Final Flashcards
what is health surveillance?
set of planned measures in a hunting ground
what are the goals of health surveillance?
- recognise the risk of a disease, its occurrence and possibility to spread over
what are the basic components of health surveillance
coprological exams
PM exams
quarantine measures
what is the most common cause for morbidity and mortality of game species?
parasitic disease
what should partial necropsy follow?
sanitary and harvesting culling
two type of measures in health surveillance
preventive:
- understand the situation which needs implementing of preventative measures at the high risk area
corrective:
- implementation of targeted therapy
- speeding up transportation of game
- reducing time required to implement quarantine measures
- reliable relocation of game
methods of implementation of health surveillance
- collecting data about game (species and number)
- collecting about hunting ground
- abundance of certain game species
- collect about epizootiological situation
- collect specimens of faeces
- implement quarantine measures
- collect samples for diagnostic test
- assessment of stress levels
- necropsy of carcass
- inspection of slaughterhouse
coprological monitoring
- carried out in 2 ways: either joint sample or individual sample
- collection at selected locations
- faeces are collected at game gathering places
- should be fresh. required number is relative to size/number of population
- should represent at least 40% of population
- collected in special plastic containers
- individual sample should be taken twice a year (spring and autumn)
stress level assessment
- major problem with stress, is decreasing immune system and making them susceptible to disease
- done by taking faeces and testing level of cortisol metabolite in faeces
- frozen straight away to prevent further degradation
- immunoenzymatic assay
necropsy
- carry out as many as possible
- dead game is rarely found that is suitable so often based on sanitary and harvesting culling
- prior to necropsy check for either anthrax or rabies
- field necropsy - only be county vet
- wear protective clothing and researcher should have rabies vaccine
advantages of health surveillance
- know the cause of the mortality of morbidity
- prevent critical moments
- safer procedure for handling and transportation
- cheapest prophylaxis
- improving health and quality of game population
field work - health surveillance
- it’s necessary to visit the hunting ground
- need map of ground with drawn positions
- all objects should be marked with numbers
- introduce the members of the society and explain:
> the purpose of it
> what’s the reasonable time window
> who need to do what
> individual and total cost and method of reporting - need to do final report with opinion and advice
sample collection and delivery
- maximum caution is required during sampling
- when rabies suspected:
> small - whole corpse sent
> large - only head, in airtight containers - blood samples be taken in pre-prepared tubes
- samples accompanied by a cover letter
- samples sent by courier, hygiene service deliver or in person
hygiene and sanitary measures
set of measures with a preventive purpose in order to protect wildlife/domestic animals/humans
- partial sanitary culling
- reducing culling of overabundant predaotrs
- removal of stray dogs and cats
- harmless carcass removal
- reclamation measures
- disinfection, disinsection and pest control
sanitary culling
- measure by which game animals with visible signs of disease are excluded from further breeding
- measure is justified only in case if no medical treatment is possible/ not achieve healing
- 2 levels of implementation: single (non expert) or total (vet authorities)
- advantages of sanitary culling is it completely eliminates sick animals and helps to find the cause
- disadvantage, is changes in behaviour doesn’t mean sanitary culling is needed
- single sanitary culling if curing isn’t possible
- total = cannot be avoided in case of severe or highly contagious disease
- hunt rights holder is obliged to report each culling with certificate and proof of disease
first detection of the disease
- easiest and most unreliable is observation and visual assessment but it’s the first step in game animals
- observed from observation points at high seats
- look for thinness, blood, deformities, bad hair coat, etc
- sudden death of large number = infectious disease or poisoning
- reduce the overabundant predator
- remove stray dogs and cats
harmless carcass removal
- to prevent the spread of pathogens
- collect carcass and eliminated the infection or to determine the cause of death
- shipped to incineration plants or necropsy
burying
- simplest way to bury is make it deep enough that animals cannot reach
- should be poured with lime for disinfection purposes
- surface of soil that animal was lying on, also buried
- drained terrain
- pour on with non-slaked/quick lime
- minimum of surface soil layer is 0.5m
- small game at finding site
burning
- depending on season and potential risk of forest fire
- dig a shallow pit
- fold the combustible material
- put on the corpse
- wait until combustion is completed
- bury the pit
disinfection, disinfection and pest control (DDPC)
- for fenced game breeding, it’s important
- PC for forest company to protect oak saplings
- PC by agricultural company to protect crops
- at management facilities
- PC doesn’t eliminate all rodents
- advisable to undergo microbiological and serological monitoring twice a year
- game management practice use fenced hunting grounds….
