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Game Breeding > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is health surveillance?

A

set of planned measures in a hunting ground

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2
Q

what are the goals of health surveillance?

A
  • recognise the risk of a disease, its occurrence and possibility to spread over
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3
Q

what are the basic components of health surveillance

A

coprological exams
PM exams
quarantine measures

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4
Q

what is the most common cause for morbidity and mortality of game species?

A

parasitic disease

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5
Q

what should partial necropsy follow?

A

sanitary and harvesting culling

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6
Q

two type of measures in health surveillance

A

preventive:
- understand the situation which needs implementing of preventative measures at the high risk area

corrective:
- implementation of targeted therapy
- speeding up transportation of game
- reducing time required to implement quarantine measures
- reliable relocation of game

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7
Q

methods of implementation of health surveillance

A
  • collecting data about game (species and number)
  • collecting about hunting ground
  • abundance of certain game species
  • collect about epizootiological situation
  • collect specimens of faeces
  • implement quarantine measures
  • collect samples for diagnostic test
  • assessment of stress levels
  • necropsy of carcass
  • inspection of slaughterhouse
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8
Q

coprological monitoring

A
  • carried out in 2 ways: either joint sample or individual sample
  • collection at selected locations
  • faeces are collected at game gathering places
  • should be fresh. required number is relative to size/number of population
  • should represent at least 40% of population
  • collected in special plastic containers
  • individual sample should be taken twice a year (spring and autumn)
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9
Q

stress level assessment

A
  • major problem with stress, is decreasing immune system and making them susceptible to disease
  • done by taking faeces and testing level of cortisol metabolite in faeces
  • frozen straight away to prevent further degradation
  • immunoenzymatic assay
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10
Q

necropsy

A
  • carry out as many as possible
  • dead game is rarely found that is suitable so often based on sanitary and harvesting culling
  • prior to necropsy check for either anthrax or rabies
  • field necropsy - only be county vet
  • wear protective clothing and researcher should have rabies vaccine
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11
Q

advantages of health surveillance

A
  • know the cause of the mortality of morbidity
  • prevent critical moments
  • safer procedure for handling and transportation
  • cheapest prophylaxis
  • improving health and quality of game population
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12
Q

field work - health surveillance

A
  • it’s necessary to visit the hunting ground
  • need map of ground with drawn positions
  • all objects should be marked with numbers
  • introduce the members of the society and explain:
    > the purpose of it
    > what’s the reasonable time window
    > who need to do what
    > individual and total cost and method of reporting
  • need to do final report with opinion and advice
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13
Q

sample collection and delivery

A
  • maximum caution is required during sampling
  • when rabies suspected:
    > small - whole corpse sent
    > large - only head, in airtight containers
  • blood samples be taken in pre-prepared tubes
  • samples accompanied by a cover letter
  • samples sent by courier, hygiene service deliver or in person
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14
Q

hygiene and sanitary measures

A

set of measures with a preventive purpose in order to protect wildlife/domestic animals/humans

  • partial sanitary culling
  • reducing culling of overabundant predaotrs
  • removal of stray dogs and cats
  • harmless carcass removal
  • reclamation measures
  • disinfection, disinsection and pest control
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15
Q

sanitary culling

A
  • measure by which game animals with visible signs of disease are excluded from further breeding
  • measure is justified only in case if no medical treatment is possible/ not achieve healing
  • 2 levels of implementation: single (non expert) or total (vet authorities)
  • advantages of sanitary culling is it completely eliminates sick animals and helps to find the cause
  • disadvantage, is changes in behaviour doesn’t mean sanitary culling is needed
  • single sanitary culling if curing isn’t possible
  • total = cannot be avoided in case of severe or highly contagious disease
  • hunt rights holder is obliged to report each culling with certificate and proof of disease
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16
Q

first detection of the disease

A
  • easiest and most unreliable is observation and visual assessment but it’s the first step in game animals
  • observed from observation points at high seats
  • look for thinness, blood, deformities, bad hair coat, etc
  • sudden death of large number = infectious disease or poisoning
  • reduce the overabundant predator
  • remove stray dogs and cats
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17
Q

harmless carcass removal

A
  • to prevent the spread of pathogens
  • collect carcass and eliminated the infection or to determine the cause of death
  • shipped to incineration plants or necropsy
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18
Q

