Final Flashcards
1
Q
Stressors definition
A
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the persons well being
2
Q
Stress definition
A
The physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
3
Q
Definition of health psychology
A
The subfield of psychology concerned with how psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
4
Q
What did Holmes and Rahe discover about stressful events and illness?
A
Major life changes cause stress and that increased stress causes illness.
It was also found that negative and positive events cause stress
5
Q
Chronic stressors definition
A
Sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly
6
Q
What are some examples of chronic stressors
A
Social relationships, noise, traffic, crowding, pollution, threat of violence
Spawned environmental psychology (stress linked to environment)
7
Q
What did the glass and singer experiment testing effects of loud noise on performance when it could or couldn’t be stopped reveal about perceived control on stress?
A
People and monkeys are much better at dealing with stress when they have perceived control over the stress
8
Q
What did 9/11 reveal about stress and brain composition?
A
People exposed to attack suffered a long term reduction in the size of emotion parts of the brain. Furthermore, people more exposed to attack suffered more heart problems and ptsd symptoms.
9
Q
Flight or fight response
A
An emotional and physiological reaction to and emergency that increases readiness for action
10
Q
How does fight or flight work
A
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland which releases ACHT hormone. ACHT stimulates adrenal glands that release the hormones cortisol and catecholamines in order to respond to threat.
11
Q
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) defined by selye
A
Three stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
12
Q
What are the three stages to GAS and what do they consist of?
A
Alarm phase: body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to threat (like flight of fight)
Resistance phase: body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with stressor (digestion, growth and sex drive stall)
Exhaustion phase: body’s resistance collapses. The resistances cause gradual damage as they operate causing negative side effects.
13
Q
What is the relationship between stress and aging?
A
Stress significantly accelerates the aging process.
14
Q
Telomeres and telomerase definitions
A
Telomeres: Caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent the chromosomes from sticking to each other
Telomerase: an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres at the tips of chromosomes
15
Q
How does stress accelerate aging?
A
Cortisol produced during flight of fight response reduces activity of telomerase, leading to shortened telomeres acceleration aging and risk of health complications.
16
Q
Immune system definition
A
A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
17
Q
Lymphocytes
A
White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection
18
Q
What did the study of volunteers receiving small wounds to the roof of the mouth reveal about stress and the immune system?
A
The wounds healed faster on vacation than during and exam period. This reveals that stress can wear on the immune system.
19
Q
How does the effect of stress on the immune system explain why social status is related to health?
A
Stress of living life at the bottoms levels of society increases the risk of infection by weakening the immune system.
20
Q
What did the study of US military veterans that had experienced combat vs not reveal about the affects of stress on cardiovascular health?
A
Veterans who had experienced combat had 93% higher odds of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) than those who did not.
21
Q
How does stress promote CHD
A
Stress increases blood pressure which gradually damages blood vessels. The damages vessels accumulate plaque, making you more prone to CHD.
22
Q
Type A behaviour pattern and type B
A
Type A : A tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.
Type B: less driven behaviour pattern
23
Q
What did the Friedman and Ray study on type A and B men reveal about behaviour on cardiovascular health?
A
Out of the men that had heart attacks in the sample, 2/3 had a type A behaviour pattern.
24
Q
What is the number one trait that determines susceptibility to heart disease?
A
Tendency to respond to stressful events with hostility
25
How do we interpret stress?
First primary appraisal: interpretation of a stimulus as being stressful or not
The secondary appraisal: determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not; that is, whether you have perceived control over it
26
The boys responds differently depending one whether the stressor is perceived as a threat or challenge. What is the difference and what does this allude to?
Both threats and challenges raise the heart rate, but threats increase vascular reactivity (high blood pressure). For example when students were able to change the threat of an exam into a challenge, their test performance was improved.
27
Burnout definition
A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from long term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation (chronic stress leads to burnout).
28
Repressive coping
Avoiding feelings, thoughts, or situations that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
29
Rational coping
Facing the stressor and working to overcome it
30
What is the three step process of rational coping?
Acceptance: coming to realize that the stressor exists and cannot be wished away.