hunting ground maintenance
activities that are carried out for purpose of improving living conditions, breeding and protection of game speceis
cleaning forest roads + hunting trails
planting woods
sowing of grass mixtures
sowing of cereals
construction of management facilities
management facilities
feeding spots
artificial water sources
salt spots
food storages
collection and wintering centres
fences and bridges
game jump in and out facilities
hunting lodges and huts
hunting (technical) facilities
watchers (observation posts)
hunting stands (shooting posts)
entrenchments (hidden posts)
traps (catch posts)
mess systems
hunting act
- damages shall be the responsibility of hunting rights holder
- hunting rights holder is obliged to take measures to prevent damage that the game can cause same as land users
measures for preventing damages caused by the game
establish and maintain of hunting management capacity (SGC)
- ensuring sufficient food and water
- expulsion of game from endangered land
- use protective measures: fences, electric shepherd,
damages to game
natural calamities: fires, floods, harsh winters, predators, diseases
antrhopogenic influence: poaching, poisoning…
direct: freezing, sub cooling, leg injuries, drowning
indirect: weakening, susceptibility to predators and poachers, inability to eat
birds of prey
impact on the natural breeding process of small game
protected species: hawk, eagle, falcon
furry predators: golden coyote, red fox, Martens, brown bear, wolf, lynx
crime scene
- check landscape appearance, vegetation…
- exclude other causes of mortality
- signs of Predators presence (footprints, etc)
- signs of predator attack (blood on ground)
- method of killing prey
- bear usually opens prey in abdomen/chest, head and body usually in unusual position
- red fox, have small sharp teeth so looks like small shots
game protection measures
- closed season for all game species
- temp hunting restriction
- pest reduction
- preventive health measures
- rescue animals during disasters
definition of wildlife management
sustain their populations and habitats over time, taking into account the socioeconomic needs of human populations and habitats over time
goal of wildlife management
to preserve biodiversity in coexistence with humans
- monitoring: brown bear mortality
- identifying problems: ration of hunted males and females
- action plan: weight limit
population monitoring
distribution
population size
mortality
breeding
genetic diversity
nutrition
movements and activity
health status
methodology
direct: observation, capturing, mortality
indirect: signs of presence (tracks, feces, vocalisation), phototraps
population size estimation
population density
trend
total count/census
incomplete count
capture recapture
negative environmental impacts on brown hare farming
constant use and increasing amount of applied mechanisation, fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture causes irreparable changes in natural habitats of brown hare
species characteristics of brown hare farming
- remarkable fertility
- rapid growth
- timidity
- susceptibility to disease and stress
cage breeding technology for brown hare
farm
- cage for adult couple (feeder, female and male section)
- cage for young
- cage has solid rear part and wire outlet
cage for adult couples
- priority (reproduction, feeding)
- cages for young
- adaptation
- capture and transport
cage types
- Italian type (oversized) with barrier in form of septum
- galvanised thin sheet cage
- construction error - plain wood planks
reproduction of brown hare
special attention of: exterior, health, body condition, temperament and productive properties of ancestors
if breeding pair is acquired from other farm/directly from nature quarantine of 30 days is requires
female fertile at 4-6 months of age
pairs are in reproductive function 3-4 years, but best is 2nd and 3rd
sex determination
mating of hares in cages starts naturally in second 1/2 of jan
1st litter = march/late feb, last in sep, then reproductive rest
average 5-7 litters per year
- young hares spend 23 days with their parents
- after 1st 2 weeks, start solid food intake
- after 23 days, removed and houses in cages for young hares
- 70 days, moved into the polygon for adaptation
adaptation of brown hare
- performed at farm location or in hunting area
- terrain of polygon must be dry, with quality grass cover and covered by protective net
- inside: feeding and fresh water
- natural instincts last minimum 7-10days (self preservation) after that, they’re caught and transported
daily monitoring is required due to entry of predators
capture and transport of brown hare
- after netting capture, they’re placed in transport boxes, which should provide: enough space, sense of safety and good ventilation
- bottom of box mustn’t be slippery
- boxes must be sturdy and made of waterproof material
why would you capture?
