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MGMT > FINAL (13-18) > Flashcards

FINAL (13-18) Flashcards

1
Q

Equity theory ok

A

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

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2
Q

Expectancy ok

A

the perceived relationship between effort and performance

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3
Q

Expectancy theory ok

A

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

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4
Q

Extinction ok

A

reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior

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5
Q

Extrinsic rewards cs

A

a reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

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6
Q

Goal acceptance cs

A

the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

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7
Q

Goal difficulty cs

A

the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish

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8
Q

Goal specificity cs

A

the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous

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9
Q

Goal-setting theory cs

A

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

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10
Q

Inputs

A

in equity theory, the contributions employees make to the organization

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11
Q

Instrumentality cs

A

the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

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12
Q

Intrinsic rewards cs

A

a natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

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13
Q

Motivation

A

the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

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14
Q

Needs

A

the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being

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15
Q

Negative reinforcement cs

A

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior

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16
Q

Outcomes

A

in equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contributions to the organization

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17
Q

Performance feedback cs

A

information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences

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19
Q

Reinforcement contingencies cs

A

cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

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20
Q

Reinforcement theory cs

A

the theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

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21
Q

Underreward

A

a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting

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22
Q

Valence cs

A

the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome

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23
Q

continuous reinforcement schedules cs

A

a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

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24
Q

distributive justice cs

A

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

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25
Q

fixed interval reinforcement schedules cs

A

an intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed

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26
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement schedules cs

A

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors

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27
Q

goal

A

a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

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28
Q

intermittent reinforcement schedules cs

A

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred

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29
Q

outcome/input (O/I) ratio cs

A

in equity theory, an employee’s perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee’s contributions to that organization

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30
Q

overreward

A

a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent

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31
Q

procedural justice cs

A

the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions

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32
Q

punishment

A

reinforcement that weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences

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33
Q

referents cs

A

in equity theory, others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly

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34
Q

reinforcement

A

the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

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35
Q

schedule of reinforcement cs

A

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

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36
Q

variable interval reinforcement schedules cs

A

an intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average

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37
Q

variable ratio reinforcement schedules cs

A

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

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38
Q

Achievement-oriented leadership cs

A

a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals, has high expectations of employees, and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort

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39
Q

Consideration

A

the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees

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40
Q

Directive leadership cs

A

a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations

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41
Q

Ethical charismatics cs

A

charismatic leaders who provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize others’ contributions, share information, and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society

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42
Q

Initiating structure cs

A

the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks

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43
Q

Participative leadership

A

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

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44
Q

Position power

A

the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

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45
Q

Strategic leadership cs

A

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

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46
Q

Supportive leadership

A

a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate

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47
Q

Task structure cs

A

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate’s tasks are clearly specified

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48
Q

Trait theory cs

A

a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

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49
Q

Traits

A

relatively stable characteristics, such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior

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50
Q

charismatic leadership cs

A

the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers

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51
Q

contingency theory cs

A

a leadership theory states that to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style

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52
Q

leader-member relations cs

A

the degree to which followers respect, trust, and like their leaders

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53
Q

leadership

A

the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

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54
Q

leadership style

A

the way a leader generally behaves toward followers

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55
Q

normative decision theory cs

A

a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions

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56
Q

path-goal theory cs

A

a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment

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57
Q

situational favorableness cs

A

the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members

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58
Q

transactional leadership cs

A

leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance

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59
Q

transformational leadership cs

A

leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group’s purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group

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60
Q

unethical charismatics cs

A

charismatic leaders who control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share only information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else’s

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61
Q

visionary leadership

A

leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

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62
Q

Active listening

A

assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you’ve accurately heard what he or she said

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63
Q

Attribution theory cs

A

the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people’s behavior

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64
Q

Coaching

A

communicating with someone for the direct purpose of improving the person’s on-the-job performance or behavior

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65
Q

Communication

A

the process of transmitting information from one person or place to another

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66
Q

Company hotlines

A

phone numbers that anyone in the company can call anonymously to leave information for upper management

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67
Q

Decoding

A

the process by which the receiver translates the written, verbal, or symbolic form of a message into an understood message

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68
Q

Destructive feedback cs

A

feedback that disapproves without any intention of being helpful and almost always causes a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient

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69
Q

Downward communication cs

A

communication that flows from higher to lower levels in an organization

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70
Q

Empathetic listening cs

A

understanding the speaker’s perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker

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71
Q

Encoding

A

putting a message into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver

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72
Q

Feedback to sender cs

A

in the communication process, a return message to the sender that indicates the receiver’s understanding of the message

