35
Q

what are the two processes that happen due to sexual selection

A
  1. intrasexual competition - members of one sex compete against each other and the winner gets to mate
  2. intersexual competition - preferential mate choice - sexually attracted to certain qualities in mates
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36
Q

who noticed that there were many traits or organisms that could not be explained by survival selection

A

darwin

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37
Q

gene selection theory

A

genes that are better able to encourage the organism to reproduce then replicates themselves in the organisms offspring

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38
Q

what are the two ways that genes can boost their own replicative success?

A
  1. influence the odds for survival
  2. influence organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes
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39
Q

what are psychological adaptations

A

mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

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40
Q

sexual strategies theory

A

humans have evolved a list of different mating strategies both short and long term that vary depending on culture, social context parental influence and personal mate value

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41
Q

error management theory

A

the evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgements and decisions we make in situations of uncertainty

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42
Q

observable characteristics as a result of genotype expression are known as

A

phenotypes

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43
Q

what in identical twins becomes more dissimilar as they age

A

epigenetic patterns

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44
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does everyone have

A

23

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45
Q

what does two alleles mean

A

the same trait

46
Q

what does homozygones mean

A

two different alleles

47
Q

what is the phenotype

A

the pattern of expression of the fenotype or the magnitude or extent to which it is observebly expressed

48
Q

what wraos around histones

A

DNA

49
Q

what are nucleosomes made up of

A

DNA

50
Q

define epigenetics

A

study of the heritability changes in the gene expression

51
Q

what percentage of your genes do you share with your parents/siblings

A

50%

52
Q

what are the 4 types of operant conditioning and define them?

A

positive reinforcement: adding something desirable (chocolate)
negative reinforcement: taking away something undesirable (swimming lessons)
positive punishment: adding something undesirable (shouting)
negative punishment: reducing something desirable (no more TV)

53
Q

define reinforcement and punishment

A

reinforcement: anything we’re doing to make it more likely to occur
punishment: anything we’re doing to make it less likely to occur

54
Q

define classical conditioning

A

describes stimulus associative learning

55
Q

define fear conditioning

A

type of conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus as a consequence of learning

56
Q

define operant conditioning

A

describes stimulus-response associative learning

57
Q

what are conditioned compensatory responses

A

changing the environment - higher pain sensitivity and decreased body temperature

58
Q

why are emotions of surprise, interest confusion and awe especially important

A

these emotions are fundamental for learning

59
Q

what is implicit learning

A

changes in behaviour without having intended to learn something

60
Q

what is implicit memory

A

changes in behaviour that reveal the influence of past experience without intending to use that experience

61
Q

what are the 4 parts of the brain

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. hindbrain
  3. midbrain
  4. frebrain
62
Q

how many differetn functions of the brain are there?

A

17

63
Q

name all 17 parts of the brain

A
  1. brain stem
  2. cerebellum,
  3. thalamus
  4. hypothalamus
  5. pituitary
  6. cerebrum
  7. right hemisphere
  8. left hemisphere
  9. corpus collosum
  10. basal ganglia
    11 cerebral cortex
    12 frontal lobe
  11. parietal lobe
  12. occi[ital lobe
  13. temporal lobe
  14. somatosensory cortex
  15. motor cortex
64
Q

what part of the brain is broken down into 3 structures and has 2 functions of breathing, circulation and the functionality of sensory nerves in and motor nerves out

A

brain stem

65
Q

what part of the brain controls the motor controls e.g. remembers how to ride a bike, play piano

A

cerebellum

66
Q

what part of the brain sits on top of the brain stem and sorts data sending it where it needs to go

A

thalamus

67
Q

what part of the brain sits above the roof of your mouth is in charge of maintaining your body temperature

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

what part of the brain is below the gland and sending off hormones

A

pituitary

69
Q

what part of the brain makes sense o the data that comes in connecting between the nuerons

A

cerebrum

70
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for facial recongnition

A

right hemisphere

71
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for mathematical stuff

A

left hemisphere

72
Q

what part of the brain connects the right and left hemisphere

A

corpus collosum

73
Q

what part of the brain is below the corpus callosum and is made up from a bunch o nucli

A

basal ganglia

74
Q

what part of the brain is further up and 80% of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

75
Q

what part of the brain is in control of emotions and speech and executive functions

A

frontal lobe

76
Q

what part of the brain is at the back of the brain dealing with the environment

A

parietal lobe

77
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for the vision

A

occipital lobe

78
Q

what part of the brain is at the side of the brain and is responsible for language, hearing, memory and smell