research
medical treatment
transport
what is used as baits
food
scent
sound
curiosity
types of nets
fixed
active
double/fixed nets for rabbits
foot snares (steel bar and split groove that acts as throwing mechanisms and throws a wire on the animals food)
cage traps
vehicles, aircrafts
methods of administration of immobilisation
per os
SC/ IM with syringes and needles
inhalation
pole syringe (0.5-3m)
blow pipes
plastic/metal
commercial/home made
1-10m/30m max vol 3ml
cheap, easy to handle, quiet
injection rifle/dart gun
application of anaesthetics and meidcine
powered by gas or gunpowder
range up to 75m
reasons for application of chemical immobilisation
game management: improving production/quality potential of herd
preventing degeneration
to ensure enough safe time to handle animal without any resist or other risk
safe time during and post procedure
necessary basic knowledge of chemical immobilsiation
application methods/technology
application/darting equipment
drug characteristics
pharmacokinetics
behaviour of the animal
animal behaviour - chemical immobilisation
- solitary animal more vcalm
- females are more calm
- environmental concerns
where should you dart an animal?
shoudlders
croup
factors that influence dosage calculation
specific dose - according to game species - mg of active sybstance/1kg bw
individual dose = specific dose x kg
condition, body weight, older animal needs less dosage, environmental conditions
approach and post capture maangement
after induction period carefully approach to animal
physical restrain is recommended
put blindfold on eyes
remove tongue tip out of mouth cavity
measure body temp
use portable pulse capnograph
medical emergencies from chemical immobilisation
- respiratory distress from overdosing active component, obstruction of airways or improper position
- bloat and regurgitation - darting at feeding/drinking point, main risk is aspiration pneumonia
- vomiting - occurs at end of induction period but im ruminants usually at beginning stage
- cardiac arrest - overdosing of active component, immediately administer antagonist
- hyper/hypothermia
prevent all these by using sternal position
drug selection
- neuromuscular blocking drugs
- central acting drugs (mostly opioids, cyclohexmine, alpha 2 agonist)
commonly used drugs for immobilisation
ketamine hydrochloride
tiletamine
xylazine
hoofed animal = etorphyn + xylazine
carnivores = medetomidine + ketamine or ketamine + xylazine
zoletil
- solid analgesia and rapid cataleptic anaesthesia, sedation
- induction: 3-5 min and full action 10-15min
- hypersalivation, hypertension
- combine with atropine sulphate, rompun
- contraindication: damage to heart and respiratory system
- antidote: flumazenil, antisisedan
red deer + fallow deer; immobilisation
drugs: ketamine + xylazine (more)
needle: 1.5x30mm; 2x30mm; 2x40mm plain collared barbed
darts: 1.5ml-3ml-5ml
roe deer
- xylazine
needles; 1.5x20mm, 1.5x25mm, plain collared
dart: 1.5ml
is vert sensitive to xylazine
brown bear
- telazol, ketamine + xylazine
needles: 2x30mm, 2x40mm, plain, collared, barned
1.5ml-5ml dart
don’t use ketamine and xylazine combination when body weight is above 60kg
deer management
natural
fenced areas
farms (10-30 animals.ha)
products of deer
venison
- low in fat, cholesterol and calories
- optimal slaughter 1-2 yr
trophy animals/velvet
- antlers 3-4kg, farms up to 8kg
- chemical composition: minerals, growth factors…
- growth 120 days; removal between day 45 and 60 anaesthesia
- removed antlers are frozen or processed with heat
skin
farm design for deer
sections for:
breeding
calving
males
weaned calves
growing
corrdiros
handling enclosure
mating season of deer
breeding groups kept separately
1male + 40 females
artificial insemination + genetic selection
nutrition of deer
- feed 40% of deer annual weight gain in spring
- pasture based and addition of crops
“dimensions” of pheasant
length’; 70-88cm
wingspan 80cm
weight 900g-1.6kg
average lifespan 1-2yr
pheasant types
common pheasant: feathered ears and a white ring on his neck
Chinese pheasant: feathered ears but no white collar on neck
mongolian pheasant - no feathered ears but has a white ring around his neck
pheasants way of living
- preferred field habitats
- highly daily active animals
- males (3-4) and females (10-30)
pheasant feeding habits
- consumes food of plant and animal origin
daily nutritional requirements of adult pheasants are 70-90g
