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Kin 3690: Motor Control > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of locomotion

A

Controlled act of moving the body as a whole from one place to another

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of control in locomotion?

A
  • control of limb and body movements
  • control of where you are going
  • control of posture & orientation
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3
Q

Stance phase definition

A

Part of locomotor cycle (one leg) during which some part of the foot is on the ground

Begins at heel strike

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4
Q

Swing phase definition

A

Part of locomotion (one leg) where no part of the foot is in contact with the ground

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5
Q

Stride definition

A

One movement cycle of a single leg; consists of a stance and swing phase

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6
Q

Walk (bipedal) definition

A

Legged locomotion in which the legs move in antiphase

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7
Q

Run (bipedal) definition

A

Both feet never on the ground at the same time, but some flight periods; move in antiphase

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8
Q

Central pattern generator (CPGs)

A

Grouping of neurons (or circuits) within the spinal cord or brainstem that can generate coordinated rhythmic muscle activity

  • leads to rhythmic oscillatory behaviour (locomotion, flying, swimming) without afferent feedback
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9
Q

Who first demonstrated rhythmicity (CPGs) and what reflex was it called?

A

Sherrington; scratch reflex

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10
Q

Scratch reflex

A

Rhythmic movements of limb used to remove annoying stimulus

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11
Q

How did spinalised animals respond (in terms of reflex latency) when stimulation intensity increases?

A

As stimulation intensity increases, reflex latency decreases

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12
Q

What occurs to muscle contraction when stimulation increases in the scratch reflex?

A

As stimulation intensity increases, the strength of muscle contraction increases

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13
Q

What occurs to the duration of response when stimulation intensity increases?

A

As stimulation intensity increases, duration of response increases and outlasts the stimulus

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14
Q

What is the rhythmic movement of extension and flexion independent of?

A

Supraspinal or peripheral feedback

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15
Q

Who demonstrated rhythmic stepping in spinal animals after dorsal spinal root transection?

A

Brown (1914)

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16
Q

What are half-centres?

A

A type of spinal circuitry organization that explains rhythmic stepping

  • mutual inhibition
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17
Q

What is each limb controlled by?

A

An independent half-centre

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18
Q

What did Grillner confirm?

A

Confirmed Brown’s hypothesis about half-centres

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19
Q

What was the primary conclusion of Grillner’s work with spinalised cats?

A

Circuitry for locomotion is intrinsic to the spinal cord

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20
Q

What occurs when the inhibitory synapse is blocked in half-centres?

A

Rhythmic motion is still evoked

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21
Q

What are 3 motor regions that can be artificially stimulated to produce locomotor activity?

A
  • subthalamic locomotor region
  • mesencephalic locomotor region
  • diencephalic locomotor region
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22
Q

Locomotor region definition

A

Region of the brain containing neurons that produce descending signals that activate spinal locomotor CPG circuits causing locomotion

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23
Q

What did Shik, Severin, and Orlovsky show about descending stimulation from the mesencephalic locomotor region?

A

Locomotion was dependent on the stimulus intensity of the MLR

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24
Q

What are the 5 jobs of the brain in locomotor control?

