Final Flashcards
At age 16, Sarah suddenly became self-conscious about her body when her peers teased her about being overweight. She began exercising to an aerobics video for an hour each day and found that she had success in losing weight; this was the beginning of her obsession to be thin. Next, Sarah turned to eating less food to lose even more weight and began eliminating certain foods from her diet, such as candy and meat. She increased her water and vegetable intake and chewed sugarless gum to curb her appetite. Once she began dieting, it was impossible for her to stop. She enjoyed having a high degree of self-control over her body. Still, Sarah was literally obsessed with food, even staring at others while they were eating a meal. She occasionally cooked large meals and then refused to eat all but a few bites. By the time Sarah was 19 years old and 5 feet 6 inches tall, her weight had dropped from 150 to 105 pounds. Her family was concerned about her weight status, demanding that she go to a physician for an evaluation. Sarah was not happy about this idea because she worried the doctors would force her to eat and gain back unwanted weight, but she believed that her family would stop pestering her if she went. Sarah did not think she had a problem; she thought she was still grotesquely overweight. She did notice, however, that she always felt cold and was concerned that she had not menstruated in a year.
Sarah appears to have an eating disorder. Which eating disorder best describes her behavior?
Anorexia nervosa
What are the five signs of the development of this eating disorder?
- Severe restriction of calorie intake
- Preoccupation with food
- Increased intake of low-calorie or calorie-free foods
- Excessive exercise
- Fear of gaining weight
With binge eating disorder people typically binge-eating episodes that is not accompanied by what?
Compensatory behaviors
Your college roommate has been acting strangely lately, and you are starting to suspect she has an eating disorder. Over the first few months at college, she gained the “freshman fifteen.“ She got kind of depressed about it when her jeans started to fit too snugly and declared she was going on a diet. Her weight has not really decreased much since then, but her eating behaviors have changed. She stopped joining your group of friends for meals in the dining hall, opting instead to eat by herself in your dorm room. She has been spending at least 2 hours a day in the campus recreation center, sometimes going in the morning and evening. A few days ago, you thought you heard her throwing up in the restroom, but when she came out of the stall, she said she was fine.
The college-aged female in the case study may have an eating disorder. Which eating disorder best describes her behavior?
Bulimia nervosa
Your college roommate has been acting strangely lately, and you are starting to suspect she has an eating disorder. Over the first few months at college, she gained the “freshman fifteen.“ She got kind of depressed about it when her jeans started to fit too snugly and declared she was going on a diet. Her weight has not really decreased much since then, but her eating behaviors have changed. She stopped joining your group of friends for meals in the dining hall, opting instead to eat by herself in your dorm room. She has been spending at least 2 hours a day in the campus recreation center, sometimes going in the morning and evening. A few days ago, you thought you heard her throwing up in the restroom, but when she came out of the stall, she said she was fine.
What are likely health consequences if the college roommate continues to engage in the behaviors described in the case study?
Dental decay
What are the three physical indicators of Anorexia Nervosa?
- Lanugo
- Osteoporosis
- Hypothermia
What are the two physical indicators of Bulimia Nervosa?
- Gastric Ulcers
- Esophageal tears
What are the two physical indicators of Binge Eating disorder?
- Type 2 diabetes
- Atherosclerosis
What are the two physical indicators of all three eating disorders?
- Poor immunity
- Infertility
What are the two physical indicators of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa?
- Constipation
- Low blood K+
What is a serious, long-term health consequence of absent or irregular menstrual periods among women of childbearing age?
Bone loss
One of the best ways to get a person with anorexia nervosa into treatment is to what?
Encourage them to get professional help.
What is Anorexia Nervosa disorder?
Extreme dietary restriction leading to significantly low body weight caused by overwhelming distress.
What are the three Anorexia Nervosa Consequences?
- Amenorrhea
- Absence of menstruation
- Causes loss in bone density
What is Bulimia Nervosa disorder?
Recurring binging followed by self-induced vomiting or compensatory behaviors.
What is Binge Eating Disorder?
Recurring episodes of binging without compensatory behaviors which leads to weight gain.
What three things can you do for someone with an eating disorder?
- Offer love, total acceptance
- Advice about eating, calories
- Encourage them to receive professional help.
What are the three appropriate methods to thaw the frozen meat?
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Under cool running water
What is the temperature for medium rare stake?
145ºF
What is the temperature for ground beef and eggs?