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73
Q

Horizontal communication cs

A

communication that flows among managers and workers who are at the same organizational level

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74
Q

Jargon cs

A

vocabulary particular to a profession or group that interferes with communication in the workplace

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75
Q

Kinesics

A

movements of the body and face

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76
Q

Noise

A

anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message

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77
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

any communication that doesn’t involve words

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78
Q

Online discussion forums

A

the in-house equivalent of Internet newsgroups. By using web- or software-based discussion tools that are available across the company, employees can easily ask questions and share knowledge with each other

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79
Q

Paralanguage cs

A

the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (that is, use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one’s voice

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80
Q

Selective perception cs

A

the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations, while ignoring or screening out inconsistent information

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81
Q

Survey feedback

A

information that is collected by surveys from organizational members and then compiled, disseminated, and used to develop action plans for improvement

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82
Q

Televised/videotaped speeches and meetings

A

speeches and meetings originally made to a smaller audience that are either simultaneously broadcast to other locations in the company or videotaped for subsequent distribution and viewing

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83
Q

Upward communication cs

A

communication that flows from lower to higher levels in an organization

84
Q

blog

A

a personal website that provides personal opinions or recommendations, news summaries, and reader comments

85
Q

closure

A

the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don’t know is consistent with what we already know

86
Q

communication medium

A

the method used to deliver an oral or written message

87
Q

constructive feedback

A

feedback intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging

88
Q

counseling

A

communicating with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person’s performance

89
Q

defensive bias cs

A

the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble

90
Q

formal communication channel cs

A

the system of official channels that carry organizationally approved messages and information

91
Q

fundamental attribution error cs

A

the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people’s actions to internal causes

92
Q

hearing

A

the act or process of perceiving sounds

93
Q

informal communication channel cs

A

the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels

94
Q

listening

A

making a conscious effort to hear

95
Q

organizational silence cs

A

when employees withhold information about organizational problems or issues

96
Q

perception

A

the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

97
Q

perceptual filters cs

A

the personality-, psychology-, or experience-based differences that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli

98
Q

self-serving bias cs

A

the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes)

99
Q

Balance sheets

A

accounting statements that provide a snapshot of a company’s financial position at a particular time

100
Q

Behavior control

A

the regulation of the behaviors and actions that workers perform on the job

101
Q

Benchmarking

A

the process of identifying outstanding practices, processes, and standards in other companies and adapting them to your company

102
Q

Bureaucratic control cs

A

the use of hierarchical authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, and procedures

103
Q

Cash flow analysis cs

A

a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out

104
Q

Concurrent control cs

A

a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback

105
Q

Control

A

a regulatory process of establishing standards to achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance against the standards, and taking corrective action when necessary

106
Q

Cybernetic cs

A

the process of steering or keeping on course

107
Q

Feedback control cs

A

a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur

108
Q

Feedforward control cs

A

a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur

109
Q

Financial ratios cs

A

calculations typically used to track a business’s liquidity (cash), efficiency, and profitability over time compared to other businesses in its industry

110
Q

Income statements cs

A

accounting statements, also called “profit and loss statements,” that show what has happened to an organization’s income, expenses, and net profit over a period of time

111
Q

Self-control cs

A

a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals, monitoring their own progress, and rewarding themselves for goal achievement

112
Q

Standards cs

A

a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which various kinds of organizational performance are satisfactory or unsatisfactory

113
Q

Value

A

customer perception that the product quality is excellent for the price offered

114
Q

balanced scorecard cs

A

measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning

115
Q

budgets

A

quantitative plans through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

116
Q

concertive controls cs

A

the regulation of workers’ behavior and decisions through work group values and beliefs

117
Q

control loss cs

A

the situation in which behavior and work procedures do not conform to standards

118
Q

customer defections cs

A

a performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and measure the rate at which they are leaving

119
Q

cybernetic feasibility cs

A

the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process

120
Q

economic value added (EVA) cs

A

the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year

121
Q

normative controls cs

A

the regulation of workers’ behavior and decisions through widely shared organizational values and beliefs

122
Q

objective control cs

A

the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior

123
Q

output control cs

A

the regulation of workers’ results or outputs through rewards and incentives

124
Q

regulation costs cs

A

the costs associated with implementing or maintaining control

125
Q

suboptimization cs

A

performance improvement in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part

126
Q

zero-based budgeting cs

A

a budgeting technique that requires managers to justify every expenditure every year

127
Q

Acquisition cost cs

A

the cost of obtaining data that you don’t have

128
Q

Association or affinity patterns cs

A

when two or more database elements tend to occur together in a significant way

129
Q

Bar codes

A

a visual pattern that represents numerical data by varying the thickness and pattern of vertical bars