A
  • initiating and terminating CPG activity
  • controlling the speed of locomotion and gait
  • adapting locomotion to the task
  • coordinating locomotor activity with concurrent activities
  • maintaining postural equilibrium during locomotion
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25
What is a SCI?
Spinal cord injury; no sensory or motor function below the level of the lesion
26
AIS A vs AIS B
Sensory complete spinal cord injury; sensory incomplete spinal cord injury
27
What does epidural stimulation of spinal circuitry result in for completely paralyzed individuals?
Process sensory input to regain some voluntary control of paralyzed muscles
28
What is the stepping reflex? What does it provide evidence for?
An infant makes stepping motions when their feet touch the ground Human evidence for CPGs and locomotion, present even in anacephalic infants with no descending control
29
What is the difference in evidence for CPGs and locomotion in animals vs humans?
Strong evidence for locomotion after SCI in animals, not as strong in humans
30
What are the 4 functions of the vestibular system?
- balance and equilibrium - detect head motion - determine gravitational vertical - fixation of eyes while head moves
31
What are the 5 sensory organs of the vestibular system? How are they divided?
Three semicircular canals - anterior - posterior - horizontal Two otolith organs - utricle - saccule
32
What cranial nerve innervates the hair cells?
CN VIII: auditory
33
Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular system found?
Scarpa’s ganglion
34
Once information of the alignment of stereocilia is conveyed to the brainstem and cerebellum where does the info go? 2
- MNs to extraocular muscles - MNs of antigravity muscles
35
On which side is the kinocilia in the hair cells of the right and left side?
Right, the kinocilia is on the right Left, the kinocilia is on the left
36
When the kinocilia is deflected away from the midline what occurs?
Depolarization
37
When the kinocilia is deflected towards the midline what occurs?
Hyperpolarization
38
What does head tilt provide information on?
Acceleration (linear and angular changes in position)
39
What structure does the crista contain?
Hair cells
40
Where do the hair cells extend into?
Cupula; gelatinous mass
41
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Head rotation
42
What is the relationship of the direction of head turn and the direction of endolymph flow?
Endolymph flows opposite to the direction of the head
43
If one side of hair cells depolarize in relation to head movement, what occurs to the opposite side of hair cells?
If one side depolarize, the other side hyperpolarizes
44
Does the brain interpret direction of head turn from the hyperpolarized, or depolarized side of the hair cells?
Interprets direction from the depolarized side
45
Which plane does the utricle and saccule lie in?
Utricle: horizontal plane Saccule: vertical plane
46
What 2 things are otolith organs specialized for?
- detecting linear acceleration of the head - indicating static position of head relative to gravity
47
What does the otolithic membrane contain? Where in the membrane are they found?
Otoconia (calcium crystals) that overlay the hair cells
48
What is the function of the otoconia?
Increases the mass of the otolithic membrane, increased impact of gravity
49
What are otoliths?
The 2 organs of saccule and utricle
50
What are the type of afferent neurons that are primary from vestibular canals to the vestibular nuclei?
Bipolar neurons
51
What are the 4 nuclei that make-up the vestibular nuclei?
- lateral nucleus - medial nucleus - superior nucleus - inferior nucleus
52
What 4 structures are the secondary connections formed with from the vestibular nuclei?
- spinal cord - cerebral cortex - cerebellum - oculomotor nuclei
53
What is the LVST?
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
54
What is the primary function of the LVST and where does it’s axons synapse to achieve this?
- regulation of upright stance - synapse on ipsilateral antigravity (extensor) muscles
55
What occurs when there is transection above the LVST?
- decerebrate rigidity; unopposed excitation of LVST Aka there are no inhibitory inputs to regulate
56
What does the medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) control? What is the name of the reflex?
- reflexive control of head movements to maintain stability - vestibulo-colic reflex
57
Where does the vestibulo-ocular pathway project to? 3
- oculomotor nuclei CN III - trochlear nuclei CN IV - abducens nuclei CN VI
58
Which reflex allows the eyes and head to move in opposing directions?
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR
59
Which 2 ocular muscles allow for the eyes to move in horizontally opposing directions to the head? Which reflex is this involved in?
Medial rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle VOR reflex
60
What is the relationship between ipsilateral medial & lateral recti muscles for horizontal eye deviation? What is the relationship between contralateral recti muscles?
Ipsilateral: medial and lateral recti muscles act as AG/ANT pair Contralateral: medial and lateral recti muscles move synergistically
61
Do the eyes move in the direction that is consistent with the hyperpolarized or depolarized side?
Eyes turn towards the hyperpolarized side
62
What is nystagmus and what is its purpose?
Rapid eye movement; keeps images stable on the retina
63
When does nystagmus occur?
When VOR is not enough to maintain image on retina (too large of head rotations)
64
What are the 2 phases of visually induced (normal) nystagmus?
Pursuit: slow phase in one direction Saccade: fast phase in opposite direction
65
What are the movement directions with a rightward nystagmus?
Slow movement of the eyes to the left (pursuit) and fast recovery to the right (saccade)
66
What is an example of nystagmus in daily life?
Tracking telephone poles with your eyes and they have to reset quickly
67
What are the 3 types of nystagmus?
- optokinetic nystagmus: tracking stimuli - rotary nystagmus: head rotation - caloric nystagmus: vestibular stimulation
68
What test is used to measure nystagmus?
Electronnystagmography (ENG) - records eye movement in response to visually or vestibular-induced nystagmus
69
What does the irrigation of the inner ear do?
It mimics the movement of endolymph and can cause hyper or depolarization depending on the temperature of the water
70
What is the effect (hyperpolarization/depolarization) when irrigated with cold vs warm water?
Cold: that side is hyperpolarized Warm: that side is depolarized - eyes will turn to the hyperpolarized side
71
Postural control definition
Controlling the body’s position in space
72
Postural stability definition
Stabilizing the body’s CoG in relation to its BoS during movement
73
Centre of Gravity (CoG) definition
A single location of a physical object where gravity acts on the object
74
Base of support (BoS) definition
The area of support surface where the object and surface make contact - drawn with straight lines
75
What is the ability to maintain balance dependent on?
The size of the base of support
76
Limit of stability definition
Maximum angle (vertically) that can be tolerated before balance is lost
77
Postural orientation definition
Maintain relationship b/w body segments & b/w body and environment when doing tasks
78
What 3 systems contribute to postural orientation?
- vision - proprioception - vestibular system
79
Postural muscle tone definition
Slight activation of many muscles of the neck, back, abdomen, and legs while standing
80
What is the purpose of postural muscle tone? 2
- opposes gravitational torque - keeps legs, trunk, and head in alignment
81
What are the 2 requirements to maintain an upright posture?
- keeping the CoG above the BoS - maintaining alignment of body segments
82
Quiet stance definition
Standing still with no disturbances and performing no tasks
83
Environmentally perturbed stance
Standing person is subject to externally disturbances
84
Action perturbed stance
Standing person performs actions that involve movements
85
What are 8 muscles that are involved in quiet stance? Anterior (3) to posterior (5)
- abdominals - quadriceps - TA - traps - erector spinae - glute med - hams - triceps surae
86
What is a stabilogram?
Graphical representation of movement of an individuals CoG
87
What are reactive postural adjustments?
Movement strategy that maintains CoG within BoS in response to an external disturbance
88
What are the 2 types of movement strategies in relation to reactive postural adjustments?
Feet-in-place strategy Stepping strategy
89
What are the 2 strategies within the feet-in-place recovery strategy?
Ankle and hip strategy
90
What is the order of muscle activation in the ankle strategy?
Distal to proximal muscle activation - gastroc then hams then erector spinae
91
Which sets of muscles (anterior/posterior) activate during a forward sway during feet-in-place recovery?
Forward sway, posterior muscles activate Backward sway, anterior muscles activate
92
What is a postural set?
Multiple muscle groups that are connected and can be suppressed or activated in response to perturbation
93
What is the difference in order of muscle activation for the hip strategy compared to the ankle strategy?
Hip strategy activates muscles proximal to distal whereas ankle is the opposite

Kin 3690: Motor Control (3 decks)

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