160ºF
What is the temperature for poultry and leftovers?
165ºF
What would best help someone avoid foodborne illness?
Immediately refrigerate leftovers in small, shallow containers to cool them quickly.
What does pasteurization do?
Heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and bacteria.
What is NOT a way to reduce pesticide residues?
Broil vegetables instead of boiling them.
What is the best benefit of organic foods?
More environmentally friendly.
Which is accurate regarding food additives?
They are safe when used within acceptable daily intake levels.
Which of the following is true about food irradiation?
Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food.
What are the three steps to washing produce?
- Wash under running water
- Scrub it off
- Cut away damaged or bruised parts
What do you not want to do with meat?
Cross contaminate
Within how many hours should you refrigerate food?
2 hours
What are some vulnerable groups to foodborne illness?
- Pregnant women
- Infants and children
- Older adults
- People with weakened immune systems
How can you get food Bourne illness?
Raw foods of animal origin.
What is the temperature range where bacteria readily grow?
40 – 140ºF
Safe temperatures
Refrigerator: Below 40°F
Freezer: Ideally 0°F, at least below 32°F
Foods once cooked: Kept at 140°F or above
What is irradiation?
Applies radiation to foods to improve safety and extend shelf life by reducing growth of microbes.
What are the pesticides?
- Chemicals used to control insects, diseases, weeds, fungi, and other pests on crops.
- Regulated by EPA
What are the two benefits of pesticides?
- Survival of crops
- Higher yield
What are the three risks of pesticides?
- Accumulate in food chain
- Kill pests’ natural predators
- Pollution
What are the four ways to limit pesticides?
- Wash
- Peel
- Trim fat
- Consider organic
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified Organisms are engineered by scientists to obtain desired traits and suppress unwanted ones
What are the three pros of GMOs?
- Correct nutrient deficiencies
- Extend shelf life
- Pest and weather-resistant
What are the four Cons of GMOs?
- GE pesticide resistance
- Decreasing biodiversity
- Long-term unknown
- Ethics
What are some examples of GMO’s?
- Corn
- Soybean
- Cotton
- Canola
- Sugar beets
- Alfalfa
- Papaya
- Squash
- Apples
- Potatoes
What are the three purposes of food additives?
- Lengthen shelf-life
- Enhance flavor or color
- Decrease bacteria
What are some examples of specific additives?
- Nitrates
- Sulfites
- MSG
- Non-nutritive sweeteners
- Added nutrients
If she is 5’4” tall 103 pounds how much weight should she gain?
Should gain 28 to 40 pounds by the end of her pregnancy
If she is 5’8” tall 148 pounds how much weight should she gain?
Should gain 25 to 35 pounds by the end of her pregnancy
If she is 5’5” tall 165 pounds how much weight should she gain?
Should gain 15 to 25 pounds by the end of her pregnancy
What are the three risks if mother is underweight at conception?
- Premature birth
- low birth weight infant
- lower nutrient store of iron
What are the four risk if mother is obese at conception?
- Birth defects
- childhood obesity later in life
- Mother with gestational diabetes
- Mother with preeclampsia
What is the correlation between folate and pregnancy?
- Fortified breakfast cereal is a source of folate for pregnant women.
- The RDA for folate increases by 50 percent.
- Folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with birth defects such as spina bifida.
What are the three minerals that are needed in higher quantities during pregnancy?
- Iron
- Iodine
- Zinc
What are the three dietary or lifestyle strategies that can help to prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn?
- Consume water between meals instead with meals
- Avoids spicy foods
- Eat smaller meals rather than big ones
What are the three practices that are recommended to alleviate nausea associated with pregnancy?
- Ventilate kitchen
- Eat bland foods
- Drink ginger tea
What are three dietary and lifestyle strategies that can help to alleviate constipation during pregnancy?
- Exercise daily
- Increase water intake
- Increase fiber intake
Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother’s breast during the first few days after birth is
colostrum.
What is the effect of maternal nutritional deprivation during lactation?
Deprivation reduced the amount of milk she produces.
What are some advantages of breastfeeding?
- Decreased risk of ovarian cancer
- Reduced risk of celiac disease in a child.
- Fewer ear infections in a child.
In addition to providing optimum nutrition, which is a benefit of breastfeeding to the child?
Reduced risk of infection
How many kcals are needed in 2nd and 3rd trimester? How many protein is needed daily?