Exposure: attending to the stressor, thinking about it, and even seeking it out
Understanding: working to find the meaning of the stressor in your life
31
Prolonged exposure technique
Recording a verbal account if the stressful event and then listening to the recording daily. Proved to be very effective.
32
Reframing definition
Involves finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat. Only effective for moderately stressful situations.
33
Stress inoculation training (SIT)
Reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations.
34
Meditation
The practice of intentional contemplation. Helps to manage stress.
35
Relaxation therapy
A technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body
36
Relaxation response
A condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Can be caused by relaxation therapy.
37
Biofeedback
The use of external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and then to possibly gain control over that function. Developed with the goal of high tech relaxation in mind.
38
How useful is biofeedback
It has proven to be a useful technique for increasing relaxation and decreasing chronic pain. People who do not benefit from relaxation therapy may find that biofeedback provides a useful alternative
39
What do studies indicate about aerobic exercise?
It is Associated with psychological well being.
Then revealed that exercise is as effective as the strongest interventions for depression and even shows positive mental health benefits for individuals with schizophrenia.
40
Social support definition (aid in time of stress)
Aid gained through interacting with others
41
Examples of how social support can help:
-intimate partner can help you remember to exercise, follow doctors orders and eat well.
-talking out problems with friends an offer many benefits
-sharing tasks can help to reduce work and worry in each others lives
42
How does the value of social support in protecting against stress differ for men and women?
Flight or fight may be largely a male reaction. Female response to stress is to tend and befriend, due to a release of oxytocin. Prompts females to speak to others and nurture others in response to stress.
43
How does religion play a part in health?
Religiously and spirituality have been observed to lower rates of heart disease, decrease chronic pain, and improved psychological health.
44
Why does religion and spirituality imply better health?
-leads to the development of a stronger and more extensive social network, which has known health benefits.
-following healthy recommendations offered in many religious and spiritual teachings.
45
Is humour effective is coping with stress?
Humour can reduce sensitivity to pain and distress, and reduce the time needed to calm down after a stressful even BUT the effects of humour do not accumulate to improve health and longevity.
46
Is procrastination a problem?
Although many procrastinators defend this practice by claiming they tend to work best under pressure, among students, higher levels of procrastination are associated with poorer academic performance and higher levels of psychological distress.
This leads birth to higher levels of hypertension and cardiovascular disease
47
Sickness response
Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to I’ll was organized by the brain.
48
How does the sickness response work?
The immune systems response to an infection begins with the activation of the white blood cells that eat microbes and release cytokines. Cytokines are proteins that that communicate with other white blood cells and the brain.
49
What did the experiment of exposing volunteers to pain, observing the amount of pain they reported and FMRI brain scans reveal about how people can report on pain?
People can accurately report on the extent to which they experience pain
50
Psychosomatic illness
Interaction between mind and body that can produce illness
51
Somatic symptom disorders
A person with at-least one bodily symptom displays significant health related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms and health concerns.
52
Sick role
A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness
53
Malingering
A type of behaviour where a person fakes medical or psychological symptoms to achieve something they want
54
What are the keys to an effective medical care interaction between the patient and practitioner?
1) physician empathy (acknowledge patients emotions)
2) motivating the patient to follow the prescribed regimen of care (involves psychology)
55
True or false? Optimism strongly predicts a positive outcome for cardiovascular health
True
56
How does optimism improve psychological health and reduce health issues?
Rather than improving health directly, optimism aids in the maintenance of psychological health in the face of physical problems.
It also aids in the maintenance of physical health. Optimistic people tend to engage in healthier behaviours which promote health and decrease risk of heart disease.
57
Hardiness
Individuals who respond to stress with commitment (ability to become involved in life’s tasks and encounters), belief of control (expectation that their actions and words have a causal influence over their lives), and willingness to accept challenge (undertaking change and accepting opportunities for growth)
58
True or false? Hardiness reduces your likelihood of illness
True
59
Self regulation
The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards
60
What’s is an important finding relating to self regulation
Self control is a kind of strength that can be fatigued
61
What is the suspected reason to why people in France are leaner than North Americans?
