Fall test Flashcards
1
Q
key components of a statistical study and description
A
- planning the study
- examining the data
- inferring from the data
- drawing conclusions
plan the test of the scatter plot
look at the data of the scatter plot
infer if the scatter plot shows anything
draw a conclusion
2
Q
what is distributional thinking
A
analysing the patterns of variation and that they reveal insights also that data varies
e.g. patterns of the variations in the scatter plot an what they show us
3
Q
what is statistical significance
A
the control for as many variables as might affect the responses as possible
4
Q
what does the probability model help us assess?
A
how much random variation we can expect in our results in order to determine whether our results could happen by chance alone and to estimate a margin of error
5
Q
why do we use random sampling
A
the generalise our results from our samples to a larger population
6
Q
define operational definitions
A
how researchers specifically measure a concept in terms of the operations that can be measured
7
Q
define independent variable
A
the variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment
8
Q
define dependant variable
A
the variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment
9
Q
define random assignment
A
using a probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups
10
Q
what are confounds
A
things that could undermine your ability to draw causal inferences
11
Q
how do we prevent confounds
A
use a double-blind procedure - neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in
or single-blind where only one of the groups is in the know
12
Q
define correctional research
A
scientists passively observe and measure phenomena
13
Q
define correlation coefficient
A
measures the association between two variables or how they go together
14
Q
what are some quantitative designs
A
- participant observation - researcher embed themselves into a group in order to study its dynamics
- case studies - intense examination of a specific individual or specific contexts
- narrative analysis - centres around the study of stores and personal accounts of people, groups or cultures
15
Q
what is a quasi-experimental design
A
similarly to random assignment - but we rely on existing group memberships and treat them as independent variables
16
Q
what is a longitudinal study
A
track the same people overtime
17
Q
what are surveys
A
way of gathering information using old-fashioned questionnaires
18
Q
what are some tradeoffs in research?
A
- resource availability
- ethics of the study
19
Q
define internal validity
A
the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established
20
Q
define external validity
A
the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings
21
Q
experience-sampling methods
A
collect in the moment self-report data directly from people as they go about their daily lives
22
Q
steps to complete an experiment
A
- find a research problem
- define the independent and dependant variables
- obtain the ethical challenges
- define the measures and general guidelines
- develop a hypothesis
- do background research
- pick participants
23
Q
what are some descriptive statistics
A
mean, median, standard deviation
24
Q
define inferential statistics
A
if in reality there was n effect, there would be a 2.5% probability of us measuring a different
25
how can we study daily life?
1. ecological momentary assessment - other methods that repeatedly sample the real-world things
2. diary method - complete a questionnaire at the end of the day about thoughts, feelings or behaviour
3. day reconstruction method 0 participants describe their experiences
4. report feelings
5. go through narrative events
26
what are some ethical considerations to make in a study?
- informed consent
- privacy/ confidentiality
- making sure the benefits outweigh the risks
- the safety of the participants
- no coersion between people in the study
27
define behavioural genetics
the empirical science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour
28
different studies to test genetics
1. adoption study
2. twin study
3. identical twin studies
29
different studies to test genetics
1. adoption study
2. twin study
3. identical twin studies
30
what is the nature vs nurture theory
some aspects of our behaviour comes from our genetic makeup and some aspects feel like the result of our upbringing or hard work
31
what has the nature vs nurture theory taught us
there is complete evidence about where traits come from
32
define quantitative genetics
scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree and environmental similarity among organisms
33
what is natural selection
differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritable attributes
34
what are the two classes of adaptions
1. survival adaptions - shivering mechanisms, developing a craving for fats and sugars, fear of spiders and snakes
2. reproduction - sexual selection
35
what are the two processes that happen due to sexual selection
1. intrasexual competition - members of one sex compete against each other and the winner gets to mate
2. intersexual competition - preferential mate choice - sexually attracted to certain qualities in mates
36
who noticed that there were many traits or organisms that could not be explained by survival selection
darwin
37
gene selection theory
genes that are better able to encourage the organism to reproduce then replicates themselves in the organisms offspring
38
what are the two ways that genes can boost their own replicative success?