130
Q

Communication cost cs

A

the cost of transmitting information from one place to another

131
Q

Data clusters cs

A

when three or more database elements occur together (that is, cluster) in a significant way

132
Q

Data encryption cs

A

the transformation of data into complex, scrambled digital codes that can be decrypted only by authorized users who possess unique decryption keys

133
Q

Data mining cs

A

the process of discovering unknown patterns and relationships in large amounts of data

134
Q

Electronic scanners

A

an electronic device that converts printed text and pictures into digital images

135
Q

Expert systems

A

an information system that contains the specialized knowledge and decision rules used by experts and experienced decision makers so that nonexperts can draw on this knowledge base to make decisions

136
Q

First-mover advantage

A

the strategic advantage that companies earn by being the first to use new information technology to substantially lower costs or to make a product or service different from that of competitors

137
Q

Intranets

A

private company networks that allow employees to easily access, share, and publish information using Internet software

138
Q

Knowledge

A

the understanding that one gains from information

139
Q

Moore’s law cs

A

the prediction that about every two years, computer processing power would double and its cost would drop by 50 percent

140
Q

Processing cost cs

A

the cost of turning raw data into usable information

141
Q

Processing information cs

A

transforming raw data into meaningful information

142
Q

Protecting information cs

A

the process of ensuring that data are reliably and consistently retrievable in a usable format for authorized users but no one else

143
Q

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags cs

A

tags containing minuscule microchips that transmit information via radio waves and can be used to track the number and location of the objects into which the tags have been inserted

144
Q

Raw data cs

A

facts and figures

145
Q

Retrieval cost cs

A

the cost of accessing already-stored and processed information

146
Q

Sequence patterns cs

A

when two or more database elements occur together in a significant pattern in which one of the elements precedes the other

147
Q

Storage cost cs

A

the cost of physically or electronically archiving information for later retrieval and use

148
Q

Supervised data mining cs

A

the process when the user tells the data mining software to look and test for specific patterns and relationships in a data set

149
Q

Web services cs

A

software that uses standardized protocols to describe data from one company in such a way that those data can automatically be read, understood, transcribed, and processed by different computer systems in another company

150
Q

authentication

A

making sure potential users are who they claim to be

151
Q

authorization

A

granting authenticated users approved access to data, software, and systems

152
Q

corporate portals cs

A

a hybrid of executive information systems and intranets that allows managers and employees to use a web browser to gain access to customized company information and to complete specialized transactions

153
Q

data warehouse cs

A

a database that stores huge amounts of data that have been prepared for data mining analysis by being cleaned of errors and redundancy

154
Q

decision support system (DSS)

cs

A

an information system that helps managers understand specific kinds of problems and potential solutions

155
Q

electronic data interchange, or EDI

cs

A

when two companies convert their purchase and ordering information to a standardized format to enable the direct electronic transmission of that information from one company’s computer system to the other company’s computer system

156
Q

executive information system (EIS)

A

a data processing system that uses internal and external data sources to provide the information needed to monitor and analyze organizational performance

157
Q

extranet cs

A

networks that allow companies to exchange information and conduct transactions with outsiders by providing them direct, web-based access to authorized parts of a company’s intranet or information system

158
Q

firewalls cs

A

a protective hardware or software device that sits between the computers in an internal organizational network and outside networks, such as the Internet

159
Q

information cs

A

useful data that can influence people’s choices and behavior

160
Q

optical character recognition cs

A

the ability of software to convert digitized documents into ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) text that can be searched, read, and edited by word processing and other kinds of software

161
Q

predictive patterns cs

A

patterns that help identify database elements that are different

162
Q

secure sockets layer (SSL) encryption cs

A

Internet browser–based encryption that provides secure off-site web access to some data and programs

163
Q

two-factor authentication

A

authentication based on what users know, such as a password and what they have in their possession, such as a secure ID card or key

164
Q

unsupervised data mining cs

A

the process when the user simply tells the data mining software to uncover whatever patterns and relationships it can find in a data set

165
Q

virtual private networks (VPNs) cs

A

software that securely encrypts data sent by employees outside the company network, decrypts the data when they arrive within the company computer network, and does the same when data are sent back to employees outside the network

166
Q

virus

A

a program or piece of code that, without your knowledge, attaches itself to other programs on your computer and can trigger anything from a harmless flashing message to the reformatting of your hard drive to a system-wide network shutdown

167
Q

Continuous improvement cs

A

an organization’s ongoing commitment to constantly assess and improve the processes and procedures used to create products and services