burying

A
  • simplest way to bury is make it deep enough that animals cannot reach
  • should be poured with lime for disinfection purposes
  • surface of soil that animal was lying on, also buried
  • drained terrain
  • pour on with non-slaked/quick lime
  • minimum of surface soil layer is 0.5m
  • small game at finding site
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19
Q

burning

A
  • depending on season and potential risk of forest fire
  • dig a shallow pit
  • fold the combustible material
  • put on the corpse
  • wait until combustion is completed
  • bury the pit
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20
Q

disinfection, disinfection and pest control (DDPC)

A
  • for fenced game breeding, it’s important
  • PC for forest company to protect oak saplings
  • PC by agricultural company to protect crops
  • at management facilities
  • PC doesn’t eliminate all rodents
  • advisable to undergo microbiological and serological monitoring twice a year
  • game management practice use fenced hunting grounds….
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21
Q

hunting ground maintenance

A

activities that are carried out for purpose of improving living conditions, breeding and protection of game speceis

cleaning forest roads + hunting trails
planting woods
sowing of grass mixtures
sowing of cereals
construction of management facilities

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22
Q

management facilities

A

feeding spots
artificial water sources
salt spots
food storages
collection and wintering centres
fences and bridges
game jump in and out facilities
hunting lodges and huts

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23
Q

hunting (technical) facilities

A

watchers (observation posts)
hunting stands (shooting posts)
entrenchments (hidden posts)
traps (catch posts)
mess systems

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24
Q

hunting act

A
  • damages shall be the responsibility of hunting rights holder
  • hunting rights holder is obliged to take measures to prevent damage that the game can cause same as land users
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25
Q

measures for preventing damages caused by the game

A

establish and maintain of hunting management capacity (SGC)
- ensuring sufficient food and water
- expulsion of game from endangered land
- use protective measures: fences, electric shepherd,

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26
Q

damages to game

A

natural calamities: fires, floods, harsh winters, predators, diseases

antrhopogenic influence: poaching, poisoning…

direct: freezing, sub cooling, leg injuries, drowning

indirect: weakening, susceptibility to predators and poachers, inability to eat

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27
Q

birds of prey

A

impact on the natural breeding process of small game
protected species: hawk, eagle, falcon

furry predators: golden coyote, red fox, Martens, brown bear, wolf, lynx

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28
Q

crime scene

A
  • check landscape appearance, vegetation…
  • exclude other causes of mortality
  • signs of Predators presence (footprints, etc)
  • signs of predator attack (blood on ground)
  • method of killing prey
  • bear usually opens prey in abdomen/chest, head and body usually in unusual position
  • red fox, have small sharp teeth so looks like small shots
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29
Q

game protection measures

A
  • closed season for all game species
  • temp hunting restriction
  • pest reduction
  • preventive health measures
  • rescue animals during disasters
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30
Q

definition of wildlife management

A

sustain their populations and habitats over time, taking into account the socioeconomic needs of human populations and habitats over time

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31
Q

goal of wildlife management

A

to preserve biodiversity in coexistence with humans
- monitoring: brown bear mortality
- identifying problems: ration of hunted males and females
- action plan: weight limit

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32
Q

population monitoring

A

distribution
population size
mortality
breeding
genetic diversity
nutrition
movements and activity
health status

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33
Q

methodology

A

direct: observation, capturing, mortality
indirect: signs of presence (tracks, feces, vocalisation), phototraps

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34
Q

population size estimation

A

population density
trend
total count/census
incomplete count
capture recapture

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35
Q

negative environmental impacts on brown hare farming

A

constant use and increasing amount of applied mechanisation, fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture causes irreparable changes in natural habitats of brown hare

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36
Q

species characteristics of brown hare farming

A
  • remarkable fertility
  • rapid growth
  • timidity
  • susceptibility to disease and stress
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37
Q

cage breeding technology for brown hare

A

farm
- cage for adult couple (feeder, female and male section)
- cage for young
- cage has solid rear part and wire outlet

cage for adult couples
- priority (reproduction, feeding)
- cages for young
- adaptation
- capture and transport

cage types
- Italian type (oversized) with barrier in form of septum
- galvanised thin sheet cage
- construction error - plain wood planks