1. influence the odds for survival
2. influence organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes
39
what are psychological adaptations
mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction
40
sexual strategies theory
humans have evolved a list of different mating strategies both short and long term that vary depending on culture, social context parental influence and personal mate value
41
error management theory
the evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgements and decisions we make in situations of uncertainty
42
observable characteristics as a result of genotype expression are known as
phenotypes
43
what in identical twins becomes more dissimilar as they age
epigenetic patterns
44
how many pairs of chromosomes does everyone have
23
45
what does two alleles mean
the same trait
46
what does homozygones mean
two different alleles
47
what is the phenotype
the pattern of expression of the fenotype or the magnitude or extent to which it is observebly expressed
48
what wraos around histones
DNA
49
what are nucleosomes made up of
DNA
50
define epigenetics
study of the heritability changes in the gene expression
51
what percentage of your genes do you share with your parents/siblings
50%
52
what are the 4 types of operant conditioning and define them?
positive reinforcement: adding something desirable (chocolate)
negative reinforcement: taking away something undesirable (swimming lessons)
positive punishment: adding something undesirable (shouting)
negative punishment: reducing something desirable (no more TV)
53
define reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement: anything we're doing to make it more likely to occur
punishment: anything we're doing to make it less likely to occur
54
define classical conditioning
describes stimulus associative learning
55
define fear conditioning
type of conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus as a consequence of learning
56
define operant conditioning
describes stimulus-response associative learning
57
what are conditioned compensatory responses
changing the environment - higher pain sensitivity and decreased body temperature
58
why are emotions of surprise, interest confusion and awe especially important
these emotions are fundamental for learning
59
what is implicit learning
changes in behaviour without having intended to learn something
60
what is implicit memory
changes in behaviour that reveal the influence of past experience without intending to use that experience
61
what are the 4 parts of the brain
1. spinal cord
2. hindbrain
3. midbrain
4. frebrain
62
how many differetn functions of the brain are there?
17
63
name all 17 parts of the brain
1. brain stem
2. cerebellum,
3. thalamus
4. hypothalamus
5. pituitary
6. cerebrum
7. right hemisphere
8. left hemisphere
9. corpus collosum
10. basal ganglia
11 cerebral cortex
12 frontal lobe
13. parietal lobe
14. occi[ital lobe
15. temporal lobe
16. somatosensory cortex
17. motor cortex
64
what part of the brain is broken down into 3 structures and has 2 functions of breathing, circulation and the functionality of sensory nerves in and motor nerves out
brain stem
65
what part of the brain controls the motor controls e.g. remembers how to ride a bike, play piano
cerebellum
66
what part of the brain sits on top of the brain stem and sorts data sending it where it needs to go
thalamus
67
what part of the brain sits above the roof of your mouth is in charge of maintaining your body temperature
hypothalamus
68
what part of the brain is below the gland and sending off hormones
pituitary
69
what part of the brain makes sense o the data that comes in connecting between the nuerons
cerebrum
70
what part of the brain is responsible for facial recongnition
right hemisphere
71
what part of the brain is responsible for mathematical stuff
left hemisphere
72
what part of the brain connects the right and left hemisphere
corpus collosum
73
what part of the brain is below the corpus callosum and is made up from a bunch o nucli
basal ganglia
74
what part of the brain is further up and 80% of the brain
cerebral cortex
75
what part of the brain is in control of emotions and speech and executive functions
frontal lobe
76
what part of the brain is at the back of the brain dealing with the environment
parietal lobe
77
what part of the brain is responsible for the vision
occipital lobe
78
what part of the brain is at the side of the brain and is responsible for language, hearing, memory and smell
temporal lobe
79
what part of the brain is inside the parietal lobe and sensory information comes in it
somatosensory cortex
80
what part of the brain is in the front and in charge of sensory info in and motor info out
motor cortex
81
what are sensory neurons
take information in from eyes and ears
82
what are motor neurons
integration of the sensory neurons - makes sens of it, what you want to do with it
83
who is Camillo golgi
developed "Golgi staining technique" which stained a tissue, each one is a cell body of the neuron
84
who is santiago ramon cajal
investigated and sketched technical illustrations of human and animal samples
85
who shared a nobel prize in 1906
ramon and golgi
86
what is the electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane
-70mV
87
what is excitatory post-synaptic potential?