1) Activity level in France is higher
2) People in France take more time to finish their smaller meals
62
How does stress affect wasting habits?
Dieting doesn’t work because the process of conscious self regulation can easily be undermined by stress, causing people who are trying to control themselves to lose control by overindulging in the very behaviour they had been trying to overcome.
63
Why do people aware of the dangers of unprotected sex still take risks?
Illusion of unique invulnerability: a systematic bias towards believing that they are less likely to fall victim to the problem than are others.
64
How can we reduce sexual risk taking?
Sex education programs
65
True or false? Alike other forms of self regulation, the resolve to quit smoking is fragile and seems to break down under stress
True
66
Mental disorder
Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
67
Medical model definition
An approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined by symptoms and possible cures
68
How are mental disorders diagnosed by clinicians ( what do they assess?)
Signs: objectively observed indicators of a disorder
Symptoms: subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts, and emotions
That suggest an underlying illness
69
Disorder definition
A common set of signs and symptoms
70
Disease definition
Know pathological process affecting the body
71
Diagnoses definition
A determination as to weather a disorder or disease is present
72
What must we bear in mind when we know that a disorder is present?
Does not necessarily mean that we know the underlying disease process in the body that gives rise to signs and symptoms of the disorder
73
What are some criticism of the medical model of mental disorders?
-inappropriate to use clients subjective self reports rather than tests of pathology to determine underlying illness.
-medicalizes normal human behaviour
74
What are the two established systems for classifying mental disorders?
International classification of diseases (ICD-10)
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (DSM) - used most widely in North America.
75
What is the DSM?
A classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. (new editions have very detailed lists of symptoms increasing consistency and reliability)
76
What consists inside of recent edition DSM-5
22 major categories containing more than 200 different mental disorders. Specific criteria must be met in order for a person to be diagnosed with each disorder.
77
What is comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
78
What did the 2007 study of mental disorder around the world reveal?
The major mental disorders seen in North America appear similarly in countries and cultures all over the world. Depression and anxiety are the most common.
79
How does the DSM-5 address the fact that cultural context can influence how mental disorders are experienced, assessed, described, and treated?
It includes a section containing a cultural formulation interview (CFI). It includes 16 questions that the clinician asks a client during a mental health assessment to help the clinician understand how the clients culture might influence the experience of their mental disorder.
80
How is the medical model useful for the causation of mental disorders?
-diagnosis highlights specific causes that may exist (etiology)
-category of mental disorder may have a common prognosis (susceptibility to treatment and cure)
81
Biopsychosocial perspective definition
Explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors
82
Describe the three interacting factors in biopsychological perspective
Biological side: genetic and epigenetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure and function.
Psychological perspective: maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems
Social factors: poor socialization, stressful life experiences, and cultural and social inequities.
83
Diathesis-stress model definition
(Given rise to realization that mental disorders have both internal and external causes)
A person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.
84
Research Domain criteria project (RDoC) definition
A new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them (not intended to replaces DSM/ICD but to inform revisions)
85
What was the hope of the RDoC?
To shift researchers away from studying currently defined DSM/ICD categories and towards the study of dimensional biopsychosocial processes called constructs (like fear and anxiety, which are grouped in domains) that lead to mental disorders.
Classify disorders on basis of underlying causes rather than observed symptoms.
86
What is a danger of labelling psychological disorders?
Psychiatries labels can hav negative consequences because many carry the baggage of negative stereotypes and stigma (why many do not seek treatment)
87
Anxiety disorder
The class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature
88
Phobic disorders
Marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations (claustrophobia).
89
Specific phobia
Irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function (animals, natural environments, situations, blood/injections/injury, and other phobias)
90
Social phobia
Irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed (can be restricted to certain situations)
91
Preparedness theory of phobias
People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears
92
What are the factors that play a role in vulnerability to phobias?
-heritability
-temperament
-neurobiological factors
93
True or false, people with social phobia report feeling much more distressed than those without it during social evaluation, but actually no more physiologically aroused than others suggesting that social phobia may be due to a persons subjective experience rather than abnormal physiological stress response.