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38
Q

reproduction of brown hare

A

special attention of: exterior, health, body condition, temperament and productive properties of ancestors

if breeding pair is acquired from other farm/directly from nature quarantine of 30 days is requires

female fertile at 4-6 months of age

pairs are in reproductive function 3-4 years, but best is 2nd and 3rd

sex determination

mating of hares in cages starts naturally in second 1/2 of jan

1st litter = march/late feb, last in sep, then reproductive rest

average 5-7 litters per year

  • young hares spend 23 days with their parents
  • after 1st 2 weeks, start solid food intake
  • after 23 days, removed and houses in cages for young hares
  • 70 days, moved into the polygon for adaptation
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39
Q

adaptation of brown hare

A
  • performed at farm location or in hunting area
  • terrain of polygon must be dry, with quality grass cover and covered by protective net
  • inside: feeding and fresh water
  • natural instincts last minimum 7-10days (self preservation) after that, they’re caught and transported
    daily monitoring is required due to entry of predators
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40
Q

capture and transport of brown hare

A
  • after netting capture, they’re placed in transport boxes, which should provide: enough space, sense of safety and good ventilation
  • bottom of box mustn’t be slippery
  • boxes must be sturdy and made of waterproof material
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41
Q

why would you capture?

A

research
medical treatment
transport

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42
Q

what is used as baits

A

food
scent
sound
curiosity

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43
Q

types of nets

A

fixed
active
double/fixed nets for rabbits
foot snares (steel bar and split groove that acts as throwing mechanisms and throws a wire on the animals food)
cage traps
vehicles, aircrafts

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44
Q

methods of administration of immobilisation

A

per os
SC/ IM with syringes and needles
inhalation
pole syringe (0.5-3m)

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45
Q

blow pipes

A

plastic/metal
commercial/home made
1-10m/30m max vol 3ml
cheap, easy to handle, quiet

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46
Q

injection rifle/dart gun

A

application of anaesthetics and meidcine
powered by gas or gunpowder
range up to 75m

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47
Q

reasons for application of chemical immobilisation

A

game management: improving production/quality potential of herd

preventing degeneration

to ensure enough safe time to handle animal without any resist or other risk

safe time during and post procedure

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48
Q

necessary basic knowledge of chemical immobilsiation

A

application methods/technology
application/darting equipment
drug characteristics
pharmacokinetics
behaviour of the animal

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49
Q

animal behaviour - chemical immobilisation

A
  • solitary animal more vcalm
  • females are more calm
  • environmental concerns
50
Q

where should you dart an animal?

A

shoudlders
croup

51
Q

factors that influence dosage calculation

A

specific dose - according to game species - mg of active sybstance/1kg bw

individual dose = specific dose x kg

condition, body weight, older animal needs less dosage, environmental conditions

52
Q

approach and post capture maangement

A

after induction period carefully approach to animal

physical restrain is recommended

put blindfold on eyes
remove tongue tip out of mouth cavity
measure body temp
use portable pulse capnograph

53
Q

medical emergencies from chemical immobilisation

A
  • respiratory distress from overdosing active component, obstruction of airways or improper position
  • bloat and regurgitation - darting at feeding/drinking point, main risk is aspiration pneumonia
  • vomiting - occurs at end of induction period but im ruminants usually at beginning stage
  • cardiac arrest - overdosing of active component, immediately administer antagonist
  • hyper/hypothermia

prevent all these by using sternal position

54
Q

drug selection

A
  1. neuromuscular blocking drugs
  2. central acting drugs (mostly opioids, cyclohexmine, alpha 2 agonist)
55
Q

commonly used drugs for immobilisation

A

ketamine hydrochloride
tiletamine
xylazine

hoofed animal = etorphyn + xylazine
carnivores = medetomidine + ketamine or ketamine + xylazine

56
Q

zoletil

A
  • solid analgesia and rapid cataleptic anaesthesia, sedation
  • induction: 3-5 min and full action 10-15min
  • hypersalivation, hypertension
  • combine with atropine sulphate, rompun
  • contraindication: damage to heart and respiratory system
  • antidote: flumazenil, antisisedan
57
Q

red deer + fallow deer; immobilisation

A

drugs: ketamine + xylazine (more)
needle: 1.5x30mm; 2x30mm; 2x40mm plain collared barbed
darts: 1.5ml-3ml-5ml