A

temporal lobe

79
Q

what part of the brain is inside the parietal lobe and sensory information comes in it

A

somatosensory cortex

80
Q

what part of the brain is in the front and in charge of sensory info in and motor info out

A

motor cortex

81
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

take information in from eyes and ears

82
Q

what are motor neurons

A

integration of the sensory neurons - makes sens of it, what you want to do with it

83
Q

who is Camillo golgi

A

developed “Golgi staining technique” which stained a tissue, each one is a cell body of the neuron

84
Q

who is santiago ramon cajal

A

investigated and sketched technical illustrations of human and animal samples

85
Q

who shared a nobel prize in 1906

A

ramon and golgi

86
Q

what is the electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane

A

-70mV

87
Q

what is excitatory post-synaptic potential?

A

a depolarizing current that causes the membrane potential

88
Q

what is inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

a hyperpolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and further from the threshold of excitation

89
Q

what is weblers law

A

just a noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus

90
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

a collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information via the thalamus to the brain

91
Q

what are rods

A

photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to low levels of light - help you see in the dark

92
Q

what are cones

A

photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to colour. located primarily in the fovea

93
Q

what are the 6 steps of sight?

A
  1. light enters the pupil
  2. it hits the retina
  3. photoreceptors cells absorb it
  4. photons hit pigments in the disks
  5. pigments trigger a cascade of chemical reactions
  6. action potential triggers - to optic nerve
94
Q

what are the 5 steps of sound

A
  1. sound wave enters the pinna
  2. sound reaches eardrum
  3. tiny bones in the middle ear transfer sound from eardrum to oval window of cochlea
  4. the ossicles have amplified the vibrations, striking the oval window passing vibrations to the fluid-filled space of the cochlea
    5.the cochlea has a basilar membrane along it
95
Q

how does touch work?

A

the somatosensory cortex is the region of the parietal lobe responsible for bodily sensations, the somatosensory cortex has a contralateral representation of the human body

96
Q

what do neurons do

A

fire and send messages to the brain to say look at the blood vessels

97
Q

opponent processing is

A

proses that we analyse sensory information, not in terms of three colours bu rather three sets of “opponent colours”

98
Q

what are the three pairs of opponent colours?

A

yellow-blue, whit-black, red-green

99
Q

what is consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our environment

100
Q

what is experiences

A

feelings, sensory input, imagination, emotion, memories

101
Q

what did aristotle say

A

unlike our other abilities, intellet is not associated with a physical origin

102
Q

what did dharmakirti say

A

inhalation, exhalation, sensation and thought do not arise independently from the body alone

103
Q

what did descartes say

A

two kinds of substance: matter of which the essential property is that it is spatially extended and mind of which the essential property is that it thinks

104
Q

what did amo say

A

is the body rather than the mind which perceives and feels

105
Q

cortical blindness

A

loss of vision in one or both eyes resulting from damage to the occipital cortex

106
Q

what are the theories of consciousness

A

global neuronal workspace theory - neaurons share information from board sets of brain regions over space and time converging on a single conscious experience
information integration theory - integrated information across regions in itself is consciousness
social neuroscience theory - success as an organism depends on our ability to predict the behaviour of ourselves and others

107
Q

what are the states of consciousness?

A

AWAKE
1. high awareness - mindfulness
2. low awareness - minimal consciousness
3. psychoactive drugs - highly responsive to the suggestions of another
4. hypnosis - alter a person’s perceptions often by creating hallucinations that are not real or distorting their perception of time

SLEEP
5. REM sleep
6. sleep onset
7. night sleep
8. slow-wave sleep

108
Q

what are the costs and benefits of low and high awareness

A

low awareness:
- influenced by subtle factors
+ saves mental effort

high awareness:
- uses mental effort
+ can overcome some biases

109
Q

stages of sleep

A

awake = high frequence low intensity , sleep onset = beginning to fall asleep, light sleep = high intensity sleep, slow-wave sleep= muscle relaxation, Rem sleep = body is paralyzed

110
Q

sesnory adaptation

A

decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation - smell in the house after u come back atfer a while

111
Q

selective attention

A

ability tos elect certain stimuli in the environment to process while ignoring distracting information - moonwalking bear

112
Q

selective attention

A

ability tos elect certain stimuli in the environment to process while ignoring distracting information - moonwalking bear

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