True
94
Panic disorder
Sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling or stark terror.
95
What are some symptoms of a panic attack?
-shortness of breath
-heart palpitations
-sweating
-dizziness
-depersonalizations
-derealization
-fear of death/ craziness
96
Agoraphobia
A specific phobia involving a fear of public places (fear something terrible will happen while in a public place)
97
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Not focused on any particular threat (more general)
98
where is GAD especially prevalent?
In people who have low incomes, live in large cities, face environments that are rendered unpredictable by political and economic strife
99
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning.
100
OCD is highly heritable. What is the brain circuit that is highly active in people with OCD?
Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop, which is involved in habitual behaviour.
101
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Reaction to traumatic or stressful events.
Characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
102
What are the important neural correlates of PTSD?
Those with PTSD show:
-heightened activity in amygdala
-decreased activity in medial pre-frontal cortex
-smaller sized hippocampus
103
True or false, those born with smaller hippocampus’ are more susceptible to PTSD?
True
104
Mood disorders
Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature and take two main forms: depression and bipolar disorder
105
major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression) usually called just “depression”
A severe depressed mood and or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance.
106
Persistent depressive disorder
The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at-least 2 years.
107
Double depression
Moderately depressed mood that persists for at-least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.
Basically a combo of major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.
108
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern (usually in winter due to reduced light)
109
Why are women more susceptible to depression?
-Lower socioeconomic standing
-hormones
-greater willingness to seek help and receive diagnoses
110
Postpartum depression
Depression following childbirth due to changing hormone balances.
111
What were the important findings that came out of the recent meta analysis of 24 brain imaging studies on depression?
When viewing negative stimuli, people suffering from depression showed:
-increased activity in regions of the brain associated with processing emotional information
-decreased activity in areas associated with cognitive control
112
Cognitive model to depression (Beck)
Biases in how information is attended to, processed and remembered less to and maintain depression.
113
Helplessness theory
Individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change) and global (widespread).
Ex. Depressive student will receive a bad grade and think they have low intelligence, that will never change and will lead to failure in the future.
114
What are the negative schema biases that are developed by people with depression?
-interpretation of information (tendency to interpret information negatively)
-attention (trouble disengaging from negative information)
-memory (better recall of negative info)
115
Bipolar disorder
A condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).
116
Symptoms of bipolar disorders
-in 2/3 people maniac episodes immediately precede of follow depressive episodes
-in maniac episode, lasts at least 1 week and mood can be elevated, expansive or irritable.
-many others including hallucinations and delusions may be present
117
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder
Characterized by at-least 4 mood episodes every year
118
True or false, bipolar disorder is highly heritable. It is polygenic, arising from the interaction of multiple genes that combine to create symptoms
True
119
True or false? Stressful life experience intern precede manic and depressive episodes (bipolar)?
True
120
Expressed emotion
Measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over-involvement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder.
-people with family members high in this area, are more likely to relapse (bipolar)
121
Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized by the profound distraction of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour.
122
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations- false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
Delusions- false beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality
Disorganized speech- a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently making unrelated topics
Grossly disorganized behaviour- behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals
Catatonic behaviour- marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
123
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviours (ex. emotion and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech)
124
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention and working memory
125
Dopamine hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia involves excess of dopamine activity
126
True of false, researchers were able to detect progressive tissue loss beginning in the parental lobe and encompassing much of the brain as a result of the onset of schizophrenia?
True
127
Autism spectrum disorder
A condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interest or activities.
128
True or false heritability estimates of ASD are as high as 90%
True
129
One current model suggests that ASD can be understood as:
-impaired capacity for empathizing and knowing mental states of others
-superior ability for systematizing
130
Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
Is a Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments to functioning
131
ADHD requirements
Have multiple symptoms of:
-inattention (problems with attention, organization, memory, following instructions)
-hyperactivity-impulsiveness (difficulty with siting still, waiting for a turn, interpreting others)
-both
Must have these behaviours for at-least 6 months and in at-least 2 settings
132
Conduct disorder
Condition where a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, or theft, or serious rule violations.