Energy
- 340 kcals extra in 2nd trimester
- 452 kcals extra in 3rd trimester
Protein
~15 grams extra/day
How many months should a baby have its iron stores supplied?
Supplying baby’s iron stores for first 4-6 months after birth
What are the two vitamins needed at birth?
- Zinc
- Iodine
What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese?
Underweight:
- 28 to 40 pounds
Healthy weight:
- 25 to 35 pounds
Overweight:
- 15 to 25 pounds
Obese:
- 11 to 20 pounds
Reminder: how to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)
Indicator of health risk based on body weight and height
BMI = weight (kg)
height (m)2
Easy calculation for BMI:
weight (lbs) x 703
height (in)2
Where are the weight gain components during pregnancy?
- Fat stores (4-8 lbs)
- Uterus and breasts (6 lbs)
- Blood supply (4 lbs)
- Placenta and amniotic fluid (3 lbs)
- Baby (~8 lbs)
What happens when you have Little Weight Gain during pregnancy?
- Higher risk for low birth-weight baby (<5.5 lbs)
- Higher risk of premature birth, lower iron stores
- Higher mortality and risk of health problems in 1st yr
What happens when you have Too Much Weight Gain during pregnancy?
- Higher risk for high birth-weight baby (>8.8 lbs), delivery complications
- Higher risk for gestational diabetes and preeclampsia for mother
- Higher risk for birth defects and childhood obesity
What are some factors that influence breast milk?
- Supply responds to infant’s demands
- Quantity suffers before quality
- Colostrum the first few days is especially high in antibodies
What are some benefits of Breastfeeding To infant?
- Optimum nutrition
- Reduced risk of infections
- Fewer allergies and food intolerances
- Reduced risk of chronic disease
What are some benefits of Breastfeeding to mother?
- Faster return to pre-pregnancy weight
- Psychological bonding
- Delays ovulation
- Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, HTN, breast and ovarian cancers
How long to breastfeed?
Exclusively breastfeed for 6 months and breastfeed along with foods for at least 12 months.
What is the reality of breastfeeding?
- 83% of women try breastfeeding
- By 6 months, 56% are still breastfeeding (25% exclusively)
- By 12 months, 36% are still breastfeeding
What is the alternative to Breastfeeding?
- Iron-fortified commercial infant formula
- Don’t have milk before age 1
When are babies Ready for solid foods?
- Head and neck control
- Can sit up with support
- Tongue thrust has diminished
- Recommendation is at/by 6 months, but some babies might be developmentally ready by 4 months
How should you start introducing food?
Start with iron-fortified cereal mixed with breastmilk or formula.
At one year what can they eat?
- Can mostly eat what the family eats
- Start whole cow’s milk
- Switch to 1% or skim at age 2
What are the Supplements for Babies?
Vitamin K: shot at birth
Vitamin D: All exclusively-breastfed infants
Iron: Supplement at 4 months for breastfed babies until iron-fortified cereal/meats introduced
Fluoride: Possibly at 6 months
Physical Activity: Obesity Prevention and Treatment
- Be active 60 minutes a day
- No more than 2 hours screen time daily
How many family meals should people have a week?
5-6 times a week
How should you feed toddlers and preschoolers?
- 3 meals, 2-3 (nutrient-dense) snacks without grazing in between
- Include color, texture, variety
What type of parent should you be?
Be an authoritative parent
Parents are in charge of what?
- What
- When
Children are in charge of what?
- If at all
- How much
How do you know if a child is eating enough?
Growth pattern in height and weight
When should food be recommended to reduce food allergies?
4-6 months
What are the top 8 Food Allergens?
- Peanuts
- Milk
- Shellfish
- Tree nuts
- Eggs
- Fish
- Wheat
- Soy
How are dental Caries caused?
Caused by bacteria feeding on carb-rich foods
What two nutrient needs for infants
- Iron needs increase for girls and boys
- Calcium needs high, intake is usually low so dairy can be very beneficial
What is the nutrient Needs for Older Adults?
- Calorie needs decrease
- Increase vitamins
- Vitamin B12 often not well absorbed
- Cognitive function and insulin function decline
Physical Activity
Needed now more than ever! Both cardio and strength
Body naturally puts on more fat and loses muscle mass
Exercise can help maintain muscle mass and minimize decrease in bone mass
Do whatever you can do!