pheasant reproduction
- polygamous type
- sexual maturiity reach at the end of the 1st year of life
- mating season starts in early spring
- male pheasant does wedding dance
- females always form a nest on the ground ,making sure it’s well sheltered and lay 10-18eggs during the april
combined pheasant breeding
collected eggs are incubated or planted under a domestic chicken
breeded pheasant chickens return to natural habitat at the age of 7 weeks (minimum)
intensive breeding of pheasant
collection, sorting and proper storage of pheasant eggs
egg incuvbation
hatching
breeding of pheasant chickens (3 phases)
formation of breed flock of pheasant
- preparation of individuals of both sexes (selection therapy)
- determination of sex ratio 1M:6F
- ensure peace and protection
- % of fertilisation of eggs in controlled environment is 85-95%
storage of pheasant eggs
- eggs collected 2x a day
- storage in dark, dry and well ventilated room, 10-12C, 60%
- when storage temp increases, hatching ratio decreases
- temp from 17C rolling efficiency is 50%
- eggs in storage can stay max 6 days
- egg selection - lamping and disinfection
incubation of pheasant eggs
- single layer incubators - capacity up to 500 eggs
- multilayer - up to 50,000 eggs
- incubation lasts 21 days
- constant temp 38C
- humidity 60%
- constant ventilation and automatic egg rotation every 2hrs
- inspection on 7th and 18th day
- pecking begins on 21st day, when we move eggs to hatchery
hatching of pheasant eggs
- after 21 days, eggs transferred to hathceries
- chickens hatch, have feathers and can see, temp stays at 38C and humidity increases to 75%
- after hatching, chick stays until it’s dry then transferred to pheasant breeding facilities
breeding of pheasants (3 phases)
1st phase
- in battery system, multi storey cages
- 1sr day of growing in hot batteries 32-33C and every 3 days it decreases by 1C, humidity 55-60%
- on 1st day, chicks dont eat, 1st 4 days in water minerals supplemented
- feeds with starter (28%)
- 4-7th day, antibiotics in drinking water
- 14th day, vaccination
after 14 days = phase 2
- remain up to 35 days of age
- in artificial hens
- chicks fed with grover (22-24% protein)
- get probiotics
- temp decreases from 28C to lower
3rd phase
- transferred to stable aviaries
- remain until age of 7 weeks or 49 days
- fed on finisher (19% protein)
what is a game breeding programme
document that regulates breeding, protection and exploitation of game animals at fenced areas
what’s game protection prgoramme
document that regulates protection of game animals at areas where its prohibited to establish hunting ground
what’s GMP
plan that regulates in detailed management with game species and the hunting ground for a period of 10 years
what are the initial actions necessary for creation of GMP
- act on establishment of the hunting ground
- total surface of the hunting ground
- state and privately owned areas in the hunting ground
- climate characteristics
- vegetation
what can hunting be divided into?
suitable area (hunting productive)
- animals have conditions to live, breed and raise offspring
unsuitable area (hunting non productive)
- game animals can be found but don’t provide conditions for these
both areas can be hunted though
non management areas
- protected parts of nature
- sea and fish ponds with adjacent land
- orchard and vineyard
- natural migration
- mined areas and safety zone 100m
- roads
what are parts of GMP?
introduction
data about hunting ground
management with game and hunting ground
HQI factors for large game species
food and water
vegetation
soil quality
peace
general habitat suitability (climate, field configuration etc)
evaluation of factors: weak, satisfying, good, very good
evaluation of HQI: weak, average, good, very good
sustainable game capacity
number of animals of one species per 100ha o management suitable area
newborn stock
total number of newborns of certain species per year
annual population growth
number of newborns that survives 1st year of life and joins spring stock in the next year
types of hunting ground
lowland
hilly
mountain
mediterranean
without flooding (area is up to 40% of hunting ground)
flooding (over 40% of the hunting ground)
what is wildlife management?
attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using the best available science
includes: game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control
is game breeding?