133
Requirements to have conduct disorder
Have 3 out of 15 symptoms of conduct disorder
134
Personality disorders
Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning.
135
DSM-5 lists 10 specific personality disorders. What are the three clusters they fall into?
-odd/eccentric
-dramatic/erratic
-anxious/inhibited
136
What are the major critiques of personality disorders?
-is having a problematic personality really a disorder?
-can there be distinct types of personality disorder? (Or big five)
137
Antisocial personality disorder
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood (ex. sociopaths and psychopaths people with APD that are especially cold hearted)
138
Suicide
Intentional self inflicted death
139
Suicide attempts
Potentially harmful behaviour with some intention of dying
140
Non suicidal self injury (NSSI)
The direct, deliberate deconstruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die.
141
Why do people engage in NSSI?
-people who engage in NSSI have very strong emotional and physiological responses to negative events, and perceive these responses as intolerable and NSSI serves to diminish intensity of this response
-communicate distress or elicit help from others
-
142
What are the three most reported reasons people fail to get treatment of a mental disorder?
-people may not realize that they have a mental disorder that can be effectively treated
-barriers to treatment such as beliefs and circumstances may keep people from getting help
-structural barriers prevent people from physically getting treatment
143
What are the two different types of treatment for psychological disorder?
-psychological treatment (interact with a clinician)
-biological treatment (drugs, surgery or some other direct intervention)
144
Psychotherapy
An interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief of the problem
145
Eclectic psychotherapy
Form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem
146
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
Explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use the understanding gained from exploration to develop insight into their psychological problems
147
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
148
Person centred therapy (humanistic-existential)
Assumes all individuals have a tendency towards growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance by and genuine reactions from the therapist
Assumes that each person is qualified to determine his or her own goals for therapy
149
What did roger encourage person centred therapists to demonstrate?
-congruence
-empathy
-unconditional positive regard
150
Gestalt therapy
Has the goals of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or to take responsibility for them.
151
What do therapists do during gestalt psychology
-warm enthusiastic approach
-reflect back to client their impressions of the client
-focusing: shift focus to current experience
-empty chair technique: client imagines a person in their life is in an empty chair across from them, and the client role plays expressing their feelings to that person.
152
Behavioural therapy
Disordered behaviour is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt, maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours.
153
What are the three behaviour therapy techniques in action?
-eliminating unwanted behaviours
-promoting desired behaviours
:token economy- involves giving clients “tokens” for desired behaviours that they can later trade for rewards
-reducing unwanted emotional responses
:exposure therapy- approach to treatment of the client that involves confronting and emotion a rousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response (use a exposure hierarchy)
154
Cognitive therapy
Focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others or the world
155
Cognitive reconstruction
Teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
156
Mindfulness meditation
Teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations; and to detect symptoms before they become a problem
157
Cognitive behavioural therapy
A blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies
.
-Problem focused and action oriented
-transparent (nothing withheld from the client)
158
Couple therapy
A married, co habiting, or dating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems usually arising within the relationship
Problem in interaction
159
Family therapy
Psychotherapy involving members of a family
Problem in interaction
160
Group therapy
A type of therapy in which multiple participants work in their individual problems in a group atmosphere
Usually done with people with similar problems
161
Self help and supportive groups
Discussion groups that focus on a particular disorder or difficult life experience (run by peers not clinicians)
162
Anti psychotic drugs
Treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
-block dopamine receptors (mesobolic pathway)
-work good for positive symptoms, but counteractive for negative symptoms
163
Psychopharmacology
The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
164
What are the Atypical antipsychotics
-Clozapine, risperidone, olanzepine
-affect both dopamine and serotonin receptors, allowing the drugs to help positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
165
Tardive dyskinesia
Drug Side effect of anti psychotics that involves involuntary movements of the face, mouth and extremities.
166
Anti anxiety medications
Drugs that help reduce a persons experience or fear or anxiety
-most commonly benzodiazepines (facilities action if GABA)
167
Drug tolerance
Need for higher dosages over long term use to achieve same effects (benzodiazepines)