58
Q

roe deer

A
  • xylazine
    needles; 1.5x20mm, 1.5x25mm, plain collared
    dart: 1.5ml
    is vert sensitive to xylazine
59
Q

brown bear

A
  • telazol, ketamine + xylazine
    needles: 2x30mm, 2x40mm, plain, collared, barned
    1.5ml-5ml dart
    don’t use ketamine and xylazine combination when body weight is above 60kg
60
Q

deer management

A

natural
fenced areas
farms (10-30 animals.ha)

61
Q

products of deer

A

venison
- low in fat, cholesterol and calories
- optimal slaughter 1-2 yr

trophy animals/velvet
- antlers 3-4kg, farms up to 8kg
- chemical composition: minerals, growth factors…
- growth 120 days; removal between day 45 and 60 anaesthesia
- removed antlers are frozen or processed with heat

skin

62
Q

farm design for deer

A

sections for:
breeding
calving
males
weaned calves
growing
corrdiros
handling enclosure

63
Q

mating season of deer

A

breeding groups kept separately
1male + 40 females
artificial insemination + genetic selection

64
Q

nutrition of deer

A
  • feed 40% of deer annual weight gain in spring
  • pasture based and addition of crops
65
Q

“dimensions” of pheasant

A

length’; 70-88cm
wingspan 80cm
weight 900g-1.6kg
average lifespan 1-2yr

66
Q

pheasant types

A

common pheasant: feathered ears and a white ring on his neck

Chinese pheasant: feathered ears but no white collar on neck

mongolian pheasant - no feathered ears but has a white ring around his neck

67
Q

pheasants way of living

A
  • preferred field habitats
  • highly daily active animals
  • males (3-4) and females (10-30)
68
Q

pheasant feeding habits

A
  • consumes food of plant and animal origin
    daily nutritional requirements of adult pheasants are 70-90g
69
Q

pheasant reproduction

A
  • polygamous type
  • sexual maturiity reach at the end of the 1st year of life
  • mating season starts in early spring
  • male pheasant does wedding dance
  • females always form a nest on the ground ,making sure it’s well sheltered and lay 10-18eggs during the april
70
Q

combined pheasant breeding

A

collected eggs are incubated or planted under a domestic chicken
breeded pheasant chickens return to natural habitat at the age of 7 weeks (minimum)

71
Q

intensive breeding of pheasant

A

collection, sorting and proper storage of pheasant eggs
egg incuvbation
hatching
breeding of pheasant chickens (3 phases)

72
Q

formation of breed flock of pheasant

A
  • preparation of individuals of both sexes (selection therapy)
  • determination of sex ratio 1M:6F
  • ensure peace and protection
  • % of fertilisation of eggs in controlled environment is 85-95%
73
Q

storage of pheasant eggs

A
  • eggs collected 2x a day
  • storage in dark, dry and well ventilated room, 10-12C, 60%
  • when storage temp increases, hatching ratio decreases
  • temp from 17C rolling efficiency is 50%
  • eggs in storage can stay max 6 days
  • egg selection - lamping and disinfection
74
Q

incubation of pheasant eggs

A
  • single layer incubators - capacity up to 500 eggs
  • multilayer - up to 50,000 eggs
  • incubation lasts 21 days
  • constant temp 38C
  • humidity 60%
  • constant ventilation and automatic egg rotation every 2hrs
  • inspection on 7th and 18th day
  • pecking begins on 21st day, when we move eggs to hatchery
75
Q

hatching of pheasant eggs

A
  • after 21 days, eggs transferred to hathceries
  • chickens hatch, have feathers and can see, temp stays at 38C and humidity increases to 75%
  • after hatching, chick stays until it’s dry then transferred to pheasant breeding facilities
76
Q

breeding of pheasants (3 phases)