game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wet being of game and may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of more profitable
manipulative maangement
acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by indirect means (altering food supply etc)
custodial/conservation management
preventive or protective
aim is to minimise external influences
hunting seasons
open season:
- wildlife is allowed to be hunted by law
limited entry
- where number of animals taken is to be tight controlled
closed season:
- wildlife is protected from hunting and is enforced by law
killing vs culling
to kill is to kill
to cull is to pick or take someone or something from a larger group
culling is a strong selection force and can therefor impact the population genetics of a species. process of removing or segregating animals from a breeding stock based on specific trait
hunting license
regulatory or legal mechanism to control hunting
the purpose:
- public safety
- regulation and conservation of wild animals
- regulation of transmission of animal-borne diseases
what’s included in hunting ground/area
game animals: subject of management
hunting ground: as area of management
management: professional methods and techniques of game breeding implemented by game management
nature protection law: wolf, lynx, wild cat, Western Capercaillie
exception in croatian regulation: beaver, Barbary sheep
population structure: sex ratio
primary/natural 1:1
secondary 1:1.2/ 1:1.5 (sex ratio)
tertiary: 1:6
game categories
offspring
yearling
young, juvenilles
middle age
matured (aged)
old
matured game
optimal culling age
- maximum/best trophy and bodyweight period of life
roe deer 6-8 years
red deer 10-14 years
wild boar 6 years
chamois 9 years
wild boar: age structure
yearling 1-2 year
young 3 years
Middle Ages 4-5 years
mature 6 years and over +
roe deer
yearling 1-2 years
young 3- 4 years
middle aged 5-6 years
mature 7 years and over +
game counting
direct: observation, capture, mortality counting
indirectly: traces of presence: prints, faeces, voting, marking signs, photo traps
> continuous = all year long
> census = estimation of abundance at a certain
» spatial census: small and large game
temporal census: specific location over a period of time, repeated at regular intervals
large game - counted three times by so-called “counting position”
pseudo - sample census: counting along transects, foot prints (eg wolf snow tracking)
basic stock
abundance of particular game species at beginning of the hunting year 31st march - 1st April
breeding stock (parent stock)
number of sexually mature game at the beginning of the hunting year
stock of newborn
total number of newborn animals of particular game species in some hunting ground during on going hunting year
annual drop rate
all animals of one game species died by predation, species, disease, weather calamities, poaching
must be calculated before hunting
annual population growth
stock of newborn minus annual drop rate = annual population growth (surplus)
must be determined before shooting season
total stock (fall stock)
consist of basic stock and annual population growth
counting by the beginning of the autumn
key number to calculate annual hunting bag
annual hunting bag
total number of particular game species that might be culled down during hunting season
what does game management plan determines
sustainable game capacity:
- appropriate number of game animals
- optimum/maximum number of individuals of particular
- excessive number of game animals causes habitat devastation
- shortage in number
habitat quality index
- represents the possible/optimal number of particular game species
hunting productive area
- game management suitable area
- parts of the hunting ground where a particular speices of a game has all the natural conditions
hunting unproductive area
- wetlands etc
types of culling
harvesting
- exemption of normally developed and healthy animals from the population
selective
- large game - exemption of nonperspective animals from population write offs
regulating
- to achieve the desired sex ratio
sanitary
- by quantitiy
- single - exmpetion of sick of injured individuals, complete or total
reducting
- exemption of excess individuals regardless of gender and age
- reducing down to the number of sustaintable game capacity
what is the hunting ground
- determined/defined area of land that is a complete natural environment with ecological and other conditions for the breeding, protection, hunting and use of game and it’s part
kind of hunting ground
- by ownership
- by type
private hunting ground:
- established on land owned by a single person or company as well
joint hunting ground:
- hunting ground established on the lands of various owners
state hunting ground
- variant of private hunting ground
- by type:
> open hunting ground
> hunting ground where daily and seasonal
enclosed hunting ground
- hunting area of at least 1,000ha, enclosed by natural or artificial
conditions for establishing a hunting ground
- minumum area (1000/500ha)
- a logical, complete area
- descriptive/recognisable boundaries
area rounding
- process of forming/rounding up the hunting ground
- implemented by a committee of experts
hunting ground boundaries
- natural or artificial
- boundaries of the hunting grounds must be visible
- coastal zone
- boundaries of the hunting grounds cannot be determined, railways, county and local roads
areas where hunting ground cannot be established
it’s forbidden to establish a hunting ground:
- on mined surfaces and safety zone up to 100m wide
- at sea and fish ponds with coastal land required for the use of ponds
- nurseries, orchards, vineyards
areas on which hunting grounds are not established - though they are within the border of the hunting ground
- so called areas excluded from hunting ground
- urbanised area
- roads
- settlements and zone of 100-300m around them
breeding measures
nutrition measures
- nutrition, supplemental feeding, planted areas
game protective measures:
- health measures, hygienic and sanitary measures, game keeping service and poaching eradication
measures of technical improvement
- compensating for habitat shortages and defects
breeding and protection of game includes
- closed seasons for certain game species
- maintaining the established abundance, sex ratio
- introduction and keeping of game in order
- ensure implementation of preventive
wildlife translocation
- hunting
- only healthy individuals should be transported
- offspring should be transported with mothers
- don’t transport different species together
- avoid transport of sedated animals
- transport vehicles: overhead lighting
- transport boxes: material, specific size, no sharp edges, heating/cooling, ventilation
general principles to reduce disease risks
try to avoid moving species outside their historical range