a depolarizing current that causes the membrane potential
88
what is inhibitory post-synaptic potential
a hyperpolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and further from the threshold of excitation
89
what is weblers law
just a noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus
90
what is the optic nerve
a collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amounts of visual information via the thalamus to the brain
91
what are rods
photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to low levels of light - help you see in the dark
92
what are cones
photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to colour. located primarily in the fovea
93
what are the 6 steps of sight?
1. light enters the pupil
2. it hits the retina
3. photoreceptors cells absorb it
4. photons hit pigments in the disks
5. pigments trigger a cascade of chemical reactions
6. action potential triggers - to optic nerve
94
what are the 5 steps of sound
1. sound wave enters the pinna
2. sound reaches eardrum
3. tiny bones in the middle ear transfer sound from eardrum to oval window of cochlea
4. the ossicles have amplified the vibrations, striking the oval window passing vibrations to the fluid-filled space of the cochlea
5.the cochlea has a basilar membrane along it
95
how does touch work?
the somatosensory cortex is the region of the parietal lobe responsible for bodily sensations, the somatosensory cortex has a contralateral representation of the human body
96
what do neurons do
fire and send messages to the brain to say look at the blood vessels
97
opponent processing is
proses that we analyse sensory information, not in terms of three colours bu rather three sets of "opponent colours"
98
what are the three pairs of opponent colours?
yellow-blue, whit-black, red-green
99
what is consciousness
awareness of ourselves and our environment
100
what is experiences
feelings, sensory input, imagination, emotion, memories
101
what did aristotle say
unlike our other abilities, intellet is not associated with a physical origin
102
what did dharmakirti say
inhalation, exhalation, sensation and thought do not arise independently from the body alone
103
what did descartes say
two kinds of substance: matter of which the essential property is that it is spatially extended and mind of which the essential property is that it thinks
104
what did amo say
is the body rather than the mind which perceives and feels
105
cortical blindness
loss of vision in one or both eyes resulting from damage to the occipital cortex
106
what are the theories of consciousness
global neuronal workspace theory - neaurons share information from board sets of brain regions over space and time converging on a single conscious experience
information integration theory - integrated information across regions in itself is consciousness
social neuroscience theory - success as an organism depends on our ability to predict the behaviour of ourselves and others
107
what are the states of consciousness?
AWAKE
1. high awareness - mindfulness
2. low awareness - minimal consciousness
3. psychoactive drugs - highly responsive to the suggestions of another
4. hypnosis - alter a person's perceptions often by creating hallucinations that are not real or distorting their perception of time
SLEEP
5. REM sleep
6. sleep onset
7. night sleep
8. slow-wave sleep
108
what are the costs and benefits of low and high awareness
low awareness:
- influenced by subtle factors
+ saves mental effort
high awareness:
- uses mental effort
+ can overcome some biases
109
stages of sleep
awake = high frequence low intensity , sleep onset = beginning to fall asleep, light sleep = high intensity sleep, slow-wave sleep= muscle relaxation, Rem sleep = body is paralyzed
110
sesnory adaptation
decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation - smell in the house after u come back atfer a while
111
selective attention
ability tos elect certain stimuli in the environment to process while ignoring distracting information - moonwalking bear
112
selective attention
ability tos elect certain stimuli in the environment to process while ignoring distracting information - moonwalking bear