168
Q

Customer focus

A

an organizational goal to concentrate on meeting customers’ needs at all levels of the organization

169
Q

Economic order quantity (EOQ) cs

A

a system of formulas that minimizes ordering and holding costs and helps determine how much and how often inventory should be ordered

170
Q

Holding cost cs

A

the cost of keeping inventory until it is used or sold, including storage, insurance, taxes, obsolescence, and opportunity costs

171
Q

ISO 14000 cs

A

a series of international standards for managing, monitoring, and minimizing an organization’s harmful effects on the environment

172
Q

ISO 9000 cs

A

a series of five international standards, from ISO 9000 to ISO 9004, for achieving consistency in quality management and quality assurance in companies throughout the world

173
Q

Inventory

A

the amount and number of raw materials, parts, and finished products that a company has in its possession

174
Q

Job shops cs

A

manufacturing operations that handle custom orders or small batch jobs

175
Q

Kanban cs

A

a ticket-based JIT system that indicates when to reorder inventory

176
Q

Line-flow production cs

A

manufacturing processes that are preestablished, occur in a serial or linear manner, and are dedicated to making one type of product

177
Q

Ordering cost cs

A

the costs associated with ordering inventory, including the cost of data entry, phone calls, obtaining bids, correcting mistakes, and determining when and how much inventory to order

178
Q

Partial productivity cs

A

a measure of performance that indicates how much of a particular kind of input it takes to produce an output

179
Q

Productivity cs

A

a measure of performance that indicates how many inputs it takes to produce or create an output

180
Q

Raw material inventories cs

A

the basic inputs in a manufacturing process

181
Q

Setup cost cs

A

the costs of downtime and lost efficiency that occur when a machine is changed or adjusted to produce a different kind of inventory

182
Q

Stockout cost cs

A

the cost incurred when a company runs out of a product, including transaction costs to replace inventory and the loss of customers’ goodwill

183
Q

Teamwork cs

A

collaboration between managers and nonmanagers, across business functions, and between companies, customers, and suppliers

184
Q

Total quality management (TQM) cs

A

an integrated, principle-based, organization-wide strategy for improving product and service quality

185
Q

Variation

A

a deviation in the form, condition, or appearance of a product from the quality standard for that product

186
Q

assemble-to-order operations cs

A

a manufacturing operation that divides manufacturing processes into separate parts or modules that are combined to create semicustomized products

187
Q

average aggregate inventory cs

A

average overall inventory during a particular time period

188
Q

batch production cs

A

a manufacturing operation that produces goods in large batches in standard lot sizes

189
Q

component parts inventories cs

A

the basic parts used in manufacturing that are fabricated from raw materials

190
Q

continuous-flow production cs

A

a manufacturing operation that produces goods at a continuous, rather than a discrete, rate

191
Q

customer satisfaction

A

an organizational goal to provide products or services that meet or exceed customers’ expectations

192
Q

dependent demand systems cs

A

an inventory system in which the level of inventory depends on the number of finished units to be produced

193
Q

finished goods inventories cs

A

the final outputs of manufacturing operations

194
Q

independent demand systems cs

A

an inventory system in which the level of one kind of inventory does not depend on another

195
Q

internal service quality cs

A

the quality of treatment employees receive from management and other divisions of a company

196
Q

inventory turnover cs

A

the number of times per year that a company sells, or “turns over,” its average inventory

197
Q

just-in-time (JIT) inventory system cs

A

an inventory system in which component parts arrive from suppliers just as they are needed at each stage of production

198
Q

make-to-order operations cs

A

a manufacturing operation that does not start processing or assembling products until a customer order is received

199
Q

make-to-stock operations cs

A

a manufacturing operation that orders parts and assembles standardized products before receiving customer orders

200
Q

manufacturing flexibility cs

A

the degree to which manufacturing operations can easily and quickly change the number, kind, and characteristics of products they produce

201
Q

materials requirement planning (MRP) cs

A

a production and inventory system that determines the production schedule, production batch sizes, and inventory needed to complete final products

202
Q

multifactor productivity cs

A

an overall measure of performance that indicates how much labor, capital, materials, and energy it takes to produce an output

203
Q

operations management cs

A

managing the daily production of goods and services

204
Q

quality cs

A

a product or service free of deficiencies, or the characteristics of a product or service that satisfy customer needs

205
Q

service recovery cs

A

restoring customer satisfaction to strongly dissatisfied customers

206
Q

stockout cs

A

the point when a company runs out of finished product

207
Q

work-in-process inventories cs

A

partially finished goods consisting of assembled component parts

MGMT (3 decks)

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