A

1st phase
- in battery system, multi storey cages
- 1sr day of growing in hot batteries 32-33C and every 3 days it decreases by 1C, humidity 55-60%
- on 1st day, chicks dont eat, 1st 4 days in water minerals supplemented
- feeds with starter (28%)
- 4-7th day, antibiotics in drinking water
- 14th day, vaccination

after 14 days = phase 2
- remain up to 35 days of age
- in artificial hens
- chicks fed with grover (22-24% protein)
- get probiotics
- temp decreases from 28C to lower

3rd phase
- transferred to stable aviaries
- remain until age of 7 weeks or 49 days
- fed on finisher (19% protein)

77
Q

what is a game breeding programme

A

document that regulates breeding, protection and exploitation of game animals at fenced areas

78
Q

what’s game protection prgoramme

A

document that regulates protection of game animals at areas where its prohibited to establish hunting ground

79
Q

what’s GMP

A

plan that regulates in detailed management with game species and the hunting ground for a period of 10 years

80
Q

what are the initial actions necessary for creation of GMP

A
  • act on establishment of the hunting ground
  • total surface of the hunting ground
  • state and privately owned areas in the hunting ground
  • climate characteristics
  • vegetation
81
Q

what can hunting be divided into?

A

suitable area (hunting productive)
- animals have conditions to live, breed and raise offspring

unsuitable area (hunting non productive)
- game animals can be found but don’t provide conditions for these

both areas can be hunted though

82
Q

non management areas

A
  • protected parts of nature
  • sea and fish ponds with adjacent land
  • orchard and vineyard
  • natural migration
  • mined areas and safety zone 100m
  • roads
83
Q

what are parts of GMP?

A

introduction
data about hunting ground
management with game and hunting ground

84
Q

HQI factors for large game species

A

food and water
vegetation
soil quality
peace
general habitat suitability (climate, field configuration etc)

evaluation of factors: weak, satisfying, good, very good
evaluation of HQI: weak, average, good, very good

85
Q

sustainable game capacity

A

number of animals of one species per 100ha o management suitable area

86
Q

newborn stock

A

total number of newborns of certain species per year

87
Q

annual population growth

A

number of newborns that survives 1st year of life and joins spring stock in the next year

88
Q

types of hunting ground

A

lowland
hilly
mountain
mediterranean
without flooding (area is up to 40% of hunting ground)
flooding (over 40% of the hunting ground)

89
Q

what is wildlife management?

A

attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using the best available science

includes: game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control

90
Q

is game breeding?

A

game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wet being of game and may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of more profitable

91
Q

manipulative maangement

A

acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by indirect means (altering food supply etc)

92
Q

custodial/conservation management

A

preventive or protective
aim is to minimise external influences

93
Q

hunting seasons

A

open season:
- wildlife is allowed to be hunted by law

limited entry
- where number of animals taken is to be tight controlled

closed season:
- wildlife is protected from hunting and is enforced by law

94
Q

killing vs culling

A

to kill is to kill

to cull is to pick or take someone or something from a larger group

culling is a strong selection force and can therefor impact the population genetics of a species. process of removing or segregating animals from a breeding stock based on specific trait

95
Q

hunting license

A

regulatory or legal mechanism to control hunting

the purpose:
- public safety
- regulation and conservation of wild animals
- regulation of transmission of animal-borne diseases

96
Q

what’s included in hunting ground/area

A

game animals: subject of management

hunting ground: as area of management

management: professional methods and techniques of game breeding implemented by game management

nature protection law: wolf, lynx, wild cat, Western Capercaillie

exception in croatian regulation: beaver, Barbary sheep

97
Q

population structure: sex ratio

A

primary/natural 1:1
secondary 1:1.2/ 1:1.5 (sex ratio)
tertiary: 1:6

98
Q

game categories

A

offspring
yearling
young, juvenilles
middle age
matured (aged)
old

99
Q

matured game

A

optimal culling age
- maximum/best trophy and bodyweight period of life
roe deer 6-8 years
red deer 10-14 years
wild boar 6 years
chamois 9 years

100
Q

wild boar: age structure

A

yearling 1-2 year
young 3 years
Middle Ages 4-5 years
mature 6 years and over +

101
Q

roe deer

A

yearling 1-2 years
young 3- 4 years
middle aged 5-6 years
mature 7 years and over +

102
Q

game counting

A

direct: observation, capture, mortality counting

indirectly: traces of presence: prints, faeces, voting, marking signs, photo traps
> continuous = all year long
> census = estimation of abundance at a certain
» spatial census: small and large game

temporal census: specific location over a period of time, repeated at regular intervals

large game - counted three times by so-called “counting position”
pseudo - sample census: counting along transects, foot prints (eg wolf snow tracking)

103
Q

basic stock

A

abundance of particular game species at beginning of the hunting year 31st march - 1st April

104
Q

breeding stock (parent stock)

A

number of sexually mature game at the beginning of the hunting year

105
Q

stock of newborn

A

total number of newborn animals of particular game species in some hunting ground during on going hunting year

106
Q

annual drop rate

A

all animals of one game species died by predation, species, disease, weather calamities, poaching

must be calculated before hunting

107
Q

annual population growth

A

stock of newborn minus annual drop rate = annual population growth (surplus)

must be determined before shooting season

108
Q

total stock (fall stock)

A

consist of basic stock and annual population growth

counting by the beginning of the autumn

key number to calculate annual hunting bag

109
Q

annual hunting bag

A

total number of particular game species that might be culled down during hunting season

110
Q

what does game management plan determines

A

sustainable game capacity:
- appropriate number of game animals
- optimum/maximum number of individuals of particular
- excessive number of game animals causes habitat devastation
- shortage in number

habitat quality index
- represents the possible/optimal number of particular game species

hunting productive area
- game management suitable area
- parts of the hunting ground where a particular speices of a game has all the natural conditions

hunting unproductive area
- wetlands etc

111
Q

types of culling

A

harvesting
- exemption of normally developed and healthy animals from the population

selective
- large game - exemption of nonperspective animals from population write offs

regulating
- to achieve the desired sex ratio

sanitary
- by quantitiy
- single - exmpetion of sick of injured individuals, complete or total

reducting
- exemption of excess individuals regardless of gender and age
- reducing down to the number of sustaintable game capacity

112
Q

what is the hunting ground

A
  • determined/defined area of land that is a complete natural environment with ecological and other conditions for the breeding, protection, hunting and use of game and it’s part

kind of hunting ground
- by ownership
- by type

private hunting ground:
- established on land owned by a single person or company as well

joint hunting ground:
- hunting ground established on the lands of various owners

state hunting ground
- variant of private hunting ground
- by type:
> open hunting ground
> hunting ground where daily and seasonal

enclosed hunting ground
- hunting area of at least 1,000ha, enclosed by natural or artificial

113
Q

conditions for establishing a hunting ground

A
  • minumum area (1000/500ha)
  • a logical, complete area
  • descriptive/recognisable boundaries
114
Q

area rounding

A
  • process of forming/rounding up the hunting ground
  • implemented by a committee of experts
115
Q

hunting ground boundaries

A
  • natural or artificial
  • boundaries of the hunting grounds must be visible
  • coastal zone
  • boundaries of the hunting grounds cannot be determined, railways, county and local roads
116
Q

areas where hunting ground cannot be established

A

it’s forbidden to establish a hunting ground:
- on mined surfaces and safety zone up to 100m wide
- at sea and fish ponds with coastal land required for the use of ponds
- nurseries, orchards, vineyards

117
Q

areas on which hunting grounds are not established - though they are within the border of the hunting ground

A
  • so called areas excluded from hunting ground
  • urbanised area
  • roads
  • settlements and zone of 100-300m around them
118
Q

breeding measures

A

nutrition measures
- nutrition, supplemental feeding, planted areas

game protective measures:
- health measures, hygienic and sanitary measures, game keeping service and poaching eradication

measures of technical improvement
- compensating for habitat shortages and defects

119
Q

breeding and protection of game includes

A
  • closed seasons for certain game species
  • maintaining the established abundance, sex ratio
  • introduction and keeping of game in order
  • ensure implementation of preventive
120
Q

wildlife translocation

A
  • hunting
  • only healthy individuals should be transported
  • offspring should be transported with mothers
  • don’t transport different species together
  • avoid transport of sedated animals
  • transport vehicles: overhead lighting
  • transport boxes: material, specific size, no sharp edges, heating/cooling, ventilation
121
Q

general principles to reduce disease risks

A

try to avoid moving species outside their historical range

Game Breeding (2 decks)

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